The railway vehicles are an increasing mean of transportation due to, its reduced impact on environment and high level of comfort provided. These reasons have contributed to settle a positive perception of railway traffic into the European society. In this upward context, the railway industrial sector tackles some important challenges; maintaining low operational costs and controlling the nuisance by-products of trains operation, the most important being railway noise. Track dynamic plays a main role for both issues, since a significant part of the operational costs are associated with the track maintenance tasks and, the noise generated by the track can be dominant in many operational situations. This explains why prediction tools are highly valued by railway companies. The work presented in this licentiate thesis proposes methodologies for accurate and efficient modelling of railway track dynamics. Two core axes have led the development of this task, on one hand, the rail modelling and, on the other hand, the characterisation of the finite length nature of track supports. Firstly, concerning the rail modelling technique, it has evolved under two major premises. On one hand, regarding the frequency domain, it should describe high frequency behaviour of the rail. In order to accomplish with this first premise, a model based on Timoshenko beam theory is used, which can accurately account for the vertical rail behaviour up to 2500 Hz. On the other hand, with respect to the time domain, the response should be smooth and free of discontinuities. This last condition is fulfilled by implementation of the Timoshenko local deformation. Secondly, a model of support that considers its finite length nature is sought. For this purpose, a Timoshenko element over elastic foundation is formulated. Thus, the common model of support, which is based on a concentrated connection, is substituted by a distributed model of support. In this way, several enhancements are achieved; the temporal contact force response is smoothed and a more realistic shape is obtained, the amplitude of the displacement due to the parametric excitation is reduced and the magnitude associated to the ‘pin-pin’ frequency is not overestimated. / <p>QC 20170522</p>

The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a beam element in order to model the wing of a drone, made of composite materials. The proposed model consists of the framework for the structural design and analysis of long slender beam like structures, e.g., wings, wind turbine blades, and helicopter rotor blades, etc. The main feature consists of the addition of the coupling between axial and bending with torsional effects that may arise when using composite materials and the coupling stemming from the inhomogeneity in cross-sections of any arbitrary geometry. This type of modeling approach allows for an accurate yet computationally inexpensive representation of a general class of beam-like structures. The framework for beam analysis consists of main two parts, cross-sectional analysis of the beam sections and then using this section analysis to build up the finite element model. The cross-sectional analysis is performed in order to predict the structural properties for composite sections, which are used for the beam model. The thesis consists of the model to validate the convergence of the element size required for the cross-sectional analysis. This follows by the validation of the shell models of constant cross-section to assess the performance of the beam elements, including coupling terms. This framework also has the capability of calculating the strains and displacements at various points of the cross-section. Natural frequencies and mode shapes are compared for different cases of increasing complexity with those available in the papers. Then, the framework is used to analyze the wing of a drone and compare the results to a model developed in NASTRAN. / Master of Science

Electromagnetic launchers (railguns) are set to replace traditional large caliber ship mounted cannons in the near future. The success of the railgun depends heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of beam behavior during periods of heavy dynamic loading. It is hypothesized that the combination of velocity transition effects, electromagnetic loading, and other non-linear or design specific effects contribute to areas of high stresses/strains over the length of the rail/beam during launch. This paper outlines the use of the Timoshenko beam model, a model which builds upon the traditional Bernoulli-Euler beam theory with the addition of shear deformation and rotary inertia effects, a necessity for high wave velocities. Real-world experimental setups are simplified and approximated by a series of linear springs and dampers for model prediction and validation. The Timoshenko beam model is solved using finite difference (FD) methods for the approximation of spatial derivatives and MATLAB ordinary differential equation (ODE) solvers. The model shows good convergence and precision over a large range of system parameters including load velocities, foundation stiffness values, and beam dimensions. Comparison to experimental strain data has validated model accuracy to an acceptable level. Accuracy is further enhanced with the inclusion of damping and non-linear or piecewise effects used to mimic experimental observations. The MATLAB software package presents a valid preliminary analysis tool for railgun beam and foundation design while offering advantages in ease of use, computation time, and system requirements when compared to traditional FEA tools. / Master of Science

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-23T16:00:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9090532 bytes, checksum: d4fefb1d97e9c6d585d5d18a33abf752 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T16:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9090532 bytes, checksum: d4fefb1d97e9c6d585d5d18a33abf752 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this thesis we study controllability results, asymptotic behavior and inverse problem related to some problems of the theory of partial di erential equations. Two particular systems are the focus of the study: the Mindin-Timoshenko system, describing the vibrational motion of a plate or a beam, and the phase eld system describing the temperature and phase of a medium having two distinct physical states. The rst chapter is devoted to the study of the 1-D Mindlin-Timoshenko system with discontinuous coe cient. A Carleman inequality is obtained under the assumption of monotonicity on the beam speed. Subsequently, two applications are provided: the controllability of the control system acting on the boundary and Lipschitzian stability of the inverse problem of recovering a potential from a single measurement of the solution. In the second chapter we consider a contact problem characterized by the behavior of a two-dimensional plate whose board makes contact with a rigid obstacle. The formulation of this problem is presented by the 2-D Mindlin-Timoshenko system with boundary conditions and suitable damping terms. Concerning such system, is proved via penalty techniques, the existence of solution and that the system energy has exponential decay when the time approaches in nity. In the third chapter, the study is aimed at a nonlinear phase- eld system de ned in a real open interval. Here we present some controllability results when a single control acts, by means of Dirichlet conditions, on the temperature equation of the system on one of the endpoints of the interval. To prove the results is used the method of moments, plus a spectral study of operators associated to the system and xed point theory to deal with the nonlinearity. / Nesta tese estudamos resultados de controlabilidade, comportamento assintótico e problema inverso relacionados a alguns problemas da teoria de equações diferenciais parciais. Dois sistemas particulares são foco do estudo: o sistema de Mindin-Timoshenko, que descreve o movimento vibratório de uma placa ou viga, e o sistema de campo de fases que descreve a temperatura e a fase de um meio onde ocorrem dois estados físicos distintos. O primeiro capítulo é dedicado ao estudo do sistema de Mindlin-Timoshenko 1-D com coe ciente descontínuos. Uma desigualdade de Carleman é obtida sob a hipótese de monotonicidade sobre velocidade da viga. Posteriormente, são fornecidas duas aplicações: a controlabilidade do sistema com controles agindo na fronteira e a estabilidade Lipschitziana do problema inverso de recuperar um potencial através de uma única informação obtida sobre a solução. No segundo capítulo consideramos um problema de contato caracterizado pelo comportamento de uma placa bidimensional cujo bordo faz contato com um obstáculo rígido. A formulação deste problema é apresentada pelo sistema de Mindlin-Timoshenko 2-D com condi ções de fronteira e termos de amortecimento (damping) adequados. Sobre tal sistema, é provada, através de técnicas de penalização, a existência de solução e, posteriormente, que sua energia possui decaimento exponencial quando o tempo tende ao in nito. No terceiro capítulo o estudo é voltado a um sistema de campo de fases não-linear de nido em um intervalo aberto real. Neste espaço apresentamos alguns resultados de controlabilidade quando um único controle age, sob condições de Dirichlet, na equação da temperatura em um dos bordos do intervalo. Para provar os resultados é utilizado o método dos momentos, além de uma estudo espectral de operadores associados ao sistema e teoria de ponto xo para lidar com a não-linearidade.

Esta investigación se enfoca en el análisis de vibración libre de vigas Timoshenko utilizando el método de elementos finitos. Se desarrolla el modelo utilizando el principio de Hamilton y la teoría de vigas Timoshenko que incluye deformaciones por corte. Se asume interpolaciones de alto orden para la aproximación de las variables fundamentales. Los materiales para emplear son isotrópicos. Se implementa un programa para estos materiales en MATLAB. Se comparan resultados con otros obtenidos en la literatura para validar el modelo. Se realiza un estudio paramétrico con una misma longitud y diferentes esbelteces. Se verifica que la formulación sea bastante precisa con resultados muy satisfactorios. / This research focuses on the free vibration analysis of Timoshkenko beams using the finite element method. The model is developed using the Hamilton principle and the Timoshenko beam theory that includes shear deformations. high order interpolations are assumed for the approximation of the fundamental variables. The materials to be used are isotropic. A program for these materials is implemented in MATLAB. Results are compared with others obtained in the literature to validate the model. A parametric study is carried out with the same length and different slenderness. It is verified that the formulation is quite precise with satisfactory results to the investigation. / Trabajo de investigación

El propósito del presente trabajo es desarrollar un modelo matemático que permita el análisis de estabilidad de una viga compuesta de materiales funcionalmente graduados sometida a una carga de compresión axial. La finalidad es analizar el comportamiento de una viga heterogénea y calcular las cargas y los modos de pandeo. En el desarrollo de la investigación se describe vectorialmente el campo de desplazamiento de la viga para obtener las ecuaciones de gobierno de la estructura; de este modo, mediante principios energéticos, se pueda desarrollar el modelo de elementos finitos y buscar una solución vectorial propia. El modelo matemático se divide en dos partes: formulación simbólica y modelo numérico computacional. En el modelo matemático, los materiales funcionalmente graduados afectan el módulo de elasticidad debido a la particularidad del material; y la energía potencial total es afectada por dos estados: estado fundamental (deformación de membrana o de pre-pandeo) y estado incremental (estado de perturbación arbitraria de equilibrio). Los resultados obtenidos fueron verificados con ejercicios benchmarking encontrados en la literatura, para corroborar la eficacia del modelo planteado; validados con informes de pruebas de laboratorio, para revisar la precisión; y estudiados paramétricamente, para analizar la influencia de las variables. / The purpose of the present work is to develop a mathematical model that allows the stability analysis of a beam composed of functionally graded materials subjected to an axial compressive load. The objective is to analyze the behavior of a heterogeneous beam and calculate the buckling loads and modes. In the development of the investigation, the field of displacement of the beam is described in vectors to obtain the governing equations of the structure. In this way, by energetic principles, the finite element model can be developed, and the solution can be found by eigenvalue and eigenvector exercise. The mathematical model is divided in two parts: symbolic formulation and computational numerical model. In the model, the functionally graded materials affect the modulus of elasticity due to the particularity of the material; and the total potential energy is affected by two states: fundamental state (membrane deformation or pre-buckling) and incremental state (arbitrary perturbation of the equilibrium). The results obtained were verified with benchmarking exercises found in literature, to corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed model; validated with lab test-reports, to check its accuracy; and studied parametrically, to analyze the influence of the variables. / Tesis

[pt] Uma análise não linear geométrica de estruturas, utilizando o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), depende de cinco aspectos: a teoria de flexão, da descrição cinemática, das relações entre deformações e deslocamentos, da metodologia de análise não linear e das funções de interpolação de deslocamentos. Como o MEF é uma solução numérica, a discretização da estrutura fornece grande influência na resposta dessa análise. Contudo, ao se empregar funções de interpolação correspondentes à solução homogênea da equação diferencial do problema, obtêm-se o comportamento exato da estrutura para uma discretização mínima, como ocorre em uma análise linear. Assim, este trabalho visa a integrar as soluções para o problema da não linearidade geométrica, de maneira a tentar reduzir essa influência e permitir uma discretização mínima da estrutura, considerando ainda grandes deslocamentos e rotações. Então, utilizando-se a formulação Lagrangeana atualizada, os termos de ordem elevada no tensor deformação, as teorias de flexão de Euler-Bernoulli e Timoshenko, os algoritmos para solução de problemas não lineares e funções de interpolação, que consideram a influência da carga axial, obtidas da solução da equação diferencial do equilíbrio de um elemento infinitesimal na condição deformada, desenvolve-se um elemento de pórtico espacial com uma formulação completa. O elemento é implementado no Framoop e sua resposta, utilizando-se uma discretização mínima da estrutura, é comparada com formulações usuais, soluções analíticas e com o programa Mastan2 v3.5. Os resultados evidenciam a eficiência da formulação desenvolvida para prever a carga crítica de estruturas planas e espaciais utilizando uma discretização mínima. / [en] A structural geometric nonlinear analysis, using the finite element method (FEM), depends on the consideration of five aspects: the bending theory, the kinematic description, the strain-displacement relations, the nonlinear solution scheme and the interpolation (shape) functions. As MEF is a numerical solution, the structure discretization provides great influence on the analysis response. However, applying shape functions calculated from the homogenous solution of the differential equation of the problem, the exact behavior of the structure is obtained for a minimum discretization, as for a linear analysis. Thus, this work aims to integrate the solutions for the formulations of the geometric nonlinearity problem, in order to reduce this influence and allow a minimum discretization of the structure, also considering, large displacements and rotations. Then, using an updated Lagrangian kinematic description, considering a higher-order Green strain tensor, The Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories, the nonlinear solutions schemes and the interpolation functions, that includes the influence of axial force, obtained directly from the solution of the equilibrium differential equation of an deformed infinitesimal element, a spatial bar frame element is developed using a complete formulation. The element was implemented in the Framoop, and their results, for a minimum discretization, were compared with conventional formulations, analytical solutions and with the software Mastan2 v3.5. Results clearly show the efficiency of the developed formulation to predict the critical load of plane and spatial structures using a minimum discretization.

L’étude analytique proposée porte sur le comportement en vibration de nanotubes de carbone et de nanoplaques de graphène. Pour ce faire, il s’agira dans un premier temps d’étudier les traditionnelles théories de Bresse-Timoshenko pour les poutres et de Uflyand-Mindlin pour les plaques. Des modèles de cisaillement alternatifs sont développés, notamment basés sur des approches asymptotiques issues du milieu élastique tri-dimensionnel. Les interactions interatomiques, ne pouvant pas être négligées à une échelle nanoscopique, seront ensuite prises en compte dans les modèles à travers la présence de paramètres non locaux. Ainsi, différentes approches continues seront considérées : phénoménologiques, asymptotiques et continualisées. Ce dernier type d’approche est récent et est basé sur le développement de modèles continus à partir des équations discrètes de poutres et plaques épaisses et de l’utilisation des approximants de Padé et des développements en séries de Taylor. Pour chaque modèle développé au cours de cette étude, les fréquences propres seront déterminées pour différentes conditions aux limites. Il s’agira ainsi de définir le meilleur cadre pour l’utilisation de chaque modèle et de déterminer l’éventuelle supériorité d’un modèle sur les autres. / This thesis deals with the analytical study of vibration of carbon nanotubes and graphene plates. First, a brief overview of the traditional Bresse-Timoshenko models for thick beams and Uflyand- Mindlin models for thick plates will be conducted. It has been shown in the literature that the conventionally utilized mechanical models models overcorrect the shear effect and that of rotary inertia. To improve the situation, two alternative versions of theories of beams and plates are proposed. The first one is derived through the use of equilibrium equations and leads to a truncated governing differential equation in displacement. It is shown, by considering a power series expansion of the displacement, that this is asymptotically consistent at the second order. The second theory is based on slope inertia and results in the truncated equation with an additional sixth order derivative term. Then, these theories will be extended in order to take into account some scale effects such as interatomic interactions that cannot be neglected for nanomaterials. Thus, different approaches will be considered: phenomenological, asymptotic and continualized. The basic principle of continualized models is to build continuous equations starting from discrete equations and by using Taylor series expansions or Padé approximants. For each of the different models derived in this study, the natural frequencies will be determined, analytically when the closed-form solution is available, numerically when the solution is given through a characteristic equation. The objective of this work is to compare the models and to establish the eventual superiority of a model on others.

Cette thèse est constituée de deux parties principales. Dans la première partie on traite l'observabilité et la contrôlabilité exacte internes indirectes des systèmes hyperboliques faiblement couplés et du système de Timoshenko. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'étude de problèmes concernant la stabilisation directe du système de Bresse par des feedbacks non linéaires en utilisant la méthode des multiplicateurs et des techniques d'inégalités intégrales, et sa stabilisation indirecte seulement par deux feedbacks localement distribués au voisinage du bord en utilisant l'approche de fréquence de domaine. On traite dans cette partie aussi la stabilisation indirecte du système de Timoshenko dans le cas d'un seul feedback localement distribué au voisinage du bord / This thesis consists of two main parts. In the fi#rst part, it treats the indirect internal observability and exact controllability of a weakly coupled hyperbolic system and of the Timoshenko system. The second part is devoted to the study of problems concerning the direct stabilization of the Bresse system by non-linear feedbacks using multiplier method and integral inequality techniques, and its indirect stabilization only by two locally distributed feedbacks at the neighborhood of the boundary using the frequency domain method. Is treated in this part also the indirect stabilization of the Timoshenko system subject to a single feedback locally distributed at the neighborhood of the boundary

O projeto de estruturas adaptativas deve contemplar um estudo cuidadoso das características passivas de dissipação de energia, com o intuito de manter o sistema resistente a eventuais falhas nas redes de sensores e atuadores ou do controle como um todo. Além disso, conhecendo-se as regiões em que o desempenho puramente passivo é ótimo, pode-se minimizar os requisitos de potência de controle. O presente trabalho visa analisar o comportamento dinâmico de vigas submetidas a tratamentos dissipativos com camada restritora (PCLD - Passive Constrained Layer Damping), segundo a variação dos parâmetros geométricos das camadas constituintes. A teoria de Timoshenko com acoplamento flexão-extensão foi empregada na derivação do modelo matemático do sistema eletromecânico, não havendo restrição quanto ao número, tipo ou propriedades mecânicas das camadas. A forma fraca das equações do movimento e equilíbrio de cargas elétricas foi a base para a construção de um algoritmo de obtenção de uma solução aproximada pelo método de elementos finitos, tendo os deslocamentos axial e transversal do eixo neutro da viga base e as rotações de todas as camadas como graus de liberdade mecânicos e as diferenças de potencial de cada camada piezoelétrica como graus de liberdade elétricos. A implementação computacional do algoritmo de solução foi testada e validada, simulando-se casos publicados na literatura científica. Um modelo viscoelástico, baseado na teoria do módulo complexo (CMA - Complex Modulus Approach), foi utilizado nas simulações pelo método da resposta direta em frequência (DFR - Direct Requency Response) e também na obtenção de modelos modais truncados, via método da energia modal de deformação (IMSE - Iterative Modal Strain Energy) e solução complexa de autovetores (ICE - Iterative Complex Eigensolution). Os resultados obtidos por intermédio três métodos foram comparados, comprovando a acurácia das respostas aproximadas, mesmo para sistemas truncados em poucos modos normais. Uma metodologia de análise e projeto de estruturas PCLD por ábacos compostos por curvas de níveis sobrepostas, obtidas com apoio dos métodos interativos, foi proposta e discutida, demonstrando a possibilidade de se monitorar e controlar diversas grandezas dinâmicas, a fim de obter um determinado desempenho do sistema passivo. As conclusões do trabalho comprovam que o comportamento dinâmico de uma estrutura com tratamento PCLD pode ser não linear frente à variação dos parâmetros geométricos do tratamento, o que impõe a necessidade de uma metodologia de projeto em que seja possível acompanhar o desempenho global do sistema frente a mudanças locais nas características de seus componentes.