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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Philosophy, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

In this dissertation, I explore how economic decisions diverge for different age groups. Two essays address the location decisions of older households while the third examines why different age cohorts donate to charities. The first essay estimates how the age distribution of the population across cities will change as the number of older adults rises. I use a residential sorting model to estimate the location preference heterogeneity between younger and older households. I then simulate where the two household types will live in 2030. All MSAs end up with a higher proportion of older households in 2030, and only eight of 243 MSAs experience a decline in the number of older households. The results suggest that MSAs in upstate New York and on the west coast, particularly in California, will have the largest number of older households in 2030. Florida will remain a popular place for older households, but its relative importance may diminish in the future. The second essay explores whether the basic motivations for charitable giving differ by age cohort. Using the results from a randomized field experiment, I test whether benefits to self or benefits to others drives the charitable giving decision for each age cohort. I find limited heterogeneity for benefits to self. Individuals between the ages of 50 and 64 increase average donations more than any other age cohort in response to emphasizing warm glow, and this heterogeneity is exclusively driven by larger conditional gifts. The third essay is preliminary joint work with H. Spencer Banzhaf and Carlianne Patrick. We build a unique data set of local homestead exemptions, which vary by generosity and eligibility requirements, for tax jurisdictions in Georgia. Using school-district-level Census data since 1970 along with the history of such exemptions, we will explore the impact of these exemptions, particularly exemptions targeting older households, on the demographic makeup of each jurisdiction and consider the impact of these laws on the relative levels of housing capital consumed by older and younger households.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Tiebout（1956）提出，個人因為有遷徙能力，所以透過以足投票的方式去定居在他們最偏好的社區內，而他們也藉由選擇居住地點，來滿足自己對公共財需求的慾望，就像可以到市場上購，買到私人商品一樣。在均衡情形下，人們基於自己對公共財的需求，分佈在各個社區之間。換句話說，一個典型的消費投票者在選擇居住地區時，會因為該地區的教育、警力、道路、公園、橋樑、停車場等公共服務設施來做決定。那麼實際社會上，是否真的存在這種準市場似的遷徙情形呢？ 近年來，已有不少文獻做過實證的分析，國外學者針對白人、老人做過分析，甚至是弱勢團體也曾經加以研究探討，他們採用的對象是黑人、貧窮家庭或是單親女性家長家庭，所得出的結果並沒有一定的結論。至於國內雖有學者對於家戶的遷徙行為做過分析，但針對弱勢的原住民尚無文獻出現，而這些弱勢族群中，以直覺推測，應該會比一般家庭更容易受到政府福利支出的影響而有不同的遷徙決策。因此本文不同處在於加入了國小生師比、平均每人教育科學文化支出、平均每人社會安全支出與平均每人家庭生活輔助四種變數，特別針對教育面與社會福利面的公共支出，探討對原住民遷徙行為是否有顯著影響力。 在採用兩階段估計方法的實證分析後，發現到在第一階段的個人特質方面，原住民的實證解果除了受教年限與預期相反外，其餘都與預期相符。在第二階段的分析中在本文主要想探討的變數裡，若對單一變數作迴歸，只有平均每人教育科學文化支出、平均每人社會安全支出與原住民人口數會顯著影響原住民家戶的遷徙決策。 總結來說，本文對於Tiebout假說（以足投票）提供了少數正面的證據，但是，也有不少結果並不支持這項傳統理論，也許原住民並不適用這個假說。

This dissertation uses property values to investigate the economic effect of public expenditures for operations and capital improvements on place value. Given the increasing role of nonprofit services in augmenting those of cities and school districts, the dissertation research investigates whether nonprofit expenditures join those of cities and school districts as Tiebout commodities, thereby contributing to place value. Furthermore, the research examines whether those expenditures contribute to reducing the inequities in the distribution of property wealth. The conceptual framework for the dissertation is the Tiebout model and its various extensions. The model proposes that individuals have different preferences for public goods and services, and there are many jurisdictions that vary in the services provided. Consequently, individuals shop around for the community that best matches their preferences and locate in the one that maximizes their utility. If the model correctly predicts households' behavior, then the quality of public goods and services provided by a community will affect its desirability. The more attractive a community, the higher the demand for its properties, which results in higher property values. The dissertation research finds that city public capital spending positively impacts property values in two ways. Property values respond positively to (1) the announcement of capital investments (i.e., ongoing capital expenditures), and (2) the amenity created when capital projects become operational (i.e., when operating expenditures are combined with capital stock). The results also show that nonprofit capital stock and spending on operations affect property values differently depending on the nonprofit category. The findings further reveal that local public and nonprofit spending benefit owners of lower and medium valued properties more than owners of higher valued properties. This finding suggests that local government and nonprofit spending contribute to reducing inequities in the distribution of property wealth.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:18:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1998-05-11T00:00:00Z / Trata do Modelo de Tiebout para a produção de bens públicos locais e desenvolvimento teóricos a partir dele, procurando mostrar as fontes de ineficiência que podem surgir em razão do comportamento competitivo entre jurisdições. Essas ineficiências acabam por justificar a organização federativa como forma ótima de governo.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between expenditures on local public services and the net migration rate for Swedish urban and rural municipalities. Data from Statistics Sweden over all Swedish municipalities between 2004 and 2014 was used for the empirical analysis. The data also included control variables to control for differences in economic and demographic conditions in the municipalities. The result found using pooled OLS with instrumental variables reveals great differences on the significance of local service expenditure in relation to migration for the two types of municipalities. Childcare was found to be of great significance for rural regions. In contrast, social assistance had a positive association in urban regions while it had a negative insignificant correlation in rural regions. Moreover, culture and education were found to be insignificant in relation to migration for both regions. The results also showed similarities such as elderly care and local taxes were significantly negatively correlated with migration in both type of regions. Overall, the results show that certain local services, such as childcare, are correlated with migration. Nevertheless, economic conditions such as low local taxes, presence of a university campus and having low unemployment are as well of importance to attract residents to both types of municipalities.

From 2017 to 2019, the primary strategy to improve public schools in the U.S. was increasing competition through the expansion of charter schools and the promotion of vouchers to send public school students to private schools. The problem this presented was that key education leaders had not provided adequate input and feedback into this strategy. The purpose of this qualitative study was to gather the perspectives of accomplished education leaders on how Tiebout's theory of competition and the concept of the Ontario K-12 School Effectiveness Framework impacted quality, trust, and capacity. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with a purposeful sample of 15 accomplished education leaders from the charter/school choice community and traditional public schools. Data were analyzed using Bernauer's modified three-phase method. School and classroom leadership, meaningful and informative assessment that guides instruction, substantive student engagement, and a focus on a strong curriculum and effective teaching were the key themes that aligned with quality, trust, and capacity. Education leaders did not see Tiebout education as a key driver that would alone improve the quality of public education. Leaders believed that some schools improved in response to Tiebout competition but also shared cautions on the diminishing returns, collateral damage, and equity concerns because Tiebout competition created winners and losers. Social change may be impacted by the results of this study in that the results define and share examples of healthy and unhealthy competition in public education. The results of this study can help inform policy makers and educators as they create opportunities that will enhance the long term personal and economic success of all U.S. students.