Abstract Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass induces the activation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and results in at least some degree of global myocardial ischemia. Although these responses are usually short-lived, they may lead to serious complications and organ system failures. The present study evaluated the effects of high-dose glucose-insulin (1IU/kg/h) treatment (GIK) administered with the hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp technique and a leukocyte-depleting filter on markers of systemic inflammatory response and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in certain cardiac surgical risk groups. The study involved four prospective randomized controlled clinical trials and 119 patients. Cardioprotective effects were measured as myocardial enzyme release, recovery of contractile function and incidence of arrhythmias in all studies. The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of high-dose glucose-insulin treatment were evaluated in patients admitted for combined aortic valve (AS) and coronary surgery (40) and for urgent coronary surgery (39), and the latter study also involved proinflammatory cytokine and C-reactive protein analyses. The impacts of leukocyte filter on the expression of neutrophil adhesion molecules along with proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated in patients admitted for combined aortic valve (AS) and coronary surgery (20) and for solitary coronary surgery (20). The high-dose glucose-insulin treatment was associated with better preserved myocardial contractile function and less need for inotropic support after combined aortic valve and coronary surgery (I) and attenuation of postoperative CRP release after urgent coronary surgery (II). No effects on postoperative myocardial enzyme release (I, II) or on proinflammatory cytokine responses (II) were detected. The number of hypoglycemic events was low. The use of a leukocyte filter throughout the cardiopulmonary bypass period increased the neutrophil adhesion molecule CD11b expression in patients with both normal and prolonged CPB times and was associated with an enhanced proinflammatory cytokine response (III, IV). In conclusion, high-dose glucose-insulin treatment is safe, but requires strict control of blood glucose level. It reduces the need for inotropic support in patients with compromised cardiac status. The use of leukocyte filter leads to increased leukocyte activation and proinflammatory reaction.

No description available.

This theses discusses thoracic surgeries and their effect on thoracic kinematics since those patients aren't usually indicated for outpatients physiotherapy. Theses observes the changes of thoracic kinematice in time withnout the interference of outpatient physiotherapy. Patients were acquainted during their hospitalization and they received a flyer. The theoretical part focuses on thoracic surgeries, options of respiratory physiotherapy and effects of thoracic surgeries on patients. The practical part observers the effect of thoracic surgery on chest expansion, development of pain (using Visual pain scale and Questionnaire of pain interference with daily activities) and effect of the surgery on quality of life using WHOQOL BREF questionnaire.

Lung cancer currently has the greatest mortality rate of cancer patients of all sexes in the United States (Torre et al., 2016). Low-dose CT scans are utilized for lung cancer screening in patients who fall within the NLST entry criteria (Sanchez-Salcedo et al., 2015). The original criteria for screening were age over 55 and pack-year over 30, which were recently changed to age 50 and pack-year over 20 in 2021. The study population in this paper utilized the original criteria. A system developed and copyrighted by the American College of Radiology (ACR) referred to as the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) has implemented a standardized method of classifying and interpreting lung cancer chest CT screening results. Lung-RADS has a scoring system which is scaled 1 – 4x (Pinsky et al., 2015) The likelihood of malignancy based on nodule appearance, diameter, and presence of growth comprise the components of which score is given (Chung et al., 2017). Lung-RADS 2 scored nodules are benign nodules and patients follow up for another CT in a year. Lung-RADS 3 nodules are probably benign nodules; however, they do have a low-risk of malignancy. It is known that a select few of these relatively benign appearing nodules will turn out to be malignant. Lung-RADS 4 nodules have a >5% chance of malignancy and can be confirmed through pathology. In this project, a retrospective chart review analyzing patient demographics and pulmonary health history will be correlated to lung-RADS risk likelihood of malignancy. Machine learning will also be utilized to study and analyze radiographic factors associated with the sample. The CT scans of patients who previously scored in an intermediate category will be compiled and analyzed to determine potential common demographical, clinical and radiomic factors which will hopefully allow intermediately categorized nodule indicators to be used to detect cancers earlier and to more accurately classify lesions into benign or malignant categories. In all, the goal of this research is to determine common clinical, demographic and radiomic factors of patients who were deemed intermediate risk and then progressed to a higher categorization. The importance of expanding current risk factors for discrimination of benign from malignant will also be analyzed, along with those specific risk-factors within Lung-RADS intermediately categorized nodules. The characteristics and baseline co-morbidities of RADS 2 and 3 lung cancer patients by follow-up CT results, progression to RADS-4 on follow-up CT and lung cancer diagnosis will be compiled and exemplified.

Various techniques and drug regimes for thoracic paravertebral block (PVB) have been evaluated for post-thoracotomy analgesia, but there is no consensus on which technique or drug regime is best. We have systematically reviewed the efficacy and safety of different techniques for PVB. Our primary aim was to determine whether local anaesthetic (LA) dose influences the quality of analgesia from PVB. Secondary aims were to determine whether choice of LA agent, continuous infusion, adjuvants, pre-emptive PVB, or addition of patient-controlled opioids improve analgesia. Indirect comparisons between treatment arms of different trials were made using metaregression. Twenty-five trials suitable for metaregression were identified, with a total of 763 patients. The use of higher doses of bupivacaine (890¿990 mg per 24 h compared with 325¿472.5 mg per 24 h) was found to predict lower pain scores at all time points up to 48 h after operation (P=0.006 at 8 h, P=0.001 at 24 h, and P<0.001 at 48 h). The effect-size estimates amount to around a 50% decrease in postoperative pain scores. Higher dose bupivacaine PVB was also predictive of faster recovery of pulmonary function by 72 h (effect-size estimate 20.1% more improvement in FEV1, 95% CI 2.08%¿38.07%, P=0.029). Continuous infusions of LA predicted lower pain scores compared with intermittent boluses (P=0.04 at 8 h, P=0.003 at 24 h, and P<0.001 at 48 h). The use of adjuvant clonidine or fentanyl, pre-emptive PVB, and the addition of patient-controlled opioids to PVB did not improve analgesia. Further well-designed trials of different PVB dosage and drug regimes are needed.

Introdução: A ressecção pulmonar pode ser seguramente realizada em pacientes com função pulmonar comprometida se eles forem selecionados apropriadamente, sendo importante determinar o impacto do procedimento cirúrgico no estado funcional e nas atividades de vida diária do paciente. Objetivo: Avaliar as repercussões da ressecção pulmonar sobre a espirometria e sobre a qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer de pulmão. Métodos: Estudo de coorte transversal que incluiu todos pacientes que realizaram cirurgia com ressecção pulmonar entre Setembro de 2006 e março de 2007, após assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os pacientes foram avaliados no pré-operatório e após seis meses do procedimento cirúrgico através de espirometria e responderam a dois questionários de qualidade de vida: um geral -The Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey e um específico para sintomas respiratórios - Hospital Saint George. Resultados: Concluíram o estudo 33 pacientes, 14 homens e 19 mulheres com faixa etária entre 39 e 79 anos. Todos os pacientes independentemente de fumantes ou não, apresentaram piora significante da função pulmonar. Na análise de qualidade de vida, observamos valores próximos à população normal, e no questionário específico para doenças respiratórias foi observada redução de 50 a 60% nos vários domínios, em relação a uma população de DPOC. Conclusão: Existe impacto direto da ressecção pulmonar na deterioração da espirometria e na qualidade de vida com ênfase nos aspectos diretamente ligados à função pulmonar. Cabe ressaltar a importância da avaliação da função pulmonar destes pacientes no pré-operatório para se estimar sua evolução pós-cirúrgica / Introduction: Lung resection can be performed safely in patients with compromised lung function if properly selected. It is important to determine the impact of surgical procedure in the functional status and daily life activities, aiming at improving quality of life. Objective: Evaluate the effects of pulmonary resection on spirometry and the impact of surgery for lung cancer on patients quality of life. Methods: Prospective study, conducted between September 2006 and March 2007; all patients who performed pulmonary resection surgery were included after signing a free informed consent term. Patients were evaluated in the pre-operative and after six months of the surgical procedure by spirometry and answered two quality of life questionnaires (The medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-form Health Survey and Saint George Hospital). Results: 33 patients concluded this study; 14 men and 19 women, age between 39 and 79 years. All patients smokers or not, showed worsening of lung function with statistical significance. General QOL scales showed near normal values, nevertheless, respiratory QOL was 50 to 60% worse than COPD. Conclusions: We observed a direct impact of lung resection on spirometry and QOL. It is important to adequately estimate lung and QOL function before assuming lung resection in cancer patients

Introdução: A cardiopatia isquêmica (doença das artérias coronárias) está entre as principais causas de morte de homens e mulheres no Brasil. A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio é indicada diante do quadro de lesões coronarianas difusas, acometimento de mais de um território coronariano e envolvimento de artérias vitais. Frente à necessidade de submissão ao procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente sente-se exposto a situações de estresse durante todo o período perioperatório, as quais o torna fragilizado física e emocionalmente, mesmo considerando ser este o recurso para manutenção da vida. O Modelo Interacionista do Estresse, referencial adotado nesta pesquisa, mostra que o gênero desempenha função de moderador da percepção do estresse. Objetivo: Identificar as diferenças de gênero na percepção do estresse e nas estratégias de coping de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. Método: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa, observacional, exploratório e descritivo, transversal, com coleta prospectiva de dados, realizado em hospital público de alta complexidade do município de São Paulo, cuja amostra foi composta de 74 homens e 31 mulheres. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre dezembro de 2012 e julho de 2013, após a aprovação dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa. Como instrumentos, foram utilizados: Questionário para caracterização sociodemográfica e clínica, Escala de Estresse Percebido (PSS-14), Inventário de Estratégias de Coping de Folkman e Lazarus, para os quais foram utilizados estatísticas descritivas e testes de comparação e correlação. Duas perguntas foram elaboradas para identificar estressores/preocupações e ações que ajudaram a enfrentar o pré-operatório, cujas respostas foram categorizadas e quantificadas. Resultados: A média de pontuação de estresse para mulheres e homens foi, respectivamente, 22,5 e 19,6. Esta diferença não foi estatisticamente significante. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os oito domínios do Inventário de Estratégias de Coping e gênero, enquanto os domínios Resolução de problemas, Reavaliação positiva e Suporte social tiveram maiores médias de pontuação. Observou-se que os domínios Reavaliação positiva, Fuga e esquiva, Autocontrole, Suporte social e Afastamento se relacionaram significativamente com algumas variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre gêneros na categoria B.1-Medo do procedimento: O coração com problemas/anestesia/esternotomia, com predomínio das mulheres (p=0,009) e na categoria C-Atividades para ocupar a mente, com predomino dos homens (p=0,031). Conclusão: Diante da complexidade, novidade e incontrolabilidade relativas à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio, o gênero não influenciou nas pontuações de estresse e domínios de coping (Inventário de Estratégias de Coping), predominando, na amostra total, a busca pela Resolução do problema e, em seguida, focou-se na emoção, com o uso da Reavaliação positiva e do Suporte social, destacandose o apoio na fé/oração e o apoio de familiares e amigos. Homens e mulheres diferenciaram-se diante do relato quanto ao estressor e quanto à ação para enfrentar o pré-operatório / Introduction: Ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease) is among the leading causes of death for men and women in Brazil. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is indicated on the diffuse coronary lesions, involvement of more than one coronary territory and of vital arteries. Faced with the need of undergoing the surgical procedure the patient feels exposed to stress during the perioperative period making them physically and emotionally vulnerable, even when surgery is the best option for sustaining life. The Interactionist Model of Stress, framework adopted in this research, shows that gender plays a moderator role in perceived stress. Objective: To identify gender differences in the perception of stress and coping strategies in patients undergoing CABG.Methods: Quantitative, observational, exploratory and descriptive, cross-sectional approach study with transversally prospective data collection conducted in a high complexity public hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, with samples that consisted of 74 men and 31 women. Data collection was conducted between December 2012 to July 2013, after approval from the Ethics in Research Committees. The research materials included a questionnaire for socio - demographic and clinical characteristics, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS- 14), the Inventory of Coping Strategies of Folkman and Lazarus - using descriptive statistics and comparison and correlation tests, and two questions involving stressors / concerns and actions that helped coping with the preoperative. The responses were then categorized and quantified. Results: The mean score of stress for women and men were, respectively, 22.5 and 19.6. This difference was not statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences among the eight domains of the Coping Strategies Inventory and gender, and the domains of Problem solving, Positive reappraisal and Social support showed the highest mean score. It was observed that in the domains of Positive reappraisal, Escape and Avoidance, Self-control, Social support and Distancing were significantly related with the clinical and sociodemographic variables. There was a statistically significant difference between gender and category \"B.1 - Fear of the procedure: Heart problems / anesthesia / sternotomy \" with a predominance of women (p = 0.009) and \"C - Activities to occupy the mind\" with the predominance of men (p = 0.031).Conclusion: Given the complexity, novelty and uncontrollability related to CABG, gender did not influence the scores of stress and coping domains (Coping Strategies Inventory) with the search for problem solving predominating in the total sample, followed by emotion-focused coping of social support and positive reappraisal, highlighting faith / prayer and support from family and friends. Men and women differed on their accounts of stressors and actions for coping the preoperative

Introdução: A simpatectomia torácica é o único tratamento, definitivo e eficaz, para a hiperidrose primária. A ramicotomia é um procedimento cirúrgico tão eficaz, mais conservador e com menos efeitos adversos que a simpatectomia convencional, contudo foi abandonada pela alta taxa de recidiva, atribuída, até então, à secção incompleta dos ramos comunicantes, ao desenvolvimento de outras vias de condução para o estímulo central e à regeneração neural. A avaliação histológica dos ramos comunicantes simpáticos após a ramicotomia, pode ajudar a entender o processo de recidiva dos sintomas da hiperidrose e, dessa forma contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para evitá-la. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: 28 suínos foram submetidos à ramicotomia por videotoracospia e divididos randomicamente em 5 grupos, sacrificados com 15, 45, 90, 135 e 180 dias de pós-operatório (DPO). Os segmentos operados foram removidos cirurgicamente e submetidos à avaliação macroscópica da regeneração assim como análise histológica dos ramos comunicantes brancos e cinzentos para quantificação da reação inflamatória, deposição de fibras de colágeno grossas e finas, fibras reticulares e células de Schwann por imuno-histoquímica. Os dados foram comparados ao grupo controle, composto por segmentos intactos, não operados. RESULTADOS: Não houve regeneração macroscópica no grupo de 15 DPO sendo presente em 41,6% dos casos no grupo 180 DPO (p < 0,05). A reação inflamatória foi determinante no processo de degeneração Walleriana, com presença importante das células de Schwann nos ramos pré-ganglionares (p < 0,05), as células de Schwann apresentaram evolução semelhante nos dois ramos a partir do grupo de 45DPO, mantendo-se em menor número nos ramos cinzentos. As fibras de colágeno foram cruciais na cicatrização e as fibras reticulares importantes na regeneração neural, com correlação negativa entre elas (r = - 0,414; p < 0,01). A deposição de fibras de colágeno foi maior nos ramos cinzentos, apresentando pico de deposição no grupo 135 DPO e declínio importante no grupo 180 DPO (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A ramicotomia permite a secção completa de todos os ramos comunicantes do gânglio simpático. A taxa de regeneração histológica deve ser maior que a taxa de recidiva dos sintomas no humano, devido a regenerações não funcionais. O processo regenerativo é similar nos ramos brancos e cinzentos, com tendências menores para os últimos. A regeneração dos ramos comunicantes deve ser um dos principais fatores de recidiva da hiperidrose após a ramicotomia / INTRODUCTION: Thoracic sympathectomy is the only definitive and efficient treatment for primary hyperhidrosis. The ramicotomy is a surgical procedure that is as efficient as conventional sympathectomy but more conservative, having less adverse effects then conventional sympathectomy. This procedure was abandoned on account of the high recurrence rate, attributed to the incomplete section of the rami communicantes and to the development of new pathways of conduction to the central stimuli. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-eight swine underwent bilateral videothoracoscopic ramicotomy and were randomly divided into 5 groups. The animals were sacrificed at 15, 45, 90, 135 and 180 days post-operative POD. The segments were removed and evaluated for macroscopic regeneration and histological analysis of the white and gray rami communicantes analyzing the inflammatory reaction, deposition of thin and thick collagen fibers, reticular fibers and Schwann cells. The data was compared to intact segments of sympathetic trunk as a positive control. RESULTS: There was neither macroscopic nor microscopic regeneration at the 15 POD group. The remaining groups had an average of 41,6% of regeneration, more significant at the 180 POD group (p<0.05). The inflammatory reaction was crucial in the process of Wallerian degeneration, with an important participation of the Schwann cells in the pre-ganglionic rami (p<0.05). The Schwann cells presented a similar evolution in both rami beginning at the 45 POD group, with a smaller count in the gray rami. The collagen fibers were significant in the cicatrization and the reticular fibers were important in neural regeneration, with a meaningful negative correlation between them (r = - 0,414; p < 0,01). The rate of deposition of the collagen fibers was greater in the white rami when compared to the gray rami in the first trimester and less important in the second trimester (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ramicotomy allows complete section of all rami communicantes of the sympathetic ganglia. The histological regeneration might be greater than the recurrence rates of clinical symptoms as seen in the human being due to non-functional regenerations. The restoration process is similar in both white and gray rami, with smaller tendencies in the last one. The regeneration of the could be one of the main factors for recurrence of hyperhidrosis following ramicotomy

Os autores apresentam os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento de um modelo experimental de fístula brônquica e na comparação de diferentes formas de proteção no modelo de fístula brônquica desenvolvido. Para isso, foram utilizados ratos submetidos a pneumonectomia esquerda e o coto brônquico protegido com músculo intercostal ou gordura pericárdica pediculados. Os resultados demonstraram ser possível o desenvolvimento de um modelo de fístula brônquica em ratos com 65% de confiança e que não há diferença estatística (p>0,05) entre tecidos utilizados na proteção brônquica, desde que sejam pediculados. / The authors present the resulte obtained after the development of an experimental model of bronchíal fistula and the comparison among different forms of post-pneumonectomy bronchial fistula protection. In order to achieve 'ha',were used rats that undergone left pneumonectomy whose bronchial stump was protected with either pedided muscle or pedicled fat. The results showed that it was possible to develop a bronchial fistula model with 65% of certainty and there was no slatistical difference (p>0,05) among the tissues used for bronchial protection, once they were pedicled.

Introdução Pacientes com disfunção ventricular submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca são mais susceptíveis à hipoperfusão tecidual e metabolismo anaeróbio, resultando em aumento da morbimortalidade pós-operatória. A predição de maior morbimortalidade pela detecção precoce de hipoperfusão tecidual pode aprimorar o tratamento e reduzir as complicações pós-operatórias deste grupo específico de pacientes. Objetivo Avaliar a aplicação de marcadores de hipoperfusão tecidual utilizados com menor frequência como a diferença venoarterial de pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (PCO2) e o quociente respiratório estimado (QRe) associados a outros marcadores clássicos como preditores de morbimortalidade nos pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea. Métodos Estudo prospectivo observacional realizado no InCor-HCFMUSP. Dados demográficos e variáveis clínicas e cirúrgicas foram obtidos de oitenta e sete pacientes com disfunção ventricular esquerda (fração de ejeção < 50%), submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea. Variáveis hemodinâmicas e metabólicas foram obtidas em cinco momentos: (INICIAL) após a indução da anestesia, (FINAL) final da cirurgia, (UTI-1) após admissão na UTI, (UTI-6) 6 horas após admissão na UTI e (UTI-12) 12 horas após admissão na UTI. De acordo com a evolução pós-operatória dois grupos foram definidos: evolução clínica complicada (óbito em 30 dias após a cirurgia e/ou tempo de internação na UTI maior que 4 dias) e evolução clínica não complicada (tempo de internação na UTI menor ou igual a 4 dias). Resultados A análise multivariada apontou como preditores independentes de evolução complicada o EuroSCORE, o lactato em UTI-6, PCO2 em UTI-12 e o QRe em UTI-12. As áreas sob a curva ROC para predição de evolução complicada foram 0,76 para EuroSCORE; 0,67 para o lactato em UTI-6; 0,68 para o QRe em UTI-12 e 0,72 para o PCO2 em UTI-12 (p< 0,01). Não houve diferença significativa na comparação entre as áreas sob a curva ROC. Conclusões Os principais resultados deste estudo sugerem que independentemente do quadro clínico pré-operatório, representado pelo EuroSCORE; o lactato arterial analisado 6 horas após a chegada na UTI, o PCO2 e o quociente respiratório estimado na avaliação de 12 horas após a admissão na UTI são preditores independentes de evolução complicada em pacientes com disfunção ventricular submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio. Não foi observada superioridade de nenhum dos marcadores identificados como preditores independentes de evolução complicada. As variáveis hemodinâmicas, os marcadores de perfusão tecidual derivados de oxigênio e o excesso de bases não foram preditores de evolução complicada neste grupo de pacientes. / Background Patients with left ventricular dysfunction who undergo cardiac surgery are more susceptible to tissue hypoperfusion and anaerobic metabolism, which result in high rates of morbidity and mortality. The early prediction of complicated postoperative course through the detection of tissue hypoperfusion may improve the management of care and decrease morbidity and mortality of this particular group of patients. Objective Evaluate markers of tissue hypoperfusion less employed as venoarterial carbon dioxide partial pressure difference (PCO2) and estimated respiratory quotient (eRQ) combined to other classically studied markers as predictive factors of complicated clinical course after cardiac surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Methods A prospective observational study performed in the cardiac surgical unit of a tertiary referral center (InCor-HCFMUSP). Demographic, clinical and surgical data were recorded from eighty seven patients with left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < 50%) undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were obtained in five time points: after induction of anesthesia (INICIAL), at the end of surgery (FINAL), on admission to the post-surgical ICU (UTI-1), 6 hours after ICU admission (UTI-6), and 12 hours after ICU admission (UTI-12). Two groups were defined according to their postoperative clinical course: complicated course group (death within 30 days after surgery or more than 4 days of ICU stay) and uncomplicated course group (ICU stay 4 days). Results Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that EuroSCORE, UTI-6 lactate, UTI-12 PCO2 and UTI-12 eRQ were independent predictors of complicated postoperative course. For prediction of complicated course, areas under the ROC curves were 0,76 for EuroSCORE; 0,67 for UTI-6 lactate; 0,68 for UTI-12 eRQ and 0,72 for UTI-12 PCO2 (p< 0,01). The areas under the ROC curves of the variables did not differ significantly. Conclusions The findings of this study demonstrated that 6h postoperative arterial lactate, 12h postoperative PCO2 and estimated respiratory quotient are independent predictors for a complicated clinical course after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The predictive power of these parameters was independent of the preoperative factors represented by the EuroSCORE. There is no superiority of any marker identified as independent predictor. Oxygen derived markers, base excess and hemodynamic variables were not predictors of complicated course in this group of patients.