published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

L’articulation de l’urbanisme et des transports s’est imposée comme une question centrale dans la sphère des planifications à incidences spatiales. Le développement durable comme concept cadre a mis en relief cette problématique dont les enjeux décident de la qualité de vie urbaine au quotidien. Les objectifs de cette articulation coïncident avec la maitrise de l’étalement urbain et le report modale de la voiture vers le transport collectif. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la cohérence des planifications respectives et de leur mise en œuvre doit être assurée. Ce qui appelle à remplir des conditions technico-politiques et organisationnelles. L’agglomération d’Alger présente dans ce cadre, un cas d’étude idéal pour l’évaluation du degré d’articulation urbanisme-transports de par les caractéristiques de son développement urbanistique et infrastructurel de transport collectif. / The articulation of urban planning and transport has become a central issue in the sphere of planning a space implications. Sustainable development as a concept framework has highlighted this problem whose stakes decide the quality of urban life on a daily basis. The objectives of this articulation coincide with the master of urban sprawl and the postponement of the modal car to public transport. To achieve these objectives, the coherence of planning responsibilities and their implementation must be ensured. What appeals to satisfy conditions techno-political and organizational. The city of Algiers in this framework, is an ideal case study for evaluating the degree of articulation-urban transport by the characteristics of its urban development and infrastructural public transportation.

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Throughout the twentieth century so-called Poor Whites caused anxiety in countries where racial domination was crucial, such as South Africa, the colonies of European empire and the United States. The Poor Whites were troubling for a number of reasons, not least because they threatened white prestige and the entire system of racial control. The efforts of various governments, organisations and experts to discipline, control and uplift the group necessarily disadvantaged other races. These controls, such as colour bars and Jim Crow laws, had an enormous effect on the countries where the Poor Whites were seen as a problem. The results can still be seen in the profoundly unequal contemporary racial landscape, and which is given expression by protest groups such as Black Lives Matter. Yet the efforts to manage the Poor Whites have thus far been examined on a national basis — as a problem of the United States, or of South Africa, to name just the most significant locales and regimes. This dissertation attempts to expand our understanding of the geography of the Poor Whites by arguing that the ‘Poor White Problem’ was a transnational concern rooted in racial interests that transcended national concerns. The racial solidarity displayed by so-called ‘white men’s countries’ was also extended to the Poor Whites. Efforts to control and discipline the population were thus in service of the white race as a whole, and ignored national interests and national borders. The transnational management of the Poor Whites was done through a network of transnational organisations such as the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation, as well as the careering experts they employed. The dissertation argues that these attempts constituted a transnational ‘governmentality’ according to which these organisations and their experts attempted to discipline a Poor White population that they viewed as transnational in order to uphold white prestige and tacitly maintain both global and local racial systems. This dissertation examines some of the ways in which Poor Whites were disciplined and racially rehabilitated. It examines health and sanitation, education and training, housing standards and the management of urban space, and finally photographic representation.

Cette recherche vise à identifier le champ disciplinaire de la morphologie urbaine. Notre démarche morphologique étudié plusieurs éléments : l’étalement urbain s’implante autour de l’oasis de l'intra-muros à la périphérie par ces capacités des ses zones nouvellement urbanisés Notre analyse porte sur la ville contemporaine, marquée par la mutation des territoires sahariens et la nouvelle configuration des espaces urbains modernes, où la grande concentration de population a profondément déstabilisé le paysage organique de l’oasis. L’analyse morphologique permet aussi d’évoquer les positions d’aménagement et d’urbanisme d’origine étatique algérienne, relevant de la promotion de l’oasis en chef-lieu de wilaya, et de la proximité du pôle d’hydrocarbures de Hassi R'mel ; qui participent à l’affirmation de l’image du pouvoir économique et politique de l’Algérie nouvelle. En montrant son relatif délaissement, en particulier par la planification urbaine trop décalé de la théorie traditionnelle urbaine. D’où un manque d’attention portée aux recherches de morphologie urbaine effectuées à l’étranger aux recherches des oasis de la région en Maroc et Tunisie. Mais aussi cette recherche met l’évaluation au regard du modèle sont des modèles algérien des oasis de Ghardaïa, Béchar et Biskra pourrait éclairer les politiques d’aménagement par les enjeux urbanistiques. Cette approche stimulante rendant compte du renouvellement physique des villes comporte pourtant des dimensions à la fois théorique, déductive et dynamique. Le modèle des oasis est donc pertinent, mais aussi les limites du modèle urbain moderne de l'agglomération nouvelle soulignées comme modèles urbains dans le contexte algérien du renouvellement urbain. L’évaluation de ce modèle en Sud de l'Algérie pourrait éclairer les politiques d'aménagement par les enjeux de l'institutionnalisation du concept de développement durable et la construction durable qui réduit les coûts et assure une efficience énergétique idéale sa mise en pratique peuvent apporter certaine élément d'éclairage(écotourisme, modernisation des techniques d'irrigation , réemployer des matériaux du construction de ressources locales quand aux développement futur des ces villes sahariennes. / This search aims at identifying the disciplinary field of the urban morphology. Our morphological approach studied several elements: the urban spreading becomes established around the oasis of the intramural in the periphery by these capacities of its zones recently urbanized Our analysis concerns the contemporary city, marked by the transformation of the Saharan territories and the new configuration of the modern urban spaces, where the big concentration of population profoundly destabilized the organic landscape of the oasis. The morphological analysis also allows to evoke the positions of development and town planning of Algerian state origin, being a matter of the promotion of the oasis in administrative center of wilaya, and the closeness of the pole of Hassi R' mel's hydrocarbons; which participate in the assertion of the image of the economic and political power of new Algeria By showing his relative solitude, in particular by the urban planning too much moved by the urban traditional theory. Where from inattention impact in the searches for urban morphology made abroad in the searches for the oases of the region in Morocco and Tunisia. But also this search puts the evaluation with regard to the model are models Algerian of the oases of Ghardaïa, Béchar and Biskra could light the politics of development by the urbanity stakes. This stimulating approach reporting the physical renewal of cities contains nevertheless at the same time theoretical, deductive and dynamic size. The model of oases is thus relevant, but also the limits of the modern urban model of the new urban conglomeration were underlined as urban models in the Algerian context of the urban renewal. The evaluation of this model in the South of Algeria could light the politics of development by the stakes in the institutionalization of the concept of sustainable development and the sustainable construction which reduces the costs and assures an ideal energy efficiency its application can bring certain element of lighting (ecotourism, modernization of the techniques of irrigation, to reuse materials of construction of local resources when in future development of these Saharan cities.

L'agglomération de Tripoli Al-Fayhā’a (Liban) est riche d'une histoire complexe et mouvementée. Depuis un siècle, sa société doit faire face à de profondes mutations aux causes et conséquences multiples, mais essentiellement liées à la reconfiguration de ses structures économiques engendrée par son incorporation dans le Liban moderne. Ancienne cité commerciale rayonnante à vocation régionale et internationale, Tripoli a perdu de son dynamisme économique. Elle ne produit plus suffisamment de richesses pour assurer à sa population une continuité de sa prospérité passée. Elle est devenue le lieu de combats physiques, économiques et symboliques dans lequel ses habitants luttent quotidiennement pour assurer leur subsistance. Postulant l'établissement d'une économie désormais principalement fondée sur des logiques de rente foncière et immobilière et de spéculation, notre thèse se propose d'analyser les raisons et la véritable teneur de ce mode de production urbaine particulier, ainsi que ses mécanismes et effets, sous l'angle de l'étude, dans la durée, des spatialités relatives à trois projets urbains : l'aménagement du littoral, la réalisation d'une opération de remembrement à finalité immobilière de jardins périurbains et le réaménagement et la mise en valeur de la médina. L'analyse des systèmes d'actions caractérisant ces trois situations ‒ appréhendées dans leurs dynamiques spatiales, historiques et sociopolitiques ainsi qu’aux échelles locale, régionale, nationale et internationale ‒, invite à questionner le sens des urbanités et de l'éventuelle citadinité en jeu à Tripoli et, au-delà, la nature fondamentale du pouvoir qui s'y exerce. Elle nous conduit alors à nous interroger sur la formation et l'existence, ainsi que P. Bourdieu la désignerait, d'une illusio immobilière, produit et productrice d'un puissant « affect commun » joyeux, laquelle serait parvenue ‒ en suivant la proposition de B. Spinoza ‒ à un état d'imperium aux conséquences humaines et gouvernementales insoutenables. / The Tripoli Al-Fayha’ a (Lebanon) urban area has a complex and eventful history. For a century its society has been facing transformative changes with a multitude of sources and consequences essentially linked to the reconfiguration of its economic structures born of its incorporation into modern Lebanon. Once an ancient and influential commercial city with regional and international reach, Tripoli has lost much of its economic vitality. It no longer creates sufficient wealth to provide its population with the continuation of past prosperity. It has become a place of physical, economic and symbolic battles in which its inhabitants struggle daily to ensure their livelihood. Postulating the establishment of an economy now principally based on a system of land and real-estate rent and of speculation, our thesis is proposing to analyse the reasons and true tenor of this particular process of production of urban space, as well as its mechanisms and effects, as a study, over time, of the spatialities linked to three urban projects: coastal planning, the realization of a real-estate driven land reparcelling of suburban orchards, and the redevelopment and enhancement of the Medina. The analysis of the sets of actions specific to these three situations – taken in their spatial, historical, and sociopolitical dynamics as well as on a local, regional, national, and international scale – invites one to question the meaning of urbanities and of a possible citadinity at play in Tripoli and, beyond this, to question the fundamental nature of the power exercised there. This analysis leads us then to ponder on the formation and existence of, as P. Bourdieu would designate it, a real-estate illusio, produced from and producing a powerful pleasurable “common affect”, which has reached – following B. Spinoza’s proposition – a state of imperium with unsustainable human and governmental consequences.

The primary goal of my diploma work is to point out the topic of creating the territorial study and aplicating my knowledge of territorial studies as working and analysing the territorial study in České Budejovice. In the first chapter there is the literary summary of territorial studies and urbanism in general connected with other related branches and disciplines. In the sekond charter we can find the brief description of Česke Budejovice as the city and also the detailed description of the area, we are interested in, because of working out the territorial study and using the territorial analytic materials in order to create it. The reader will learn about the general terms of town planning and urbanism and he or she will also learn about the detailed information of the project architekt's work. In the practic part of this work there is the topic of creating the territorial study in-depht and also other topics such as the limits of use for specific area, the restrictions of some branch, for example agriculture, housing developement, traffic and so on. The reader will also learn about the mening of territorial study within all its groundworks, basis, instruments, supplements and anexes. I agree that the main contribution of my work is to summarize of the general topics and parts, that the territorial study should contain and then its aplication to the territorial study of České Budejovice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4540.pdf: 11148268 bytes, checksum: df2bfa5e6cca53b1379c7bdd0c537bbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-06 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This Thesis is included on the discussion about the integration of the environmental dimension in the territorial management. More specifically, discuss the manner how the environmental issues have been treated in the tools and practices of management located at two territorial limits: in the municipal planning and in the regional planning by river basin. Even there have been advances related on the environmental concern in the territorial policies, this is one of the major frontiers of confrontation between agents who act and transform spaces, presenting situations of conflicts. The implementation of an integrated environmental management and planning deals with one of these challenges, the build of interfaces and joints among the tools and levels of the environmental policy with the municipal and regional policies. In this context, the general goal of this work is to analyze the relation between the environmental dimension and the municipal and regional planning, respectively, by the River Basin Plans and the Master Plans, specifically the Unit of Water Resources Management Tietê‐Jacaré from São Paulo State (UGRHI‐13). As research objects, were selected the River Basin Tietê‐Jacaré Plan and the Master Plans of Araraquara and São Carlos, both municipalities located at this territory. The research is exploratory, descriptive and analytic, considering the following categories of analyzes: definition of the local and regional units of management and planning; environmental tools in the river basin plan and in the urban plans; forums of local and regional management and planning; influence degree among the analyzed tools. Bibliographic and documentary revision and analyses, semi‐structured interviews and questionnaires were done. The regional planning by river basin presents a great potential about the integration aspects between the natural and human systems, from the proper use and occupation of territory, taking in account the social and environmental conditions. The River Basin Plan is a reference tool to guide the water use and land use in the respective region, although there are still gaps and difficulties in a more effective and expanded implementation. In the actual manner, it is considered as a tool extremely technical which has being poorly used in the management forums. It has being used more as a diagnosis of the environmental condition of the river basin than as a really inducer tool for policies. It doesn´t recognize the conflicts of land use and territorial organization as a vulnerability which needs to be addressed. The town planning is the principal conductive agent to the land use, mainly urban. In terms of territorial policies, the decisions are made at municipal levels. The master plans present opportunities to guide public policies which have been built from social forces, although still concentrate on the application of tools to urban zoning. The environmental conditions and aspects are presented as a margin thematic and weakly articulated with other policies. In the same way, there is a lack of regional aspects in the master plans, in order to understand that the environmental discussion presents an extension beyond the municipal limits. In the master plans appear few references to other forums and tools of regional planning, as the River Basin Plans and Committees. Therefore, the analysis of this work tried to demonstrate the complex relation among the policies, tools and forums of municipal and regional management and planning, showing the technical, political‐institutional and legal barriers which hinder the application of the Integrated Territorial Management concept. / Esta Tese se insere no debate sobre a integração da dimensão ambiental na gestão territorial. Mais especificamente, discute como a questão ambiental vem sendo tratada nos instrumentos e nas práticas de gestão localizadas em dois recortes territoriais: no planejamento municipal e no planejamento regional por bacias hidrográficas. Ainda que estejam ocorrendo avanços relativos à preocupação ambiental nas políticas territoriais, esta é uma das maiores fronteiras de embate entre os diversos agentes que atuam e modificam os espaços, apresentando situações de conflitos. A implementação de um planejamento e gestão ambiental integrados enfrenta como um de seus desafios, a construção de interfaces e articulações entre os instrumentos e esferas da política ambiental com as políticas regional e a municipal. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral do trabalho é analisar a relação da dimensão ambiental com o planejamento regional e municipal, respectivamente, por meio dos instrumentos Planos de Bacia Hidrográfica e Planos Diretores Municipais, tendo como locus para análise a Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Tietê‐ Jacaré do Estado de São Paulo (UGRHI‐13). Como objetos de pesquisa, são selecionados o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica Tietê‐Jacaré e os Planos Diretores de Araraquara e São Carlos, municípios inseridos nesse mesmo território. A pesquisa é exploratória, descritiva e analítica, considerando as seguintes categorias de análise: definição das unidades de planejamento e gestão regional e local; instrumentos de caráter ambiental contidos no Plano de Bacia e nos Planos Diretores; instâncias de planejamento e gestão regional e local; grau de influência entre os instrumentos analisados. São realizados levantamentos e análises bibliográficas e documentais, entrevistas semiestruturadas e questionários. O planejamento regional por bacias hidrográficas apresenta um grande potencial no que concerne aos aspectos da integração dos sistemas naturais e antrópicos, a partir do adequado uso e ocupação do território, tendo em vista as condições socioambientais. O Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica é um instrumento de referência para direcionar os usos da água e os usos do solo na respectiva região, embora ainda apresente lacunas e dificuldades para uma implementação mais efetiva e ampliada. Nos moldes atuais, trata‐se de uma peça excessivamente técnica que vem sendo pouco incorporada no cotidiano das instâncias de gestão. Tem se apresentado mais como um diagnóstico da situação ambiental da Bacia do que um instrumento indutor de políticas de fato. Não reconhece os conflitos de uso da terra e de organização territorial como uma vulnerabilidade que precisa ser enfrentada. O planejamento municipal é o principal agente condutor do uso do solo, sobretudo urbano. Em termos de políticas territoriais, é na escala municipal onde as decisões são tomadas. Os Planos Diretores Municipais têm potencial em nortear políticas públicas que foram construídas a partir das forças sociais, embora ainda concentram‐se na aplicação dos instrumentos voltados ao parcelamento e ao zoneamento urbano. As condições e os aspectos ambientais ainda apresentam‐se como uma temática periférica e pouco articulada com as demais políticas. Do mesmo modo, há uma falta de tratamento de questões de caráter regional nos Planos Diretores, no sentido de compreender que a discussão ambiental tem uma espacialidade que vai além dos limites municipais. Aparecem poucas referências a outras instâncias e instrumentos de planejamento regional, como os Planos e Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas. Desse modo, as análises que percorreram as reflexões deste trabalho procuraram demonstrar a complexa relação entre as políticas, os processos, os instrumentos e as instâncias de planejamento e gestão municipal e regional, explicitando os obstáculos técnicos, político‐institucionais e legais que dificultam a aplicação do conceito de Gestão Territorial Integrada.

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