Antinomique semble être l’expression la plus adaptée pour traduire les relations qu’entretiennent les notions de tiers et de contrat. Toutefois, cette approche doit être dépassée puisque le droit objectif offre aux tiers diverses techniques juridiques leur permettant d’intégrer le contrat. La thématique de l’entremise des tiers dans le contrat trouve sa traduction la plus aboutie dans la figure du changement de contractant. Néanmoins, elle est dépendante de diverses opérations juridiques à trois personnes. En effet, chacune de ces techniques prétend constituer le nœud juridique de la figure du changement de contractant. Toutefois, il ne s’agit pas de rechercher l’existence d’un mécanisme original de remplacement de contractant à la formation du contrat et/ou à l’exécution de celui-ci. En effet, cette contribution vise à proposer un nouveau fondement à ces opérations. Or, la notion d’interposition possède en elle la capacité de subsumer l’ensemble de ces techniques. Puisant ses sources au sein du droit financier, elle traduit juridiquement le phénomène d’intégration des tiers dans la relation contractuelle et plus précisément la figure du changement de contractant. Cette contribution a donc pour vocation de faire accéder la notion d’interposition au rang de qualification autonome. Pour cela, il est nécessaire d’en dégager les contours ainsi que les caractéristiques pour se pencher ensuite sur son régime juridique. / Antinomic seems to be the most appropriate expression for translating the relations between the notions of third parties and contracts. However, this approach must be overcome since the objective right offers third parties various legal techniques enabling them to integrate the contract. The subject of third party intervention in the contract finds its most successful translation in the figure of the change of contracting party. However, it is dependent on various legal operations to three people. Each of these techniques claims to constitute the legal node of the figure of the change of contracting party. However, it is not a question of seeking the existence of an original mechanism for replacing the contractor in the formation of the contract and / or in the execution of the contract. This contribution aims to propose a new basis for these operations. Now, the notion of interposition has the capacity to subsume all these techniques. Drawing its sources from financial law, it legally translates the phenomenon of integration of third parties into the contractual relationship and more precisely the figure of change of contracting party. This contribution is therefore intended to make the notion of interposition accessible to the rank of autonomous qualification. To do this, it is necessary to identify the contours and the characteristics of the system and then examine its legal regime.

Internet Service Providers (ISP’s) are crucial to the operation and development of the Internet. However, through the performance of their basic functions, they faced the great risk of civil and criminal liability for unlawful content posted by third parties. As this risk threatened the potential of the Internet, various jurisdictions opted to promulgate legislation that granted ISP’s safe harbours from liability. The South African (RSA) response is Chapter XI of the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (ECTA). The protection it provides is however not absolute. It is limited to ISP’s that are members of an Industry Representative Body (IRB) and those ISP’s must perform particular functions in relation to third party content in a certain manner to obtain limited liability. Due to the ECTA’s limited application and a lack of authority, the question is raised as to what is the liability of ISP’s for unlawful content posted by third parties? This dissertation pays particular attention to ISP liability for third party defamatory statements, hate speech, and obscene and indecent material. The role and characteristics of ISP’s in the functioning of the Internet is described. It is determined that a wide legal definition would be required to encompass the many roles they perform. The definition provided by the ECTA is wide and many different types of ISP can fall underneath it. This may have unintended consequences as entities may receive protection that the legislature did not intend. The appropriate laws in the United States of America (USA) and the United Kingdom are surveyed and suggestions as to the extent of ISP liability in circumstances where the ECTA does not apply are made. It is established that their position is uncertain due to difficulties in applying the law to the Internet. This could result in the law being applied incorrectly and ISP’s erroneously found liable. The ECTA’s threshold requirements limit the availability of the safe harbor provisions to ISP’s that are members of a recognised IRB. The IRB must comply with an extensive set of requirements to obtain recognition. The purpose of these requirements is to ensure that only responsible ISP’s obtain the protection provided by the act. After an examination of these requirements, their necessity is questioned as their purpose appears to be contrary to the logic of the safe harbours provided by the ECTA. The safe harbours are analysed and comparisons made to similar legislation that exists in the USA and the European Union (EU). It was established that the ECTA is a hybrid of the USA and EU legislation, and to a certain extent improves on them. It was suggested that the extent of ISP liability in relation to certain unlawful content is clearer under the ECTA. However, exceptions may exist in relation to hate speech and obscene and indecent content as a result of legislation that does not properly take the technology of the Internet into account. It was recommended that certain action be taken to correct this position to prevent any negative effects on the Internet industry and conflict with the objectives of the ECTA. The provision of limited liability contained in the ECTA is balanced with a notice and takedown procedure, which provides relief to victims of unlawful content. This procedure is analysed and it appears to be effective in providing relief. However, through an examination of concerns raised in relation to this type of procedure as it exists in the USA and the EU, it is suggested that certain flaws exist. The take-down procedure negatively effects the freedom of expression and the third party’s rights to due process. Further, the threshold requirements result in not all the users of the Internet being provided with the same remedies. It is recommended that certain action be taken to correct these flaws. The solution provided by the ECTA should be favoured over the uncertainty that existed before it promulgation. It may be necessary to correct particular flaws that exist. Certain recommendations are suggested in this regard and the concluding chapter.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rodrigo_moraes.pdf: 517685 bytes, checksum: 327b4e568df1eb7ee168d2923a00816d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-01 / The study aims to examine the criteria for allocation of tax liability for shareholders of companies. The analysis is intended to seize the criteria of rationality to be observed by the applicator of the standard when the incidence of the standard of liability and not properly identify the extent of correct interpretation of the requirements of the tax code that define the liability of shareholders. We will discuss the personality of the legal and statutory requirements for its disregard of the tax law, building the rule of law creates the legal relationship of tax and the tax liability of third parties. It will also be discussed the importance of the process and administrative procedure in the training and the tax relationship and rightly reflect the development of this process in the legitimacy of both the constitution of the tax credit as the attribution of responsibility. The main work is to establish a comparison between the presumption of liquidity and certainty of the certificate of debt outstanding and the basic guarantees of due process, the wide defense and legality to criticize the legitimacy of the claim made without the observance of these guarantees and the consequences this loss of legitimacy of the claim in any defense available to the debtor / O trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar os critérios para atribuição de responsabilidade tributária aos sócios das sociedades. A análise se destina a apreensão dos critérios de racionalidade a ser observados pelo aplicador da norma quando da incidência da norma de responsabilidade e não propriamente a identificar a extensão da correta interpretação das prescrições do código tributário que definem a responsabilidade dos sócios. Abordaremos a personalidade das pessoas jurídicas e os requisitos legais para a sua desconsideração no direito tributário, a construção da norma jurídica que cria a relação jurídica tributária, bem como a responsabilidade tributária de terceiros. Será também analisada a importância do processo e do procedimento administrativo na formação e no acertamento da relação tributária e o reflexo do desenvolvimento desse processo na legitimidade tanto da constituição do crédito tributário como da atribuição de responsabilidade. O enfoque do trabalho é estabelecer um cotejo entre a presunção de liquidez e certeza da certidão de dívida ativa e as garantias fundamentais do devido processo legal, da ampla devesa e da legalidade para criticar a legitimidade do crédito constituído sem a observância dessas garantias e as conseqüências dessa perda de legitimidade do crédito nos meios de defesa disponíveis ao devedor

This diploma thesis explores the topic of politico-administrative relationships and professional literature. The first part of thesis is based on the theory of politico-administrative relationships using the models created by Aberbach, Rockman, and Putnam (1981) and focuses on the development of the relationships in time. The following part introduces the phenomenon of politicization and several important typologies that specify it and show the multilayer nature of this term - it uses the knowledge of the following authors: Peters (2013), Eichbaum and Shaw (2008) and Hustedt and Salomonsen (2014). In the next part, the thesis focuses on the Czech context of this issues, briefly summarizes Civil Service Act. And introduces its own qualitative research conducted on the sample of ministerial officials. The research reveals 4 essential issues which characterise the politico-administrative relationship and politicization in the Czech Republic. These issues are third parties in in politico-administrative relationship, the position of state secretary, issue of influenzability of personal structure of ministry and positive politicization. Beside these characteristics and outline of possible ways of follow-up of research, diploma thesis emphasize importance of neutral approach to research issues, because...

Summary in Afrikaans and English / Against the background of the volume of Third Party Claims instituted annually and considering the cost involved therein, it has become increasingly important that Industrial Psychologists be consulted to assist in the quantifying of such claims. From an Industrial Psychologist's view, these claims can be quantified by making use of certain Industrial Psychology techniques. These techniques include psychometrical evaluation, applying the knowledge on:- training, job analysis, interviewing and guidance, career planning and ergonomics. The purpose of this study was to liaise with the Legal Profession to identify the requirements and problem areas experienced in the establishing and quantifying of Third Party Insurance Claims. The needs thus identified served as the basis for this study. In the process of defining and categorising these problems, it became apparent that these requirements could be addressed satisfactorily by Industrial Psychologists. It was therefore possible also to determine whether Industrial Psychology as a Science, could contribute to solving these problems. To determine therefore whether Industrial Psychology could actually address and solve these problems and whether the Courts would recognise the contribution of Industrial Psychologists, an actual case study was made of a matter where two Industrial Psychologists had made evaluations. Researching the methods of evaluations employed, and viewing the finding of the Court thereafter, it became apparent that Industrial Psychology can satisfy the need encountered by the legal profession therein. It is further concluded that the curriculum of Industrial Psychology may be successfully applied as an accepted Science in the quantifying of Third Party Insurance Claims. / Teen die agtergrond van die hoeveelheid derdepartyeise wat jaarliks ingedien word, met inagneming van die koste verbonde, word dit toenemend belangrik dat bedryfsielkunde behulpsaam moet wees met die kwantifisering van sulke eise. Vanuit 'n bedryfsielkundige oogpunt kan hierdie eise gekwantifiseer word deur gebruik te maak van sekere bedryfsielkundige tegnieke. Hierdie tegnieke sluit in, psigometriese evaluering, kennis oor opleiding, posontleding, onderhoudvoering en voorligting, loopbaanbeplanning en ergonomika. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

This thesis analyzes how the American political system presents specific rhetorical constraints for independent and third party candidates who are "othered" by the system. To better understand how independent candidates overcome these constraints, the rhetoric of two such recent candidates, Charlie Crist and Joe Lieberman, is analyzed using ideographic criticism. These two candidates were originally affiliated with one of the two major political parties, but changed their party affiliation to run as Independent candidates. To facilitate their transition to independent candidates, both politicians used popular American political ideographs such as "the people," "freedom," and "unity" to maintain their allegiance to America and their constituencies, while separating their political ideology from their prior party affiliation. The ideographic analysis reveals that independent candidates can create nuanced changes in the meanings of popular ideographs to transcend partisan interpretations and create a positive perception of political "otherness." / bvy Cara Poplak. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This thesis addresses risks of multiple recovery, prejudice to legitimate interests of third parties, and inadequate consideration of the applicable law in shareholder claims in investment treaty arbitration. It challenges the application by investment tribunals of two basic premises: i) that shareholders are entitled to claim for damages vis-à-vis measures against the company in which they hold shares and ii) that ‘contract claims’ are to be distinguished from ‘treaty claims’. The central argument is that the failure to recognize substantive overlaps between shareholder treaty claims and contract claims risks more than one recovery, potentially prejudices third parties, and can lead to an incomplete application of the applicable law. The foundations of standing and the cause of action in shareholder treaty claims involve two complementary ideas of independence, i.e., independence of shareholder treaty rights vis-à-vis the local company’s contractual/national law rights and independence of treaty claims vis-à-vis contract claims. However, the substance of shareholder treaty claims, defined as the state measure and particularly the losses involved, is often identical to or at least overlaps considerably with related contract/national law claims. Prevailing ideas on shareholder standing and the cause of action in international investment law have provided useful conceptual tools for jurisdictional determinations. Yet they have not allowed tribunals and the literature to fully consider the implications of shareholder indirect claims. The thesis argues, first, that investment tribunals should acknowledge substantive overlaps between contract and treaty claims. Second, shareholder claims may be inadmissible when such overlap exists and there is a risk of double recovery or prejudice to third parties. Third, the substantive coincidence of treaty and contract claims calls for an integrated approach to the applicable law, where proper weight is given not only to IIA provisions but also to general international law and the national law governing the investment.

"La investigación del patrimonio del ejecutado" analiza los arts. 589, 590 y 591 de la Ley española 1/2000, de Enjuiciamiento Civil.El estudio abarca el conjunto de mecanismos legales previstos para determinar el objeto del embargo, a saber, la manifestación de bienes del ejecutado, la investigación judicial, la colaboración de terceros y la investigación del ejecutante. La tesis analiza en profundidad el régimen jurídico de dichos medios de investigación y sus límites (en particular, los derechos fundamentales del ejecutado), proponiendo formas de rellenar las lagunas legales y de mejorar la coordinación entre los distintos medios de investigación.La tesis examina asimismo el Derecho comparado, buscando en él soluciones practicables para el Derecho español. / The thesis analyzes Articles 589, 590 and 591 of the Spanish Code of Civil Procedure (Ley 1/2000, de Enjuiciamiento Civil).The study focuses on the instruments for the disclosure of assets in order to enforce judicial decisions. These instruments are the debtor's declaration of assets, the tracing of assets by the Court, the collaboration of third parties and the tracing of assets by the creditor.The thesis makes an in-depth analysis under Spanish law of these mechanisms and its limits (in particular, the fundamental rights of the debtor). It also proposes ways to fill the gaps of the Spanish legislation and to improve the coordination between each of the instruments to trace and disclose the debtor's assets for enforcement purposes.The study also analyses Comparative Law, in the search of other practical solutions for Spanish Law.

Submitted by Mariana Campos de Souza (maricam.souza@uol.com.br) on 2017-09-14T17:12:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Campos-versão depositada.pdf: 1103540 bytes, checksum: f43798145953edc8809c800afa419854 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2017-09-14T17:50:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Campos-versão depositada.pdf: 1103540 bytes, checksum: f43798145953edc8809c800afa419854 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T12:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Campos-versão depositada.pdf: 1103540 bytes, checksum: f43798145953edc8809c800afa419854 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11 / The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the possibility of using the Silent Partnership in order to organize private interests in the scope of public contracting. However, it is possible to observe in the research that such use is indeed applied in practice, as well as the rules which such use is subject to. Based upon the identification of the rules, the need for the Public Administration authorization for the constitution of the Silent Partnership in the context of public contracts is discussed, the subjective and objective limits of its application, and other relevant aspects - notably tax, labor rights, which, together with the benefits linked to the silent partnership, should be considered by legal practitioners and companies in the prior assessment of the suitability of the use of silent partnership, and in the preparation of the incorporation contract of that partnership. The relevance of the present study can be specially justified by the fact that silent partnerships are sui generis partnerships, whereas being a clearly established institute in the Civil Code. This peculiarity comes from the fact that the silent partnership does not have all the characteristics that are common in other companies, such as legal personality and compulsory requirement of its constitutive acts in public records. In the regulations governing public bidding and contracting, the silent partnership may be classified, in contracts governed predominantly by Law No. 8.666, of 1993, as the figure of the ‘association’ of the contracted party with third parties (provided for in article 78, VI , Law No. 8,666 of 1993) and, in the area of concessions and permissions of public services, and public-private partnerships, in contracting with third parties (in accordance with Article 25, §1, of Law No. 8,987 of 1995). As a consequence, silent partnerships may be applied in the context of public contracts, subject to the applicable norms to association and contracting with third parties, respecting each context, in particular those regarding the subjective and objective limits of participation in public contracts, from third parties who are not related, to the relationship between the Public Administration and the contracted party (ostensive partner in the silent partnership). / O objetivo do trabalho é o de identificar e analisar a possibilidade do uso da sociedade em conta de participação para organizar interesses privados no âmbito das contratações públicas, apesar de ser possível observar na pesquisa trazida no trabalho que tal uso se aplica na prática, bem como as regras a que tal uso está submetido. A partir da identificação das regras, discute-se a necessidade de autorização da Administração Pública para a constituição da sociedade em conta de participação no contexto dos contratos públicos, os limites subjetivos e objetivos do seu emprego, e outros aspectos relevantes - notadamente, tributários, trabalhistas, referentes à atestação e à responsabilidade assumidas pelos sócios - que, juntamente com os benefícios atrelados à sociedade em conta de participação, merecem ser considerados pelos operadores do direito e pelas empresas na avaliação prévia da pertinência da utilização da sociedade em conta de participação e na formatação do contrato de constituição dessa sociedade. A relevância do tema tratado justifica-se, especialmente, por se tratar a sociedade em conta de participação de uma sociedade sui generis, conquanto seja um instituto expressamente previsto no Código Civil. Essa natureza decorre do fato de a sociedade em conta de participação não possuir todas as características que são comuns nas demais sociedades, tais como personalidade jurídica e obrigatoriedade do arquivamento dos seus atos constitutivos nos registros públicos. Nas normas que regem as licitações e contratações públicas, a sociedade em conta de participação pode ser enquadrada, nos contratos regidos predominantemente pela Lei nº 8.666, de 1993, na figura da ‘associação’ do contratado com terceiros (prevista no art. 78, VI, da Lei nº 8.666, de 1993) e, no universo das concessões e permissões de serviços públicos, e parcerias público-privadas, na contratação com terceiros (disposta no art. 25, §1º, da Lei nº 8.987, de 1995). Consequentemente, as sociedades em conta de participação podem ser empregadas no âmbito das contratações públicas, atendidas as regras aplicáveis à associação e à contratação com terceiros, cada uma no seu contexto, principalmente, aquelas referentes aos limites subjetivos e objetivos da participação, nos contratos públicos, de terceiros estranhos à relação entre Administração Pública e contratado (sócio ostensivo na sociedade em conta de participação).

O presente estudo procura estabelecer critérios para orientar as decisões sobre conflitos surgidos entre os verdadeiros proprietários de imóveis e terceiros de boa-fé. A partir da evolução do conceito de propriedade, do individualismo liberal da era moderna ao feixe de direitos, deveres e poderes jurídicos de uma relação jurídica complexa nos dias atuais, destaca-se a importância do registro de imóveis e da publicidade que lhe é inerente para a segurança das transações imobiliárias e a proteção de interesses individuais e coletivos. Considerando a prevalência dos valores existenciais sobre os patrimoniais e tendo por referência o princípio supremo da dignidade da pessoa humana, são sugeridos, como critérios de ponderação, a posse e a função social da propriedade, a boa-fé, a usucapião e a teoria da aparência. Examina-se, assim, a possibilidade de flexibilizar a norma que faculta ao proprietário o direito de reivindicar o imóvel independentemente da boa-fé do terceiro adquirente, se o registro for cancelado, discutindo-se ainda as soluções encontradas pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência para o problema proposto. / This study seeks to establish criteria to guide decisions on disputes between the real property owners and third parties in good faith. Considering the evolution of the concept of ownership, from the liberal individualism of the modern era to the bundle of rights, duties and legal powers of a complex legal relationship nowadays, the importance of registering property and its inherent publicity to the security of real estate transactions and the protection of individual and collective interests is highlighted. Given the prevalence of existential values on the patrimonial ones and taking by reference the supreme principle of human dignity, it suggests possession and social function of property, good faith, usucapion and the theory of appearance as the weighting criteria. Thus, it examines the possibility of making flexible, in some cases, the rule that provides the owner the right to claim the property independently of the good faith of the third party, if the registration is cancelled, and discusses the solutions found by the doctrine and jurisprudence to the proposed problem.