This thesis examines the role and perceived legitimacy of the economic expert and how the positons of economic experts has evolved during the 20th century, as seen through the lens of two debates.   Both of the debates take place around a great economic crisis in Sweden. The first, in the early 1930’s is held while the big economic upheaval of that time still rages. The second, in 1995, is held just after the so called 90’s-crisis has subdued. The aim of the theis is to see how the economic experts at the time defends and expands their authority.   The results of the theisis finds that in both cases the economic expert links the economic policies of the time before the most recent crisis will be presented as inherently linked to the problem. The new policy, which is easy to establish in the light of the old one, works as a way for the economic expert to defend the authority of the profession.   The study also finds that while the legatimacy of the economic expert during the 1930s is based on an intergration with politics, while the legatimicy for the economic expert during the 1990s stems instead from a distancing from politicans and the political sphere in general.

We have identified entrepreneurial methods and brand strategy as significant factors for growth in the music industry. The digital transformation is marked by innovation, knowledge orientation, networking and brand awareness. Authenticity, identity and distinctiveness are the primary factors for success, both in terms of increasing listenership and collaboration with companies for business purposes. In conclusion, the study shows that growth in the changing music industry means to approach a combination of administrative,creative and marketing tasks.

The existence of income inequality between individuals in a society is a constant source of debate. There are many ways in which it is conceivable that the income inequality in a country can affect economic growth. The driving force behind, for example, undergoing higher education may be that it is expected to provide a future higher income. If the wage gap between unskilled and educated labor is too small, this drive can be lost and the level of education in the country will be low, which may lower the possibility of more efficient production and higher future economic growth. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effect of income inequality on economic growth in OECD-countries. The thesis also aims to investigate why this effect arises by analyzing whether the income distribution has an impact on the growth savings ratio, population growth, human capital and productivity. This is conducted with a panel data approach on the OECD countries with data over the period 1990-2010.

Profit and growth are the pillars of all business enterprises. The Swedish wood industry has historically been characterized by pressured margins and marginal growth, and in particular SME's have had many challenges in regard to long-term success. It is thus interesting and essential to understand more specifically how SMEs in the Swedish wood industry can navigate the challenges in the industry, and thus generate profitability and growth. Against this background, this study aimed to describe and analyze what strategies and associated key activities SMEs in the wood industry can work with to generate profitable growth.  In order to gain a deeper understanding of the concepts of growth and profitability, a literature study was first conducted to establish influencing factors for these. With a clear basis for strategy and market influence as main drivers, a theoretical basis for strategic positioning and growth strategies were then identified, strengthened by research showing how industry factors affect the context and how SMEs specifically are affected. For strategic positioning, cost leadership, differentiation and focus strategies were examined. Furthermore, the growth strategies were divided into organic and non-organic. Market penetration, market development, product development and diversification were investigated for organic growth strategies. The non-organic strategies dealt with two different types of acquisitions: consolidating acquisitions and diversifying acquisitions. These types of acquisitions were then supplemented with further studies on resource and synergy perspectives in acquisitions.  Based on these theoretical areas, an analytical model was created with associated research questions to enable answers to the purpose of the study. In order to nuance the theoretical perspective, qualitative interviews were conducted with company executives with backgrounds in different parts of the wood industry. A variable-based cross-sectional analysis of collected empirical data was conducted to compare the different interview subjects' perspectives on the established theoretical concepts, in order to put these growth strategies in context with SME's in the Swedish wood industry.  The study showed that the theoretical frameworks were not fully applicable in the wood industry, which resulted in an updated framework that considers the specific conditions of the wood industry. The study shows that it is essential that SMEs work with clear niches as a foundation and as a target for strategic positioning. This position is usually achieved through customer engagement, value adding and market knowledge. The study shows that it is essential, especially from a long-term perspective, that SMEs have clear organic growth strategies. In addition, companies can supplement the organic operations with non-organic strategies, which aim to strengthen the strategic position and create better conditions for future organic growth.  Organic growth strategies fall into two categories for the wood industry: sales-oriented and value adding-oriented, where value adding strategies are the leading strategies for successful SMEs today. Sales-oriented strategies place requirements in the categories of raw material supply, market segmentation, and the correct use of sales channels. Value adding strategies place demands on customer engagement, ensuring raw material quality and establishing refined products in new markets.  Non-organic strategies, both consolidating and diversifying, are well-used and potentially successful for SMEs in the wood industry. Furthermore, it is clear that diversification and consolidation through acquisitions are not necessarily separate, but should instead be encouraged to be carried out in symbiosis. Acquisition strategies have specific activities linked to the establishment of acquisition strategy, target search, analysis of identified targets and ensuring key personnel.

Previous studies suggests that reindeer grazing lichen enhances the growth of pine trees in a pine forest in northern Finland. The aim of this study is to determine if reindeer grazing increase tree growth in other parts of the Nordic countries. Since climate is a major driver of variation in tree growth, the effect of the climate was studied by drilling 47 trees in 10 different locations on Ängesön, Holmöarna. This island has a unique grazing history since it was ungrazed for almost a century before it recently (2015) started to be used as winter pasture for reindeer again. The width of cores rings was analyzed to measure tree growth during the last 20 years, which includes the years before and after the reindeer grazing was reintroduced. Annual tree growth was also compared with climate data and tree age during the study period (2000–2019). Tree growth decreased during the study period. This was partly explained by reduced tree growth with increasing tree age. It was also related to changes in temperature and rainfall. Reindeer grazing, on the other hand, did not affect tree growth. It could be that some other factor is limiting tree growth on Ängesön than in northern Finland, or that the positive and negative effect of reindeer cancel each other out.

Det här är en historieekonomiskt studie som mäter frakt via olika transportmedel till/frånBilleruds bruk i Säffle 1895 – 1908 samt mellan 1920 – 1921 samt för år 1923. Det finns tvåstora vägar till Säffle under tiden, järnväg och vattenväg. Vattenvägen och Säffle Kanal harlegat i Säffle en längre stund och färdvägen är ungefär 50 år gammal vid bebyggelsen avBillerud. Transporten mäts genom att noga studera transportlängder skrivna av Säfflekanalbolag och Bergslagernas tågbolag samt av Billerud själva. En transportlängd är tabellerdär det står dokumenterat hur respektive färdvägs gods såg ut.Studiens syfte är att utläsa både fraktvolymer från Billeruds bruk under de bådaundersökningsåren för att komma fram till hur frakten såg ut, vilket färdsätt som lämpade sigmest för vilken typ av vara eller för import och export. Även transport av gods utrikes ärnågonting som utläses. Informationen från transportlängderna presenteras i tabeller. Studienssyfte är också att utläsa om ekonomisk tillväxt har skett mellan eller under de tvåundersökningsperioderna. Med ekonomisk tillväxt syftas på nya massakokare eller ökadetransporter av varor. Det räknas ut genom att korsa resultaten från transportlängderna med dentidiga forskningen, då mestadels boken Papper och massa i Värmland av Lennart Stolpe menäven annan litteratur förekommer.Underökningens resultat är att Billerud mestadels transporterade färdiga produkter viavattenvägen och tog emot gods i form av råmaterial via järnvägen. Även en viss utrikes exportupptogs under 1923 då pappersfabriken blev färdigställd. Även ekonomisk tillväxt bevisas ioch med att bruket ökar sin produktionskapacitet samt vidgar utbudet av produkter som detillverkar samt exporterar. / This study is a history study with a focus on economic growth and transport of gods from thefactory Billerud AB in the town named Säffle during the years 1895 – 1908 as well as 1920 –1923. There were 2 ways for the goods to come to Billerud, the waterway which includes thelocal channel and the Swedish railroad network. The first purpose of the study is to see whatgoods were transported using the different means of transport and where it was transported to.The second purpose is to see how Billerud evolved economically during the period, and that istracked through studying the factory’s local economic growth. The study is based on thearchived material of Säffle kanalbolag, the company who ran the channel, Berslagernasjärnvägar, the railway company that ran the railway witch Billerud used as well as Billerud’sown archived material on the subject.With the help of 2 African studies on economic growth in Africa the method is legitimized.Both proves that economic growth and infrastructure that support it is closely related. Bystudying the goods that were transported to and from Billerud, it is possible to see if economicgrowth in fact happened. The goods are presented in easy red charts.The result is that the raw materials the factory needed to produce their product, wood pulp,where driven to the factory via the railroad. The pulp itself were shipped on the waterway,through the channel. Paper was exported to many diverse places in Europe, mainly GreatBritain. Billerud did evolve the production. The max production capacity of pulp expandedduring the year 1900. A paper factory was built 1923 and started producing paper the sameyear. All in all, Billerud was successful during the years 1895 – 1908 and 1920 – 1921 as wellas the year 1923.

As a result of the digitalisation and thereby new ways of living, the retail industry has changed fundamentally. Furthermore, the e-commerce market is experiencing rapid growth and a shift from physical traditional commerce, to e-commerce. Thus, ecommerce companies are characterized by low profitability, despite high growth and favourable conditions, and for this, there are several contradictory explanations. One explanation is that companies have not succeeded to strategically positioning themselves, which has become more important due to the increased competition. The purpose of the study is to describe how the changed retail industry and the rapidly growing e-commerce market affect e-commerce companies. Furthermore, the study aims to increase the understanding of how e-commerce companies can strategically positioning the company and how to balance growth and profitability. The study is written on the basis of a qualitative approach. The empirical material has been obtained through semi-structured interviews at three e-commerce companies in the retail industry, as well as through the companies' five most recent annual reports. The conclusion indicates that the changing retail industry and the rapidly growing e-commerce market are affecting e-commerce companies mainly through three factors: the shift, accessibility and global competition. E-commerce companies strategically position themselves through more or less successful niches, which is reflected in the financial outcome, in order to be competitive. Furthermore, the study shows that there are two approaches to balance growth and profitability: the first is to have profitable growth as a goal, where growth must not occur at the expense of the company's profitability. The second way is to prioritize growth at the expense of profitability. Finally, a differentiation strategy together with market development as a growth strategy and profitability as the primary objective, is expected to contribute to both profitability and growth in e-commerce companies.

Fortsatt stigande konsumtionsnivå i redan rika länder har negativa konsekvenser för miljön, ger mycket marginella välfärdseffekter och är en orsak till ett allt högre tempo i samhället. Ekonomisk tillväxt kan användas i syfte att höja inkomst- och konsumtionsnivå eller för att förkorta arbetstiden. Ur miljösynpunkt skulle det vara positivt med ett större fokus på tidsbaserad välfärd framför ständiga ökningar i materiell standard. Denna studie baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med fem nyligen examinerade studenter angående deras nya situation som heltidsarbetande. Hur upplever de sin förändrade ekonomiska och tidsmässiga situation och hur tror de att deras livssituation skulle påverkas av minskad arbetstid?Resultatet visar att informanterna upplever höjd inkomst som positivt och minskad fritid som en negativ effekt av heltidsarbetet. De tror att det skulle vara positivt för deras livskvalitet att arbeta mindre och de uttrycker en vilja att arbeta mindre. Strukturen på arbetsmarknaden samt lägre inkomst upplevs som de största hindren angående informanternas möjlighet att gå ner i arbetstid. / Further rising level of consumption in already rich countries have negative environmental consequenses, gives very mariginal effects on welfare and is a cause of a rising pace in society. Economic growth can be used to rise income- and consumptionlevel or to shorten working time. From an environmental point of view it would be positive with a greater focus on time-based welfare rather than continuous rising material standard.This study is based on qualitative interviews with five recently graduated students about their new situation as full-time workers. How do they experience the changes in their economical and temporal situation and what are their thoughts on how their life circumstances would change if they shortened their working days?The result shows that the informants regard higher income as a positive and decreased free-time as a negative aspect of full-time work. They think it would be positive for their quality of life to work less and they express intentions to work less. The stucture in the labour market and lower income is experienced as the biggest impediments regarding the informants possibilities to reduce work time.

No description available.

Tidigare forskning har tydligt etablerat hur mycket företag växer. Det här examensarbetet har tagit sig an uppgiften att beskriva och förklara hur företag växer. Vi har särskilt försökt hitta nyanser av tillväxt genom ett investmentbolags perspektiv. Till det har vi haft ett teoretiskt perspektiv med två huvudsakliga strategier för tillväxt. Litteraturen pekar ut organisk tillväxtstrategi och extern tillväxtstrategi. Organisk tillväxt är stabilt och mindre riskfyllt, medan extern tillväxt gör att företag kan växa snabbt men det innebär mer och en annan typ av risk. Genom en extern tillväxtstrategi kan företag snabbt få en nödvändig konkurrensfördel genom till exempel unik kunskap på en lokal marknad. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra till en djupare kunskap för hur investmentbolag ser på organisk eller extern tillväxt hos företag. Totalt gjordes tio intervjuer med svenska investmentbolag. För att besvara forskningsfrågan har vi varit analytiskt deduktiva. Teorin i examensarbetet användes som verktyg för att förklara med olika aspekter hur investmentbolag ser på organisk och extern tillväxt hos företag. Resultatet visar att den organiska tillväxtformen är mindre riskfylld samt att eventuella risker lättare kan hanteras genom en högre grad av kontroll internt. Skillnader uppstår när varje aktör har olika strategier för hur deras verksamhet ska bedrivas. Examensarbetet bidrar till att med det teoretiska förhållningssättet utöka kunskapen om organisk och extern tillväxtstrategi. Det är även ett bidrag till forskningen om hur företag växer. Vidare stimuleras debatten om tillväxtteorier.