Les dommages de masse regroupent de nombreuses situations comme les accidents technologiques, les crises sanitaires ou encore les catastrophes environnementales. Bien qu'elles tendent à se multiplier, ces situations peinent à être prises en compte par le droit pénal actuel. Le but de cette thèse est de rechercher dans quelle mesure le droit pénal peut sanctionner les responsables de tels dommages, quels sont les obstacles à cette prise en compte et comment y pallier. Des questions telles que les difficultés liées à la certitude causale, à la prise en compte de l'ampleur des atteintes portées au corps social ou encore à l'intégration du principe de précaution en droit pénal y sont donc étudiées. / In times of consumerism and mass production, news has provided us examples of technological, sanitary and environmental disasters which have required criminal law. Nevertheless, criminal law doesn’t seem to be perfectly adapted to the reality of mass accidents.In one hand, it appears that the resultant of mass accidents is an assault to a group of people, goods and environmental elements affected by one single harmful event. However, considering that one of the criminal law principles is the indifference to the number of victims, the massive aspect of the mass accident is not taken into account as a resultant of the offence. Thus, these accidents can only be punished by the means of general offences. However, due to the difficulty of establishing the causal link, those offences are not easy to identify. Indeed, such damages are often caused by multiple factors, which leads us to another question about the causal sequence of events and about the certainty of each cause.In the other hand, about repression, mass accidents are often caused by legal entities, which leads us to another difficult question: the criminal liability of societies and enterprises. In the same way, mass accidents are often the resultant of private or public-decisions-makers’ actions or omissions; their link to the offence can follow various rules. The punishment for those massive accidents, especially for the environmental ones, is also a difficult question; therefore, it is necessary to adapt criminal sentences to the specificities of those situations. Eventually, the main question remains the one about the evolution of criminal law, that needs to take into account the collective dimension of massive accidents, notably by creating specifics offences.

Sous l'ère moderne, où le commerce n'a plus de frontières physiques, les catastrophes causant des dommages à grande échelle se sont multipliées. Lorsque de telles catastrophes surviennent, l'utilisation de procédures de recours collectif pour juger de l'ensemble des litiges semble être la solution indiquée. Pourtant, l'expérience nous démontre qu'il n'en est rien... Bien que le même événement cause des dommages à de multiples victimes, le recours judiciaire demeure l'exercice d'un droit personnel. Le tribunal devra alors rechercher l'application de règles matérielles spécifiques à ce recours. En l'absence de règles spécifiques, les règles de conflit de lois du tribunal saisi seront applicables. Or, ces règles ne sont pas uniformes et entraînent une multiplicité de lois applicables. Conséquemment, il est opportun de s'interroger sur la pertinence de réunir des recours individuels en un seul recours. L'expérience américaine nous démontre les difficultés engendrées par la multiplicité de lois applicables à un recours collectif, bien que des solutions législatives et jurisprudentielles aient été proposées. Ces solutions demeurent imparfaites, tant au niveau de leur constitutionalité que du respect des droits fondamentaux. Devant la complexité occasionnée par le regroupement de ces litiges, les tribunaux sont réfractaires à leur autorisation, dès lors qu'une multiplicité de lois applicables est démontrée. Ainsi, la solution juridique la mieux adaptée aux recours collectifs internationaux demeure celle de saisir les tribunaux, de plusieurs recours collectifs distincts; chacun regroupé en fonction de la loi applicable à chaque recours, déterminée, au préalable, par l'analyse des règles de conflit de lois du tribunal saisi. / When a catastrophic accident occurs, involving numerous victims from different states, we could, instinctively believe that justice will be best served by consolidation of all claims arising from such event. However, this idea isn’t completely right... Ironically, while catastrophic accident is a collective event, the claims pertaining such event remain a personal right of action. Therefore, the court might select the law applicable to each claim in accordance with its own conflict of laws rules. Because those rules aren't similar among states, the law applicable to each claim will differ accordingly. Consequently, the judge hearing a multi-state class action pertaining the same event will need to deal with multiplicity of laws. Historically, American federal courts have almost systematically rejected consolidation of claims when a multiplicity of laws appears. Many solutions to overwhelm problems arising from multiplicity of laws have been raised by the legal communauty. To date, none of those solutions seems perfect. It brings the conclusion that the idea of an international class action to resolve in a single lawsuit, all claims resulting from a single accident, might be an utopia. However, efficiency of class actions proceedings remains. As soon as litigants determine, prior to the certification request, the law applicable to each individual claims, in accordance with the relevant conflict-of-laws rules, in order to join all claims that are similarly conducted by the same law. In doing so, problems related to diversity of laws in class actions are avoided.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:34:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Daniel Felix da Silva.pdf: 968072 bytes, checksum: 5e11d56cf3cf42225736bf7612422d6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-08 / This study analyses the influence of the capitalist economic order in determining the moral damage (non-economic damage) in Brazilian law, under the doctrine of Karl Marx, to demonstrate that its application is not consistent with the principle of human dignity, thus performing a kind justice that follows a patrimonial logic inherent in capitalism, which is to quantify people, therefore incompatible with the concept of human dignity of Immanuel Kant, who advocates the inability of man to be quantified, as a thing to be used by others. This is because, under capitalism, human beings can be reduced to an economic expression (reified) because their attributes are part of the economic process. / Este estudo analisa a influência da ordem econômica capitalista na determinação do dano moral (dano extrapatrimonial) no direito brasileiro, a partir da doutrina de Karl Marx, a fim de demonstrar que a sua aplicação não é congruente com o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, realizando assim um tipo de justiça que segue uma lógica patrimonialista inerente ao capitalismo, que é de quantificar as pessoas, portanto incompatível com o conceito de dignidade humana de Immanuel Kant, que pugna pela impossibilidade do homem ser quantificado, de ser usado como coisa por outrem. Isso porque, no capitalismo, o ser humano pode ser reduzido a uma expressão econômica (reificado) porque seus atributos integram o processo econômico.

Con frecuencia, los daños que sufren las víctimas de accidentes pueden ser puestos a cargo de varias personas. Sin embargo, el ordenamiento jurídico español no dispone de un régimen que regule las relaciones de los corresponsables entre sí y las de éstos con la víctima. En el derecho español de daños, un numeroso grupo de leyes especiales y una jurisprudencia ya consolidada han optado por imponer el régimen jurídico de la solidaridad de deudores a los casos de corresponsabilidad por un daño. La importación de la solidaridad a los supuestos de cocausación de un daño ha significado, sin embargo, la aplicación de ese régimen jurídico a supuestos de hecho diferentes a los previstos en la parca regulación del Código civil. El trabajo analiza los efectos de la solución en la prevención de accidentes futuros y en el aseguramiento de las actividades sometidas a un régimen de responsabilidad solidaria. / Amb freqüència, els danys que sofreixen les víctimes dels accidents poden posar-se a càrrec de vàries persones. L'ordenament jurídic espanyol no disposa, però, d'un règim que reguli les relacions dels corresponsables entre sí i les d'aquests amb la víctima comú. En el dret espanyol de danys, un nombrós grup de lleis especials i una jurisprudència ja consolidada han optat per imposar el règim de la solidaritat de deutors als supòsits de corresponsabilitat per un dany. La importació de la solidaritat als casos de cocausació d'un danys ha significat l'ampliació d'aquell règim jurídic a situacions no previstes a la minsa regulació del Codi civil. El treball analitza els efectes de la solució a la prevenció d'accidents futurs i a l'assegurament de les activitats sotmeses a un règim de responsabilitat solidària. / Joint and several liability is almost the default rule in cases with multiple tortfeasors in the Spanish law of torts. The traditional justification of the rule thinks on the victims and the advantage of one rule that permits to the victims to attack a variety of debtors. Anyway, the joint and several liability rule has an effect on the deterrence and in the insurance market. The work proposes an analysis of the joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors from the tortfeasor perspective.

Sous l'ère moderne, où le commerce n'a plus de frontières physiques, les catastrophes causant des dommages à grande échelle se sont multipliées. Lorsque de telles catastrophes surviennent, l'utilisation de procédures de recours collectif pour juger de l'ensemble des litiges semble être la solution indiquée. Pourtant, l'expérience nous démontre qu'il n'en est rien... Bien que le même événement cause des dommages à de multiples victimes, le recours judiciaire demeure l'exercice d'un droit personnel. Le tribunal devra alors rechercher l'application de règles matérielles spécifiques à ce recours. En l'absence de règles spécifiques, les règles de conflit de lois du tribunal saisi seront applicables. Or, ces règles ne sont pas uniformes et entraînent une multiplicité de lois applicables. Conséquemment, il est opportun de s'interroger sur la pertinence de réunir des recours individuels en un seul recours. L'expérience américaine nous démontre les difficultés engendrées par la multiplicité de lois applicables à un recours collectif, bien que des solutions législatives et jurisprudentielles aient été proposées. Ces solutions demeurent imparfaites, tant au niveau de leur constitutionalité que du respect des droits fondamentaux. Devant la complexité occasionnée par le regroupement de ces litiges, les tribunaux sont réfractaires à leur autorisation, dès lors qu'une multiplicité de lois applicables est démontrée. Ainsi, la solution juridique la mieux adaptée aux recours collectifs internationaux demeure celle de saisir les tribunaux, de plusieurs recours collectifs distincts; chacun regroupé en fonction de la loi applicable à chaque recours, déterminée, au préalable, par l'analyse des règles de conflit de lois du tribunal saisi. / When a catastrophic accident occurs, involving numerous victims from different states, we could, instinctively believe that justice will be best served by consolidation of all claims arising from such event. However, this idea isn’t completely right... Ironically, while catastrophic accident is a collective event, the claims pertaining such event remain a personal right of action. Therefore, the court might select the law applicable to each claim in accordance with its own conflict of laws rules. Because those rules aren't similar among states, the law applicable to each claim will differ accordingly. Consequently, the judge hearing a multi-state class action pertaining the same event will need to deal with multiplicity of laws. Historically, American federal courts have almost systematically rejected consolidation of claims when a multiplicity of laws appears. Many solutions to overwhelm problems arising from multiplicity of laws have been raised by the legal communauty. To date, none of those solutions seems perfect. It brings the conclusion that the idea of an international class action to resolve in a single lawsuit, all claims resulting from a single accident, might be an utopia. However, efficiency of class actions proceedings remains. As soon as litigants determine, prior to the certification request, the law applicable to each individual claims, in accordance with the relevant conflict-of-laws rules, in order to join all claims that are similarly conducted by the same law. In doing so, problems related to diversity of laws in class actions are avoided.

O presente trabalho analisa os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço no direito brasileiro. O estudo está centrado na controvérsia entre a teoria formalista e a teoria funcionalista, que apresentam concepções distintas de direito privado. Para avaliar essa controvérsia e fornecer os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço, são desenvolvidos os sentidos de justiça aristotélica e de direito kantiano. O estudo decide, com base nos referidos conhecimentos, entre a aplicação da teoria clássica da culpa, da teoria do risco ou de uma teoria específica. / The present study analyzes the basis of product and service related torts in Brazilian law. It is centered in the controversy between the formalist and the funcionalist theories, which have distinct conceptions of private law. The meanings of Aristotelian justice and Kantian law are developed in order to acess this controversy as well as to provide the basis of the legal discipline of product and service related torts. The research decides, based on such knowledge, between the application of the classical theory of fault, of the risk theory or, for the elaboration of a specific theory.

“Contributory intent” refers to the situation where, besides the defendant being at fault and causing harm to the plaintiff, the plaintiff also intentionally causes harm to him- or herself. “Contributory intent” can have the effect of either excluding the defendant’s liability (on the ground that the plaintiff's voluntary assumption of risk or intent completely cancels the defendant's negligence and therefore liability), or limiting the defendant’s liability (where both parties intentionally cause the plaintiff's loss thereby resulting in the reduction of the defendant’s liability). Under our law the "contributory intent" of the plaintiff, can either serve as a complete defence in terms of common law or it can serve to limit the defendant's liability in terms of the Apportionment of Damages Act 34 of 1956. The “Apportionment of Loss Bill 2003” which has been prepared to replace the current Act provides for the applicability of “contributory intent” as a defence limiting liability, but it is yet to be promulgated. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.

O presente trabalho analisa os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço no direito brasileiro. O estudo está centrado na controvérsia entre a teoria formalista e a teoria funcionalista, que apresentam concepções distintas de direito privado. Para avaliar essa controvérsia e fornecer os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço, são desenvolvidos os sentidos de justiça aristotélica e de direito kantiano. O estudo decide, com base nos referidos conhecimentos, entre a aplicação da teoria clássica da culpa, da teoria do risco ou de uma teoria específica. / The present study analyzes the basis of product and service related torts in Brazilian law. It is centered in the controversy between the formalist and the funcionalist theories, which have distinct conceptions of private law. The meanings of Aristotelian justice and Kantian law are developed in order to acess this controversy as well as to provide the basis of the legal discipline of product and service related torts. The research decides, based on such knowledge, between the application of the classical theory of fault, of the risk theory or, for the elaboration of a specific theory.

The analysis of tort law is one of the most well-developed applications of economic methodology in the study of law. in this essay, we provide an overview of the economic approach to tort law, analyzing the effects of liability rules on care incentives. We catalogue a variety of possible tort regimes, systematically breaking down possible assignments of liability in terms of primary and secondary rules, and describe how their permutations distribute the costs of accidents (and the concomitant incentives to exercise precautionary care). We further consider what factual circumstances may render one tort regime preferable to another from the perspective of policymakers. / El análisis de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual ha sido unade las aplicaciones más y mejor desarrolladas aplicaciones de la metodología económica en el estudio del Derecho. e n el presente ensayo, ofrecemos un vistazo general de la aproximación económica a la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, analizando los efectos de las reglas de responsabilidad en los incentivos de precaución. Catalogamos una variedad de regímenes de responsabilidad, desglosando sistemáticamente las posibles asignaciones de responsabilidad en términos de reglas primarias y secundarias; asi como describimos como sus transformaciones distribuyen los costos de los accidentes (y los incentivos concomitantes para tomar las medidas precautorias). Consideramos luego que circunstancias empíricas o facticas pueden determinar que un régimen de responsabilidad extracontractual sea preferido sobre otro desde la perspectiva del legislador.

O presente trabalho analisa os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço no direito brasileiro. O estudo está centrado na controvérsia entre a teoria formalista e a teoria funcionalista, que apresentam concepções distintas de direito privado. Para avaliar essa controvérsia e fornecer os fundamentos da responsabilidade civil pelo fato do produto e do serviço, são desenvolvidos os sentidos de justiça aristotélica e de direito kantiano. O estudo decide, com base nos referidos conhecimentos, entre a aplicação da teoria clássica da culpa, da teoria do risco ou de uma teoria específica. / The present study analyzes the basis of product and service related torts in Brazilian law. It is centered in the controversy between the formalist and the funcionalist theories, which have distinct conceptions of private law. The meanings of Aristotelian justice and Kantian law are developed in order to acess this controversy as well as to provide the basis of the legal discipline of product and service related torts. The research decides, based on such knowledge, between the application of the classical theory of fault, of the risk theory or, for the elaboration of a specific theory.