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Third-party funding (TPF) has grown to be a popular phenomenon in the past two decades with a large global market (billions of USD). This success came with new complications regarding conflicts of interest that threaten the impartiality and independence of arbitrators who may have common-interests with funders. Disclosure of funding has been proposed as a solution and ordered in many cases. However, it was not always approached in systematic ways. Similar TPF cases may have inconsistent decisions. The thesis tackles disclosure in arbitrations to arrive to conclusions on whether it is needed, if all funding-information should be disclosed, and if legal-bases grant tribunals the powers to order such disclosures.  Disclosure opponents raise several objections, which are discussed in the thesis. One objection touches upon the root of many problems namely, TPF definitions. Opponents argue that available-definitions do not circumscribe many funding-models i.e., they are biased against an array of investors that should not be considered as funders. Due to the muddy waters that tribunals have been walking to decide issues on TPF-disclosure, there are inclinations to regulate disclosure. Lately, two national-legislations that include disclosure-regulations have been enforced in Hong Kong and Singapore. Few arbitral-institutions have addressed TPF disclosure (inter alia 2021 ICC Arbitration Rules). In jurisdictions and institutions without such regulations and rules, the soft-law IBA-Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration have been used but with different interpretations depending on arbitrators’ views and case-circumstances. The respective definitions do not address modern economic-realities in secondary-markets of claims. This causes dilemmas in deciding if investors in such markets are considered as funders per se. The thesis assesses TPF-disclosure in international commercial arbitration and analyses its applications in primary and secondary markets. The aim is to draw the attention to disclosure challenges in both markets, propound recommendations, and show that solving such challenges calls for: (i) revising existent-definitions to accommodate evolving funding-models, (ii) differentiating between disclosure-requirements in primary and secondary markets, and (iii) regulating TPF of arbitrations. One result is a proposed definition for ‘TPF of arbitration’ that encompasses unattended issues in existent-definitions. Other results show the need for mandatory-disclosure of funders’ identities (leaving funding-arrangements to tribunals on a case-by-case basis). Such results help to strike a balance between avoiding conflicts of interests and funders’ non-disclosure interests i.e., balancing between TPF transparency and confidentiality.

Logistics outsourcing can be used as a strategy for companies that attempt to solve internal issues and/or improve their businesses enhancing their competitiveness. Such strategy is not limited only for large firms, even small companies have possibilities to implement it. This thesis addresses the decision making for outsourcing logistics activities in the context of a small e-commerce company in the fashion industry and also it intends to clarify what small e-commerce companies need to know when contemplating outsourcing opportunities. The purpose of this thesis is to provide guidance for small fashion e-commerce companies about what to consider when faced with a logistics outsourcing decision. The company ACQUO of Sweden (AoS) was referred to as the case study of this thesis. A literature review was conducted investigating previous related research to identify key factors to be considered when contemplating outsourcing and relevant theories to answer the research questions and the purpose of this thesis. The findings indicated that implementing outsourcing is not a simple quick task even for small firms, since it requires previous research, accurate analysis, evaluated decisions and well-planned establishment outsourcing process to achieve a successful outcome. In conclusion, an outsourcing decision should be taken cautiously. It should be based and justified through previous precise evaluations, potential benefits for the company and a suitable reliable TPL-partner. The findings are based on analysis and pattern matching between the literature and empiric data of this study. This study also refers eventual risks that TPL-relationships might imply and how to prevent them. Additionally, this study makes mention of disadvantages that small firms as AoS might have towards the TPL-market being a small e-commerce company that is considering acquiring TPL-services. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Third-party web APIs are becoming ever more popular as the API economy continues to grow. Software developers often integrate them into their own applications. The issue is that even if a developer thoroughly tests that their application works properly with the third-party web API, the owner of that API can completely change the code at any time, or take the API offline altogether, either temporarily or permanently. This makes for potentially less stable or reliable applications. This report attempts to determine what some of the factors are that most influence software developers’ trust in any given third party Web API. To do this, 42 individuals involved with software development were surveyed. Documentation and reliability came through as the strongest factors influencing their trust, but there is no general consensus on other factors. Further work could be done to confirm that these two factors are what influence developer trust the most, as well as work to determine which factor sought to influence developers’ trust in any given third-party web API, and thus work towards more reliable applications being developed as the API economy continues to grow.

The dissertation looks into the problematic of evaluaing the customer's solvency. It specifically focuses on using the Fuzzy logic when calculating the correct value of the third party insurance, as it is a legal requirment by law in the Czech republic, applying to every motor vehical in use. The first part of the dissertation analyses existing calculation system. As there doesn't exist any unifed fiugre table, an indicative price list has been created by using accessible sources. This price list helped to optimalize variable quantity when inventing own model to be put in practice. Suggested solutions have been made by using the MS Excel and MATLAB programs. Newly created models consist of some parameters which havn't been used for the calculations yet, but can help achieve higher objectivity when assessing the insurance figure. The dissertation aims to prove that similar problematics could be successfully solved by applying the Fuzzy logic technic.

In recent years, international literature and debate has acknowledged the fact that increasingly third party funders, partially or fully, finance a party’s arbitration costs. This essay examines whether a party whom is financed by a third party funder could be seen as having incurred costs and if so, to what extent these costs should be reimbursed by the losing party. This essay also examines if a third party funder in Sweden may be responsible for arbitration costs and if so, on what possible grounds. The essay analyzes the new dilemma of so-called ”hit and run”- arbitration and the relevant principles and interests of its discussion as a way to find a satisfying solution to the complex situation. By examining these matters, the essay uses a traditional dogmatic legal method in order to clarify applicable law and practice. The prevailing consensus amongst practitioners as well as academics, is that how a party chooses to finance its’ arbitral costs should not affect the tribunal’s allocation of costs. The mere existence of a third party funder does not automatically give rise to an exception from chapter 18 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure. Instead, costs should be allocated based on the parties’ conduct of the arbitral proceedings. Article 8 in chapter 18 of the Swedish Code of Judicial Proceedings provides minimal guidance as to whether a party should be considered to have had costs when a third party funder has paid the costs. Instead, from international case law and doctrine its possible to draw the conclusion that a funder whom has a right to be reimbursed for its investment by the financed party is sufficient for the party to be considered to have had costs. However, the reimbursement for the investment to the funder is not a reimbursable cost for the financed party. In the situation that a funded impecunious party loses the arbitral proceedings, the financed party may have no economic possibility to reimburse the counter party. Neither are there explicit provisions that allows for an arbitral tribunal to issue a costs order against a third party funder since the funder is not a party to the arbitration. However, based on case law (NJA 2014 p 877), a third party funder could be responsible for a non funded counter party’s arbitral costs in a subsequent court proceeding (a claim for compensation from the funder). One of the circumstances needed in order for that subsequent responsibility to kick in is that the main purpose of financing the party must have been to avoid the Swedish Code of Judicial Proceedings’ provisions on allocation of costs. The English equivalent is often referred to as alter ego or veil piercing.

“Property owners who start to understand the new demands from the e--‐commerce companies and start handling the risks it implies can probably have a lot to win.” Johan Franzén, Catena The e--‐commerce sector is growing rapidly as a result of the current digitalization,changing the society's day--‐to--‐day consuming patterns. E--‐commerce companies have a unique set of  characteristics, creating new demands within the warehouse and logistics segment in the leasing market. Leases with durations between 10--‐15 years have traditionally been  common for warehouse and logistics properties. However the current trend is towards lease agreements with shorter lease duration. This report intends to analyze how the e--‐ commerce expansion affects the warehouse and logistics market, and to  determine if the statement regarding if there is a gap between different players in the market holds. The selection of participants in the study consists of e--‐ commerce companies, property owners and third--‐party logistics companies. In addition to this, interviews have been held with a variety of property consultants as well as with a professor in retail and logistics. Using a Qualitative method, the aim to examine the different market participants’ views and perceptions on the subject. The result of the study clearly shows there is an asymmetry between the different participants active within the segment.  The e--‐commerce companies demand lease agreements with shorter lease duration, whilst the property owners prefer longer lease durations in order to decrease the risk. Furthermore, shorter lease duration affects the transaction market and property value considerably. The demand for city logistics is increasing and the demand for central warehousing will remain. Finally,  it becomes more common with automation in the warehouse and logistics  space.

Software development has, to a large extent, become synonymous with using readymade blocks of code in the form of third-party components, like libraries and frameworks, to build applications. All code may include weaknesses that may be exploited by criminals and script kiddies, potentially causing harm to both corporations and people. Third-party components, too, may include weaknesses, but in the case of such a vulnerability being exploited, the effects could be even more critical since popular components may be used in thousands of applications. There are several types of vulnerabilities and one of them is called prototype pollution. This is a JavaScript specific vulnerability that has been found in many well-used third-party components in the last years. However, it has not been the subject of much research. This thesis investigates the risks of using third-party components when developing software with a focus on web applications by conducting a literature survey. It also includes a case study of the prototype pollution vulnerabilities found in recent years and what mitigation techniques have been proposed by both academia and the industry.

Noise is today defined as an unwanted sound that invades the lives of many people in their homes and at work. During a construction phase a large amount of noise is generated that often leads to community complaints. The construction business has to face this issue today when larger infrastructure projects are performed in highly dense areas. Therefore the aim of this Master’s Thesis is to investigate the effect construction noise has on humans and the perceived annoyance in the concerned studied areas, which Bilfinger Berger is contractor for. The impact was studied on both the third party around a construction site on Södermalm, Stockholm and on Bilfinger Berger’s employees on the site. The work concerns three areas, which are situated in the inner city of Stockholm and represent contracts of the infrastructure pro-jects Citybanan and Norra länken. The extensive noise emission during an infrastructure project is affecting the surrounding environment both due to the high noise level that is generated from a number of machines and work activities. Also due to the extensive time frame a project of this kind has. Therefore it is a complex problem to handle and essential for both contractor and client to handle properly. By using appropriate mitigation measures through both the planning stage, the construction phase and clear information towards all parties the impact can be reduced. Through a literature study among the existing science and observations of which mitigation measures are used today to reduce the noise level on sites, a base of theoretical knowledge could be built up for this study. The real noise impact among the affected parties was performed through a survey, which gave results that could be evaluated and discussed. The results from the surveys show that the third party around the workplace is definitely affected by the noise generated from the production. It is also possible to assume that the most affected are persons, which spend a lot of the daytime at home, and therefore feels the noise very disturbing and has to adapt their life after the project’s progress. Through the survey among the employees at Bilfinger Berger a certain acceptance exist towards the noise even if they feel disturbed by the noise. The conclusion drawn from this is that the human attitude to noise impact becomes more positive if they have the knowledge about why and how it arises even if the noise has the same impact on everyone. Therefore the noise issue has to be raised in future projects, even during the tender phase when noise is always easier to control in an earlier stage.