Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Regensburg, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. [641] - 679.

CAPES / Adolescência e prática infracional são temas corriqueiros na mídia e na academia. A primeira por tratar-se de uma fase peculiar de desenvolvimento que comporta inúmeras transformações biopsicofisiológicas influenciadas pelos processos biológicos e pelo contexto sociocultural, que despertam o interesse investigativo, e a segunda, por referir-se a uma ação delituosa que causa algum tipo de dano ou prejuízo ao praticante, ou a outrem. Ambos são temas complexos por isso despertaram o interesse da pesquisadora, que pretende com o presente estudo compreender a situação dos adolescentes autores de ato infracional do município de Dois Vizinhos - PR que cumprem medida socioeducativa em meio aberto, na relação com a família e as instituições do Estado, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento social. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso, organizado em três fases, a primeira dedicada à pesquisa bibliográfica para contextualizar o estado da arte do tema de pesquisa; a segunda realizada com a pesquisa de campo, para a qual foi necessário articular as dimensões quantitativas, por meio do levantamento de dados estatísticos junto a Delegacia de Polícia Civil; e qualitativa alcançada com a realização das 19 entrevistas realizadas, das quais participaram: 4 Conselheiros Tutelares, 4 profissionais ligados a execução das medidas, 1 representante do Ministério Público, 1 representante do Poder Judiciário, 6 adolescentes e 3 familiares. A terceira e última fase, dedicada à transcrição das entrevistas e elaboração da dissertação. As reflexões teóricas/conceituais que fundamentaram a discussão versaram sobre os seguintes temas: desenvolvimento social, sintetizado para o contexto desta pesquisa como o proposto por Sen (2000), tido como aquele que visa à ampliação das liberdades e capacidades humanas; políticas públicas compreendidas como as ações/estratégias adotadas pelo Estado diante de situações passadas ou presentes, ou a fim de prevenir situações/problemas futuros (SOUZA, 2006). Em seguida, apresenta-se o percurso histórico da constituição dos direitos e políticas públicas de atendimento às crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, a partir da colaboração de autores como Volpi(2001), Saraiva(2005), Maior(2006), Rizzini (2011) entre outros. A análise das informações e dados coletados na pesquisa de campo, permitiu mostrar que a fragilidade na articulação das políticas de atendimento básico aos adolescentes e suas famílias contribui para a limitação ao acesso às políticas sociais de assistência social, saúde e educação, o que restringe a efetivação dos seus direitos fundamentais; somam-se a isso a evasão escolar, o uso de drogas, a situação de vulnerabilidade social e a situações de violência intra-familiar. Constatou-se ainda que o maior índice de atos infracionais é contra o patrimônio, e praticados por adolescentes envolvidos com o uso de drogas e histórico infracional familiar. / Adolescence and criminal behavior are commonplace themes in the media and academia. The first because it is in a peculiar stage of development which includes numerous biopsicofisiológicas transformations influenced by biological processes and the sociocultural context that arouse investigative interest, and second, by referring to a criminal act that causes any harm or damage to the practitioner, or others. Oth are complex issues so aroused the interest of the researcher, which aims with this study to understand the situation of adolescents authors of infraction of the city of Dois Vizinhos - PR abide by social in freedom, in relation to the family and state institutions from the perspective of social development. To this end, we conducted a case study organized in three phases, the first dedicated to the literature to contextualize the state of the art research theme; the second carried out field research, for which it was necessary to combine the quantitative dimensions, through the survey of statistical data from the Bureau of Civil Police; and qualitative achieved with the completion of the 19 interviews, attended: 4 Guardianship Board, 4 professionals linked to implementation of the measures, 1 public prosecutor, 1 representative of the Judiciary, 6 teenagers and 3 family. The third and final phase, dedicated to the transcription of interviews and preparation of the dissertation. The theoretical/conceptual reflections that underlie the discussion were about the following topics: social development, synthesized for the context of this research as proposed by Sen (2000), regarded as one who seeks the expansion of freedoms and human capacities; public policy understood as the actions/strategies adopted by the state in the face of past or present situations, or to prevent situations/problems later (SOUZA, 2006). Then, it presents the historical background of the establishment of rights and public policy for the care of children and adolescents in Brazil, from the collaboration of authors such as Volpi (2001), Saraiva (2005), Maior (2006), Rizzini (2011) among others. The analysis of the information and data collected in the field research, allowed to show that the weakness in the articulation of primary care policies to adolescents and their families contributes to limiting access to social policies of welfare, health and education, which restricts the realization of their fundamental rights; They add up to that truancy, drug use, the situation of social vulnerability and to situations of domestic violence. It was also found that the highest rate of illegal acts is against property, and practiced by adolescents involved in drug use and family history infraction.

This thesis examines how legal liability may be assessed in the case of an autonomous vehicle collision. It begins with a comprehensive discussion of autonomous vehicles: their defining features, a history of their development, and their current technological challenges. This paper later discusses the benefits of autonomous vehicles and why a new legal framework for their commercial production is necessary to realize these benefits. In doing so, it analyzes recent legislative efforts surrounding autonomous vehicles and their implications. Lastly, it utilizes the current product liability regime and precedent set by previous semi-autonomous vehicle collisions to suggest how liability may be determined in future legal suits.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as políticas de proteção social direcionadas às famílias de adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de Internação, no Estado do Paraná, no período de 2006 a 2010. Busca responder se as famílias desses adolescentes foram atendidas por políticas de proteção social, em consonância com o estabelecido no Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo (SINASE). Inicia-se com a descrição da evolução histórica dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. Na sequência discorre sobre a construção jurídica e política direcionada à família, faz ponderações sobre o ato infracional e, posteriormente, traz considerações alusivas ao SINASE. Toda essa reflexão serve de embasamento para a pesquisa, propriamente dita. Esta pesquisa é pertinente à área de concentração do Mestrado, a saber, Planejamento e Política Pública. Trata-se de pesquisa aplicada, descritiva, qualitativa e indireta, que utiliza o método indutivo. Implica em estudo bibliográfico e documental que utiliza como instrumento de coleta de dados, inclusive entrevista não diretiva com a Gestora da Secretaria da Criança e da Juventude, durante o período de 2003 a 2010, no Estado do Paraná. Discorre a respeito da construção e evolução da política e das instalações físicas para a sua implementação, da transformação da Secretaria da Criança e do Adolescente (SECJ) em Secretaria da Família e Desenvolvimento Social (SEDS). Concluiu-se, apesar de todos os esforços empreendidos, que o Estado do Paraná não implementou políticas públicas voltadas ao fortalecimento da família do adolescente privado da liberdade. A própria Secretaria da Criança e Juventude diagnosticou a insuficiência de práticas envolvendo as famílias de adolescentes privados da liberdade, apesar de reconhecê-la como elo indispensável no processo de socioeducação. / This paper aims to describe the policies targeted to families of adolescents in fulfillment of a custodial sentence in the State of Paraná between 2006 and 2010. It tries to answer whether the families of these adolescents were met by social protection policies in line with the provisions of the National Socio Educational System (SINASE). It begins with a description of the historical evolution of the rights of children and adolescents and follows describing the legal framework and policies directed to the family, bringing reflections on infractions and subsequently raises questions alluding to SINASE. All these reflections serve as a foundation for the research itself. The present research is pertinent to the concentration area of this Master's degree, namely, Planning and Public Policy.This is applied research, descriptive, qualitative and indirect, which uses the inductive method. Implies bibliographical and documental study which it uses as a data collection instrument and includes a non-directive interview with the manager of the Secretariat of Children and Youth of the State of Paraná between 2003 and 2010. It describes the building and evolution of the policies and physical facilities for its implementation, the transformation of the Department for Children and Adolescents (SECJ) in Secretariat for Families and Social Development (SEDS). It was concluded, despite all efforts, that the State of Paraná has not implemented policies aimed at strengthening the families of adolescents deprived of liberty.The very Secretariat for Childhood and Youth diagnosed the failure of practices involving the families of adolescents deprived of liberty, despite recognizing them as a vital link in the socioeducational process.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as políticas de proteção social direcionadas às famílias de adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de Internação, no Estado do Paraná, no período de 2006 a 2010. Busca responder se as famílias desses adolescentes foram atendidas por políticas de proteção social, em consonância com o estabelecido no Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo (SINASE). Inicia-se com a descrição da evolução histórica dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. Na sequência discorre sobre a construção jurídica e política direcionada à família, faz ponderações sobre o ato infracional e, posteriormente, traz considerações alusivas ao SINASE. Toda essa reflexão serve de embasamento para a pesquisa, propriamente dita. Esta pesquisa é pertinente à área de concentração do Mestrado, a saber, Planejamento e Política Pública. Trata-se de pesquisa aplicada, descritiva, qualitativa e indireta, que utiliza o método indutivo. Implica em estudo bibliográfico e documental que utiliza como instrumento de coleta de dados, inclusive entrevista não diretiva com a Gestora da Secretaria da Criança e da Juventude, durante o período de 2003 a 2010, no Estado do Paraná. Discorre a respeito da construção e evolução da política e das instalações físicas para a sua implementação, da transformação da Secretaria da Criança e do Adolescente (SECJ) em Secretaria da Família e Desenvolvimento Social (SEDS). Concluiu-se, apesar de todos os esforços empreendidos, que o Estado do Paraná não implementou políticas públicas voltadas ao fortalecimento da família do adolescente privado da liberdade. A própria Secretaria da Criança e Juventude diagnosticou a insuficiência de práticas envolvendo as famílias de adolescentes privados da liberdade, apesar de reconhecê-la como elo indispensável no processo de socioeducação. / This paper aims to describe the policies targeted to families of adolescents in fulfillment of a custodial sentence in the State of Paraná between 2006 and 2010. It tries to answer whether the families of these adolescents were met by social protection policies in line with the provisions of the National Socio Educational System (SINASE). It begins with a description of the historical evolution of the rights of children and adolescents and follows describing the legal framework and policies directed to the family, bringing reflections on infractions and subsequently raises questions alluding to SINASE. All these reflections serve as a foundation for the research itself. The present research is pertinent to the concentration area of this Master's degree, namely, Planning and Public Policy.This is applied research, descriptive, qualitative and indirect, which uses the inductive method. Implies bibliographical and documental study which it uses as a data collection instrument and includes a non-directive interview with the manager of the Secretariat of Children and Youth of the State of Paraná between 2003 and 2010. It describes the building and evolution of the policies and physical facilities for its implementation, the transformation of the Department for Children and Adolescents (SECJ) in Secretariat for Families and Social Development (SEDS). It was concluded, despite all efforts, that the State of Paraná has not implemented policies aimed at strengthening the families of adolescents deprived of liberty.The very Secretariat for Childhood and Youth diagnosed the failure of practices involving the families of adolescents deprived of liberty, despite recognizing them as a vital link in the socioeducational process.

A presente tese propõe um estudo teórico dos perfis estrutural e funcional da culpa a partir do novo marco normativo introduzido no direito brasileiro pelo parágrafo único, do artigo 944 do Código Civil. Por meio de uma análise da disciplina normativa da culpa na seara da responsabilidade civil extracontratual, demonstra-se, neste trabalho que, a despeito do incremento das hipóteses de responsabilidade objetiva, a culpa ainda detém papel relevante no Direito Civil brasileiro. Além de atuar como fator de surgimento do dever de indenizar, a culpa também desempenha hoje a importante função de critério para fixação do valor da indenização. Os estudos realizados comprovam que esses diferentes papéis da culpa lhe imprimem contornos normativos distintos, não sendo mais possível hoje a adoção de uma teoria unitária para a descrição desse instituto jurídico. Ao contrário de seu perfil na esfera das regras de imputação de responsabilidade, onde é apreciada de forma abstrata e objetiva, no plano em que atua como critério de definição da extensão da indenização, a culpa assume feições concretas e pessoais. O estudo foi realizado mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, que compreendeu levantamento de doutrina, jurisprudência e legislação pertinentes. / This thesis aims to conduct a technical study of the structural and functional profiles of negligence based on the new regulatory framework introduced into Brazilian Law by the sole paragraph of Article 944 of the Civil Code. By examining the regulations regarding negligence in the field of torts, it is shown in this paper that, notwithstanding the rise in the number strict liability cases, negligence still plays a major role in Brazilian civil law. Besides serving as a factor for creation of the obligation to pay indemnity, negligence also presently has the important function of being a criterion for setting the amount of the indemnity. The studies conducted prove that these different roles of negligence provide them with distinct regulatory profiles, such that it is no longer possible these days to adopt a unitary theory for description of this legal institute in Brazil. Contrary to its profile in the sphere of rules for imputing liability, where it is considered in an abstract and objective manner, on the plane on which it serves as a criterion for defining the extent of damages, negligence takes on concrete and personal features. This study has been carried out on the basis of bibliographic research that encompassed surveys of applicable legal doctrine, case law development and legislation.

A presente dissertação trata de situações nas quais o prejuízo decorre de conduta praticada por parcela de indivíduos integrantes de agrupamento, sem que seja possível identificá-los. No âmbito do nexo causal, essa hipótese se traduz no conceito de causalidade alternativa, e a maior controvérsia relacionada ao tema é definir se, e em quais circunstâncias, há responsabilidade solidária de todos os integrantes do agrupamento. Para analisar essas questões, o presente trabalho apresenta capítulo introdutório, cujo foco recai sobre as diversas doutrinas desenvolvidas a respeito da causalidade. O espoco desse exame é analisar como essas teorias descrevem o fenômeno entre causa e efeito e, ainda, como os doutrinadores e a jurisprudência lidam com elas ao se defrontar com situações envolvendo diversas causas potenciais relacionadas a determinado evento. Tendo a parte introdutória como base, a dissertação analisa especificamente a causalidade alternativa sob perspectiva histórica, tecendo considerações sobre o desenvolvimento do conceito ao longo do tempo. A dissertação ingressa, então, na análise da causalidade alternativa em diversas jurisdições. O propósito dessa parte do trabalho é examinar as diferentes perspectivas adotadas por doutrinadores e cortes estrangeiras em relação a cenários envolvendo danos cometidos por grupos de diversos indivíduos, sem que seja possível identificar o verdadeiro ofensor. A parte final da dissertação trata especificamente do fenômeno da causalidade alternativa no direito brasileiro. O trabalho analisa essa matéria examinando algumas decisões relevantes dos tribunais, juntamente com opiniões de doutrinadores relacionadas ao tema. Também há o contraste das diversas teorias desenvolvidas para explicar a solidariedade dos integrantes do grupo com o regime jurídico estabelecido no Código Civil brasileiro, enfatizando-se as potenciais deficiências de cada doutrina. A partir dessa análise, e das principais conclusões decorrentes da pesquisa desenvolvida nos demais capítulos, a parte final da dissertação propõe (i) uma explicação que justifica a solidariedade dos indivíduos que integram um grupo; e (ii) os critérios para definir as circunstâncias nas quais essa espécie de responsabilidade se aplica. O trabalho propõe, ainda, a alteração no Código Civil brasileiro, com a inclusão de normas específicas acerca da causalidade alternativa. / This thesis approaches situations wherein damage arises from conducts incurred by one or several individuals that compose a group, being altogether impossible to identify the actual torfeasors. In terms of causation, this situation is usually known as alternative causation, and the main controversy arising from such scenario is whether and under which circumstances all members of the group should be held liable for damages. In order to analyze these issues, the present work brings an introductory chapter, which focuses on the several theories developed with respect to the concept of causation. This aims at verifying how such doctrines describe the cause-and-effect phenomenon, and the way scholar and courts handle with these doctrines whereas facing situations involving several causes potentially related to a certain outcome. Having the first part as a conceptual background, the dissertation specifically approaches the alternative causation under a historical perspective, particularly concerning the development of such concept throughout relevant moments of history. The dissertation then moves to the analysis of the concept of alternative causation in several jurisdictions. The purpose of that part of the work is to verify the different perspectives adopted by foreign scholars and courts as to the scenarios involving damages performed by members of a group, wherein it is altogether impossible to identify the actual tortfeasors. The final part of the dissertation deals particularly with the phenomenon of alternative causation under Brazilian law. The work approaches this subject by examining some relevant court decisions and opinion of scholars related to the issue. It also contrasts the several doctrines developed to explain the joint liability of the members of the group with the legal regime established by the Brazilian Civil Code, stressing the flaws applicable to each of them. Relying upon this analysis, and on main elements arising from the analysis carried out in the previous chapters, the final part of the dissertation proposes (i) an explanation to justify the joint liability applicable to individuals that compose a group of potential tortfeasors; and (ii) the criteria to define the circumstances wherein this sort of liability prevails. It also proposes the amendment of the Brazilian Civil Code, in order to include specific regulation regarding alternative causation.

Currently in South Africa when an individual is injured due to the acts of another they may claim damages for the losses which they may incur. These can be claimed from a variety of institutions, such as the Road Accident Fund, Workmen's compensation or an individual's private insurance. In all the afore-mentioned cases the calculation of damages are along the same lines, whereby the damages are quantified first, and thereafter reduced to reflect future possibilities that may occur. Traditionally future losses are reduced to reflect the possibility that the claimant may die at an age prior to the loss being incurred. To account for this risk awards for future losses are reduced using standard South African mortality tables. The set of tables currently being used were calculated from the 1985 South African census, and as such encapsulate the mortality of the population at that period. When the tables were calculated no reliable statistics were available for the Black population the result is that the tables currently being used do not contain a sample of the majority of the population. The thesis first examines, in detail, the calculation methods used to arrive at the value for damages to be awarded using the current set of life tables. Thereafter an analysis is conducted looking at differences between racial groups in the country and geographic locations, in order to uncover the mortality differences between groups to confirm or disprove the proposition that the exclusion of the Black population results in lower levels of mortality being reflected in the South African 1984-1986 life tables. This is accompanied by a review of mortality trenps in South African since 1986. Following from the findings of the expected increase in mortality since 1986, alternative life tables shall be used to show what impact these would have on the calculation of damages. Due to the fact that none of the alternatives return satisfactory results, structured settlements shall be reviewed to illustrate how the shortcomings of the lump sum approach can be circumvented, and altogether avoid the problems of out dated life tables being used as a basis for damage calculations. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

This dissertation analyzed public court decisions in cases against Oklahoma school districts and their employees involving sovereign immunity claims filed under Oklahoma's Governmental Tort Claims Act. The questions addressed were: (1) How have the Oklahoma courts interpreted the Governmental Tort Claims Act, (Okla. Stat. tit. 51 § 151 et seq.) in litigation against school districts and their employees? (2) What are the limits of immunity protection for Oklahoma school districts and their employees? (3) How has the statute of limitations in Okla. Stat. tit. 51 § 156 and Okla. Stat. tit. 51 § 157 been applied to Oklahoma educators in tort litigation? This dissertation utilized legal research as the methodology to answer the research questions. Chapter II provides a review of existing literature regarding sovereign immunity in the United States. Chapter III is a comprehensive study of Oklahoma sovereign immunity cases filed against Oklahoma school districts and educators under the Governmental Tort Claims Act with regard to negligence, corporal punishment and the statute of limitations. Chapter IV discusses the findings of the analysis of cases in Oklahoma and the amount of protection afforded to Oklahoma school districts and educators.

Les raisons qui incitent les anciens belligérants à se réconcilier et à coopérer intéressent autant les praticiens que les théoriciens, elles sont cependant un sujet de débats controversés.Les études, peu nombreuses, menées sur les relations franco-algériennes, bien qu’elles soulignent l’importance de l’élément du passé dans l’évolution de ces relations depuis l’indépendance, elles n’identifient pas néanmoins son rôle en confrontation avec d’autres facteurs, car elles visent à atteindre d’autres objectifs.Cette présente thèse se veut alors une étude constructiviste du rôle du passé dans le processus de coopération et de réconciliation. Une approche globalisante qui n’exclue pas le rôle des facteurs objectifs ou personnels de l’éclosion du processus de coopération et de réconciliation, mais elle tend à les lier à une représentation de soi et à l’identification de l’autrui. Ces deux derniers éléments sont importants dans la définition de la relation à autrui et dans l’expression des relations belliqueuses ou coopératives. La reconnaissance est un moyen par lequel des rapports conflictuels peuvent se transformer en rapports plus coopératifs.Notre étude des relations extérieures franco-algériennes, montre que l’interaction antérieure de l’Algérie avec la France a généré une quête de reconnaissance. La représentation du passé inclue l’image d’une mémoire victimaire (torts infligés) et/ou d’une mémoire de vainqueur (gloires). En langage constructiviste, ceci indique une reconnaissance ou un déni de reconnaissance.Le déni de reconnaissance a incité l’Algérie à chercher un rapport d’égalité. Le succès de sa révolution d’indépendance lui a octroyé une identité de rôle (porte parole de Tiers-Monde). Ces deux éléments (la quête de l’égalité mais aussi l’affirmation de son identité de rôle) ont influencé le processus de coopération et de réconciliations entre la France et l’Algérie, notamment à l’ère de Boumediene (1965-1978). Bien que le rapprochement avec la France depuis l’arrivée d’Abdelaziz Bouteflika au pouvoir en 1999 a rendu la coopération inéluctable, néanmoins le processus de réconciliation a connu plusieurs reports, en raison de nombreux dénis de reconnaissance, tel que le vote d’une loi le 23 février 2005, au niveau de l’Assemblée française, qui insiste sur un certain « rôle positif » de la colonisation, suivi par d’autres dénis, lors de la présidence de Nicolas Sarkozy. Alors qu’à l’arrivée de l’élu socialiste sur la tête de l’Etat français, les choses ont changé progressivement vers l’établissement d’une réconciliation et de relations solides et durables. En concédant sur le plan de la mémoire, en reconnaissant les souffrances, les injustices et les torts, François Hollande veut donner aux relations franco-algériennes une nouvelle tournure, l’apaisement et la réconciliation / The reasons that lead the former belligerents to cooperate and achieve reconciliation remain a subject of a controversial debate. Both practitioners and theorists are interested in the question.The small number of studies conducted on the French-Algerian relations, although they highlighted the past as one of the important factors in the evolution of these relations since independence, they do not however measure its role in comparison with other factors, because they wanted to reach another objectives. The present thesis is therefore a constructivist study of the role of the past in the process of cooperation and reconciliation in comparison with other factors to demonstrate its right value. Past is generally presented as the memory of victimhood (wrongs) or memory of the winner (glories) or both. In constructivist language, it represents a denial or recognition.The constructivism is a global approach that does not exclude the influence of objective and personal factors in the process of cooperation and reconciliation, but it tends to associate those factors to self-representation and identification of others. These last two elements are important in defining the relationship to others and in the expression of hostile or cooperatives relationships. Recognition is a means by which conflicting relations may turn into ones more cooperatives.Our study of the French-Algerian relations demonstrates that the previous interaction between Algeria and France (colonization and Algerian war) has generated a quest for recognition. The denial of recognition in the past (victim), prompted Algeria to seek recognition of equality. Its image after the success of its revolution (winner) gave it a role identity recognized worldwide. These two elements (the quest for equality, and affirming its role identity), both aims in Algerian foreign policy, have influenced the process of cooperation and reconciliation between France and Algeria, mainly under Boumediene’s presidency (1965-1978). Although the rapprochement of Algeria with France since the coming to power of Abdelaziz Bouteflika in 1999 made the cooperation inevitable, despite the reconciliation process has known several postponements, due to many denials of recognition, such as the enactment of a law on 23 February 2005 at the French Assembly insisting on “a positive role” for the colonization, followed by other offenses and denials during the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy. Since the election of François Hollande as head of the French state, things have changed gradually toward the establishment of reconciliation and strong and lasting relations between Algeria and France. By recognizing of the past wrong, suffering and injustices of the colonial period to Algerian people, Francois Hollande wants to give the French-Algerian relations a new twist, appeasement and reconciliation.