This thesis proposes a model for selecting between insourcing logistics for local distribution and outsourcing these functions to a third-party logistics (3PL) company. Supply chain optimization, as well as global supply chain management, are topics that are now well-covered; local distribution, despite its integral function in an organization, is much less researched. Models exist for network design and optimization, but the practical application of these network models may call for decisions and considerations that are not covered in these optimization models. A breakeven analysis selection model between using in-house logistic system and 3PL is derived, considering various regional parameters. The model is subsequently tested with sample parameters. Using this system as a basis, the thesis then moves on to analyze the potential of employing in-house logistics where, based on client density, outsourcing to 3PL is initially thought to be more cost-efficient. The proposed model can be used for the evaluation and selection of logistics systems. In addition, the model can be used for decision making regarding inventory decentralization.

En byggarbetsplats är en tillfällig fabrik där en ny värdekedja måste upprättas för varje projekt. För att öka produktiviteten i byggbranschen behöver en bättre bygglogistik implementeras där allt material blir levererat i rätt tid, till rätt plats, i rätt mängd. Den tillfälliga karaktären av ett husbyggnadsprojekt tillsammans med en stor tillfällig organisation med många involverade aktörer gör att ett husbyggnadsprojekt kan betraktas som komplext. Komplexiteten kan även öka för projekt som har små arbetsplatsområden i innerstadsområden. Byggföretagens inköp av varor och tjänster står för 75% av omsättningen vilket gör att det är en stor del av byggföretags verksamhet som beror på bygglogistik. Inköpen görs hos ett stort antal aktörer av en tillfällig karaktär vilket skapar problem kring kommunikation mellan de många aktörerna och därmed även möjligheten till erfarenhetsåterföring. Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka moduler som bygglogistik består av och hur de kan effektivisera bygglogistik. Resultatet analyseras sedan för att se hur modulerna kan effektivisera och utveckla bygglogistik. Studiens syfte har uppnåtts genom att genomföra en intervjustudie och en litteraturstudie.  Forskningssyftet med studien är av utforskande karaktär. Intervjuerna är semi-strukturerade och utförs efter litteraturstudien. Studiens ansats är av induktiv karaktärdå endast ett fåtal intervjuer genomförs. Strategin för studien är av kvalitativ karaktär då intervjustudien och litteraturstudien är beroende av varandra, vilket kräver en hög grad flexibilitet. Validiteten i studien har stärkts genom triangulering samt kontroller från handledarna. På samma sätt stärks reliabiliteten. Moduler är grunden som bygger upp flöden i materiallogistik samt den statiska och dynamiska informationslogistiken. En modul består av produkter, tjänster eller arbetssätt. Modulerna kan implementeras där deras applicerbarhet och investering kan mötas av projektet. En del moduler kan implementeras fristående mot andra medan vissa moduler påverkar varandra och kan inte implementeras tillsammans.Modulernas planeringsgrad och planeringshorisont behöver även kunna mötas av projektet. Studien identifierar modulerna godsmärkning, inbärning, leveranscontainer, arbetsplatsdispositionsplan, retursystem byggpall, logistikpunkt, leveransplan, checkpoint, bokningskalender, förbrukningsmaterialförsörjning, personalflödeseffektivisering, emballage, kärlhantering, logistikansvarig, logistikanalys och logistikplan inom bygglogistik. Modulerna kategoriseras i informationslogistik, bestående av statisk- och dynamisk informationslogistik, och materiallogistik. Materiallogistik består av flödena: etablering, hyrmaskiner, förbrukningsmaterial, projektspecifika leveranser, avfallshantering och personal.Modulerna som kategoriseras som materiallogistik sätts på en skala av investering, som beskriver den investering som det enskilda projektet behöver göra för att implementera modulen. Modulerna kategoriseras även efter applicerbarhet, som beskriver vilken omfattning av specifika förutsättningar som ett projekt behöver för att implementera en modul. / A construction site is a temporary factory where a new value chain must be established for each project. To increase productivity in the construction industry,construction supply chain management must be implemented where all materials are delivered on time, to the right place, in the right quantity. The temporary nature of a construction project of a house and a large temporary organization with many different actors means that a house building project can be considered complex. The complexity can also increase for projects which has small construction sites in inner-city areas. Construction companies purchases of goods and services account for 75% of total revenue, which means that a large part of construction companies operations depend on construction supply chain management. Purchases are made from many different suppliers, which are only purchased from temporary for the specific project. This creates problems regarding communication between the many actors and thus also the possibility of feedback of experience. The purpose of this study is to investigate which modules construction supply chain management consists of and how they can streamline construction supply chain management. The results are then analysed to see how the modules can help to increase productivity and develop construction logistics. The purpose of this study has been achieved by conducting an interview study and a literature review. The research purpose of this study is of an exploratory nature. The interviews are semi-structured and are conducted after the literature study. The approach is inductive as only a few interviews are conducted. The strategy for this study is qualitative as the interview study and the literature study are interdependent, which requires a high degree of flexibility. The validity has been strengthened through triangulation and controls from the supervisors. In the same way, reliability is strengthened. The modules are the foundation of the flows of material supply chain managementand the static and dynamic information supply chain management. The modules consist of products, services, or work routine. The modules can be implemented where their applicability and required investment can be met by the project. Some of the modules are dependent on each other and some are not. The project must also meet the required degree of planning and timing of planning. This study identifies the modules goods labelling, third party logistics, smartcontainer, disposition plan of the construction site, return system for construction pallets, third party logistics terminal, delivery plan, checkpoint, booking calendar, use of consumables, elevator toilet, packaging type and garbage management in construction supply chain management. The modules are categorised into information logistics, consisting of static and dynamic information supply chain management, and material supply chain management. Material supply chain management consists of the establishment flows: rental machines, consumables, project-specific deliveries, garbage management and personnel. The modules that are categorised as materialsupply chain management are placed on a scale of investment, which describes the investment that the individual project needs to make to implement the module. The modules are also categorised according to applicability, which describes the scope of specific prerequisites that a project needs to have to implement a module.

This dissertation examines the effectiveness and political support surrounding third-party interventions in civil wars, which have increased in frequency, type, and number of actors since the collapse of Cold War bipolarity. The existing literature has mainly examined the individual effects of third-party strategies, though the growing presence of concurrently occurring types of third-party interventions necessitates exploration of their interactive effects. Thus, this thesis seeks to understand different actions from multiple actors dependently rather than independently. Understanding the effectiveness of these strategies is only one step towards realizing whether third-party interventions are desirable. The motivation and the will of the actors responsible for the policy execution are crucial in realizing the full picture. The ubiquitous problem arising from the third-party interventions requires a multipronged methodological approach. This thesis, therefore, combines both observational and experimental data to explore this issue. While the primary results show that peacekeeping and mediation are the most effective and supported strategies of engagement, both effectiveness and support appear to be highly context-dependent. Further, this thesis surveys American public and political elites to delve into the determinants of support for third-party interventions. It nds that both the public and the political elite are sensitive to civilian casualties, yet in the face of a political rivalry these humanitarian concerns dissipate. Additionally, political elites are interested in ending hostilities only as long as their national security interests are at stake. By filling a gap in the literature, generating original data, and utilizing novel methodological approach, these results have underlined the need for improvement of policy decisions in the area of international confict management and, at the same time, build upon the new direction of research in the eld of confict dynamics.

2020 and 2021 were shocking years for advertising and digital marketing since both Apple and Google announced that they would limit third-party tracking. Google and Apple’s news created turmoil in the marketing business sector since advertisers no longer will be able to target and track the success of their digital ads as efficiently and effectively. In addition, there will be significant changes in the industry since these new privacy rules mean that there will be an inability of personalisation and just-in-time targeting for digital marketing, and advertisers have dubbed this situation the “adpocalypse.”  Both secondary and primary data were collected to answer the research question, how have the new privacy rules and regulations impacted the different steps of the AIDA model in digital media planning for digital advertising. Secondary data has been collected from business journals and academic journals, and the primary data has been collected through in-depth interviews. Further, the research is exploratory and explores the research question to give the reader a greater understanding of the subject area.   The following can be concluded from the research. Internet privacy rules and regulations will impact awareness, and it will be more challenging for companies to create awareness for their product offerings. Awareness will be heavily built on brand recognition, and the strategies for this step will revert to more traditional methods.  Interest would be affected since companies no longer will be able to follow up on their communication strategies as effectively. This research showed that the further down the company’s sales funnel, the more impacted the strategies. Further, desire would be more challenging for companies to create since retargeting, just-in-time targeting, and micro-targeting would no longer be possible in the same manner. Lastly, since action results from desire, this step would be heavily impacted.

Purpose – This study aims to identify and analyze innovative strategies that firms can use to develop customer engagement online without relying on third-party cookies, whilst also considering the firms' level of digital maturity. Method – To explore the innovative strategies for developing customer engagement online without third-party cookies, a sequential mixed-method design was employed, utilizing semi- structured interviews and survey data. A total of 12 respondents participated in the study, providing both interview and survey data for analysis. Findings – The findings of this study consist of four main themes in terms of strategies that don’t rely on third-party cookies to develop customer engagement online. These strategies are presented as data-driven strategy, value-based strategy, rethink allocation strategy, and direct customer engagement. Moreover, the findings reveal a greater interest and a positive attitude toward the data-driven strategy in particular, which in turn relies on the subthemes of CRM- system, and SEO. Theoretical and practical implications – This study holds theoretical implications in terms of firstly, confirming the previous research about engaging customers through customer communities. Secondly, this study contrasts the research about the dimensions required to develop customer engagement stated by de Oliviera Santini (2020) and Pansari and Kumar (2016). From a practical perspective, this study provides implications valuable for people in marketing leading positions deciding upon the strategic direction for digital marketing. Moreover, this study contributes with four strategies for businesses to adapt based on their database and organizational optimization.

The advance of technology is thought to help ease the myriad tasks that are usually involved in operating equipment. Training and testing in modern times have been replacing with simulation technologies that mimic the actual live operations and testing. Many successful stories of flight simulation come from military fighter aircraft and commercial pilot programs. The possibilities of safety in saving lives, economic incentive in reducing the operational cost and reducing the carbon footprint via simulation makes simulation worth looking into. These considerations quickly boosted the transfer from live training operations to virtual and simulation, as were easily adopted in the history of flight training and testing. Although, there has been a lack of application, the benefits of the computer based simulation as a modeling and simulation (M&S) tool can be applied to the commercial driver license (CDL) for the trucking industry. Nevertheless, this is an uphill battle to convince CDL administrators to integrate modern technology into the CDL program instead of using the traditional daily business of manual testing. This is because the cost of trucking industry live operations is still relatively affordable; individuals and companies are reluctant to adopt the use of the modeling and simulation driving or testing system. Fortunately, cost is not the only variable to consider for the training and testing administrators and their management. There is a need to expand the use of technology to support live operations. The safety of the student, trainer, and tester should be taken into account. The availability of training or testing scenarios is also an influencing factor. Ultimately, the most important factor is driving safety on the American road. The relationship of accidents with driver license fraud has led the Federal Department of Transportation to want to reduce fraud in third-party Commercial Driver License (CDL) administration. Although it is not a perfect solution that can fix all, the utilization of simulation technologies for driving assessment could be a solution to help reduce fraud if it is applied correctly. The Department of Transportation (DOT) authorized the states independent authority to administrate the local CDL including the use of the Third-Party Tester (TPT). As a result, some criminal activities prompted the Federal investigation to recommend changes and to fund the states to take action to stay in compliance with the Federal regulation. This is the opportunity for the state CDL administrator to explore the use of M&S to support its mission. Recall, those arguments for the use of the M&S is the thought of safety in saving lives, economic incentive in reducing the operational cost, and reducing the carbon footprint via using simulation. This makes simulation a viable resource. This paper will report the research study of using the computer based testing modeling and simulation tools to replace or augment the current state examiner as means of assessing the CDL TPT proficiency in basic backing skills. This pilot study of this system has several aspects to address. The scenarios must be relevant to test the knowledge of the TPT by using closely comparable scenarios to the current manual testing method. The scenario-based simulation should incorporate randomness to provide a greater sense of reality. In addition, the reconfigurable built-in random behavior scenarios provide the administrator greater control of behaviors and allow the administrator to be able to select among the random scenarios. Finally, the paper will present the data sampling from relevant participants of the CDL TPT and methodology applied. The analysis of data presents in this research study will be valuable for the State and Federal CDL administrator to consider the pros and cons of applying or adding a computer based simulation to their current testing methodology.

The intent of this thesis is to examine the future of the third-party doctrine with the proliferation of technology and the online data we are surrounded with daily, specifically after the United States Supreme Court's decision in Carpenter v. United States. In order to better understand the Supreme Court's reasoning in that case, this thesis will review the history of the third-party doctrine and its roots in United States v. Miller and Smith v. Maryland. A review of Fourth Amendment history and jurisprudence is also crucial to this thesis, as it is imperative that individuals do not forfeit their Constitutional guarantees for the benefit of living in a technologically advanced society. This requires an understanding of the modern-day functional equivalents of "papers" and "effects." Furthermore, this thesis will ultimately answer the following question: Why is it legally significant that we protect at least some data that comes from technologies that our forefathers could have never imagined under the Fourth Amendment? Looking to the future, this thesis will contemplate solutions on how to move forward in this technology era. It will scrutinize the relevancy of the third-party doctrine due to the rise of technology and the enormous amount of information held about us by third parties. In the past, the Third-Party Doctrine may have been good law, but that time has passed. It is time for the Third-Party Doctrine to be abolished so the Fourth Amendment can join the 21st Century.

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Logistics have, over the last few years, become an important factor to create competitiveness forSwedish construction companies. The companies that use a system where small logistic issues are putin a bigger context and get their flows to work in a customer adapted and cost effective ways, has a lotto win from this. The road to success can be seen as clear, however construction companies are stillstruggling with additional cost due to disturbances in the production.The building entrepreneurs can help the situation by taking their responsibility and start developingthe building logistics. Companies that plan, coordinate and take control of their purchases andmaterial deliveries, while also allowing logistics personnel handle the handling of materials atconstruction sites, may achieve major profits in the form of increased production, less disturbancesand shorter lead times.This thesis will show some opportunities of development for logistics during the framing phase. Thethesis is based on several interviews and a case study to reveal the disturbances that are noticed in theframing phase. These are, along with a comprehensive literature study, the base for the suggestionsand long term recommendations that are presented.The results show that there are great opportunities to streamline the material flow during the designphase. There is potential for progress and improvement through the entire chain, from planning toimplementation in the production. The result and analysis also shows that there are solutions to themajority of the disturbances. These solutions will enhance the working environment, the time aspect,quality and budget.The goal of the thesis has been to analyze and identify which elements are the source of disturbancesduring the framing phase and find solutions to eliminate them. The employer is urged to implementand advance the found solutions, and also implement the long-term recommendations.