Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Export processing zones (EPZs) are policy instruments that are aimed at achieving the goal of economic development through boosting the manufacturing industry in a bid to increase and promote export. This is achieved by setting up or designating various areas or warehouses as free zones in which an environment that is friendly to manufacturing for exports, is established. Incentives such as tax exemptions for the import of required raw materials are given in these zones. EPZs are also known by other names but the most commonly used are free trade zones, industrial free zones, maquiladoras, export free zones, duty-free export processing zones, free zones and privileged zones, to mention a few. Similar to many other developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), Zambia has a bias towards export orientation as a tool of economic development. This culminated in the formulation of EPZ legislation in 2001. The EPZ act was similar to EPZ legislation in various other countries and provided for the development of an industrial park in which manufacturing for export purposes would take place for both the public and the private sector. After awarding a few companies EPZ status, the government abandoned the act and embarked on more research, resulting in the development of the multi-facility economic zone (MFEZ) in 2007. Recognition of the role of non-traditional exports (NTEs) in increasing export earnings has been important in the justification for EPZ’s development in the country. There has been a drive to attract investment into this sector by means of export-promoting policies. However, and notwithstanding the fact that numerous cost benefit studies have been undertaken to determine actual benefits of zone erection, Zambia has not yet undertaken a comprehensive synopsis of the country’s specific policies which would need to be established in order for the zone to be successful.

地方政府透過引進民間投資公共建設，帶動了區域經濟發展、減少政府財務支出及增加就業機會，更開啟了地方政府與國有財產局合作的機制。本研究以新北市政府目前已完成簽約或辦理中的個案進行歸納分析，從設定地上權、租賃與標售等招商模式中，找出在不同的環境因素下，應選擇何種模式為最適。而辦理招商前置作業應考量基本環境、市場可行性、法律可行性、財務可行性等分析結果。 研究發現，政府部門開放的態度、設置專責的單位、長官的支持、有效的行政效率及良好的內容規劃，為招商案主要關鍵成功因素。不同的招商模式各有其考量因素，設定地上權模式主要考量因素為：1.財務設算後回收期間較長2.計畫的回收於設定地上權期間內達成，財務設算可行3.產業類型以服務業、商業設施為主。租賃模式主要考量因素為：1.產業特性較無法評量其營收的狀況2.財務分析不可行3.產業類型以工業使用為主。標售模式主要以土地開發後取得之土地為主。 / By introducing private investment in public construction, local governments could lead regional economic development, reduce the government’s financial expenditures, increasing employment opportunities, as well as create a cooperative mechanism between local governments and National Property Administration. The study summarized and analyzed some bidding cases which have completed contract signing or still under process in the New Taipei City Government, trying to find the most suitable trade promotion model, under different environmental factors, from like superficies creation, lease, tender and etc. In preparing the start-up work of trade promotion, the analysis of basic environment and feasibility in market, law and finance should be considered. The study finds that there are several key factors leading trade promotion projects successful such as open attitude, set of specialized unit, support from the executive, high efficiency and good project planning of and in governmental departments. Models will be designed under different considerations. When choosing the model of superficies creation, it mainly considers longer payback year after financial evaluation, which could possibly be accessible if the planed payback could be achieved during its creation period, and it mainly categorized in the service industry and commercial facilities. If the industry’s characteristics the kind less able to evaluate its revenue condition; financial analysis is unfeasible and is chiefly for industry use, the leasing model will be considered. If the land is expected to be acquisitive after land development, the tender one is the concern.

The diploma thesis deals with an analysis of special economic zones in the Russian federation and in the People´s Republic of China and their comparison of historical development, recent working conditions, economic performance and of respecting the international standards. The first part analyses the special economic zones all over the World from different perspectives and describes both their positive and negative aspects generally and gives examples. Furthermore, types and examples of the zones and their development in China and in Russia are analyzed. The final part compares the two previous chapters with the aim to determine, which country has used this tool for trade promotion better.

From early colonial times the Canadian economy, highly dependent on exports, has developed a pluralist economic system in a generally congenial international environment. Since 1970 however, the Canadian economy has been challenged, albeit at the margins, by unfamiliar impacts largely originating in the Pacific economy. The institutional reactions of relevant Canadian export interests - defined as the federal government, provincial governments and a small number of Canadian firms - have, on the whole, proved inadequate to these challenges. This inadequacy threatens Canadian domestic prosperity and constrains economic and political options internationally. This study hypothesizes that an adequate response to these new challenges depends on institutional adaptation within and among Canadian export interests. Six principles are advanced to promote this adaptation: 1. the priority of economic considerations; 2. the legitimate role of government; 3. full provincial participation; 4. coordination by the national government; 5. an authoritative voice for each interest; 6. better sharing and use of information. The six principles are applied in three case studies. The first concerns the international marketing challenge posed by the Japanese general trading company (soga shosha), and the Canadian government's initiative to create a Canadian trading corporation. The application of the six principles suggests an alternative proposal, the Canadian Commercial Centre, in which Canadian export interests develop and share information in a way which recognizes the appropriate role of each and the obligation of all to attain a greater coherence. The second case study concerns the recent Western Liquid Natural Gas (WLNG) project which featured a new form of investment (the minority interest joint venture coupled with a long-term supply contract) in which a consortium of Japanese buyers represented by a Japanese general trading company sought to reach agreement with an uncoordinated collection of Canadian firms and governments. The lack of coherence among these Canadian interests was at least a contributing factor in the loss of an opportunity to expand and diversify Canadian LNG markets. The application of the six principles to the WLNG case yields an alternative Canadian approach involving the early establishment of a committee of authoritative officials from the relevant Canadian interests, and a new coordinating role for a federal agency like the (now disbanded) Ministry of State for Economic and Regional Development and the Federal Economic Development Coordinator. The final case study concerns the challenge to trade and investment represented by the movement to a Pacific economic community, notably the Pacific Economic Community concept (PECC). The current reactions of such institutions as the Canadian committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council and the federal Department of External Affairs are assessed, leading to the recommendation that the Canadian government should involve a wider constituency of current and potential Canadian export interests in an educational policy process which may bear on Canada's future prosperity and political resilience. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally recognised that diversity of laws may act as a barrier to the development of trade, both at international and regional level. In a globalised era, trade is necessary for economic development and ultimately for the alleviation of poverty. Although the WTO has done extensive work towards the removal of tariff barriers, there is also a need to focus on addressing non-tariff barriers which include legal barriers to trade. Institutionalised legal harmonisation at an international level has provided the necessary impetus for the development of harmonised laws in the area of international trade. The creation of regional economic communities within the purview of the WTO has also given rise to the necessity of legal harmonisation to facilitate intra-regional trade. A number of regional economic communities and organisations have noted legal harmonisation as one of their areas of regional cooperation. This study focuses on the need to harmonise the law of international sale within the SADC region in order to facilitate cross-border trade. The study points out that the harmonisation of sales laws in SADC is important for the facilitation of both inter-regional and intra-regional trade with the aim of fostering regional integration, economic development and alleviating poverty. Although the necessity of harmonising sales laws has been identified, no effort to this end exists currently in the SADC region. This study addresses the mechanisms by which such harmonisation could be achieved by analysing three models which have been selected for this purpose, namely the CISG, the OHADA and the proposed CESL. The main issues addressed include whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG, join OHADA, emulate the CESL or should use any of the other instruments as a model for creating a harmonised sales law for SADC. In conclusion, it is observed that SADC has its own institutional and operational mechanisms that require a process and instrument tailor-made for the unique needs of the region. It is recommended that SADC should create its own common sales law based on the CISG but taking into account lessons learnt from both the OHADA system and the CESL. A number of legislative, institutional and operational transformative and reform mechanisms are recommended to enable the creation of such a community law and ensure its uniform application and interpretation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat regsdiversiteit die ontwikkeling van internasionale en regionale handel kan strem. In 'n geglobaliseerde ekonomie is internasionale handel noodsaaklik vir ekonomiese onwikkeling en die uiteindelike verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie reeds belangrike werk doen om handelsbeperkinge te verlig, is daar ook 'n behoefte om, afgesien van tariewe, ook ander nie-tarief beperkinge op internasionale handel aan te spreek. Regsdiversiteit is een van hierdie beperkinge. Geïnstitusionaliseerde regsharmonisering op 'n internasionale vlak het reeds elders die nodige stukrag verleen vir die harmonisering van die reg van toepassing op internasionale handel. Die totstandkoming van regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe binne die raamwerk van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie noodsaak egter verdere regsharmonisering ten einde inter-regionale handel te kan bevorder. 'n Aantal streeksgemeenskappe en –organisasies hanteer reeds regsharmonisering as een van hul areas van samewerking op streeksvlak. Hierdie studie fokus op die behoefte om die internasionale koopreg binne die SAOG streek te harmoniseer ten einde oorgrenshandel te fasiliteer. Die studie toon aan dat harmonisering van die koopreg in die SAOG belangrik is ten einde beide inter-regionale asook intra-regionale handel te fasiliteer met die oog op die bevordering van streeksintegrasie, ekonomiese ontwikkeling en die verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die noodsaaklikheid van 'n geharmoniseerde koopreg geïdentifiseer is, is daar nog geen poging aangewend om dit binne die SAOG streek te bewerkstellig nie. Die studie spreek die meganismes aan waardeur harmonisering bereik kan word deur drie modelle wat vir hierdie doeleindes gekies is te ondersoek, naamlik die Internasionale Koopkonvensie (CISG), OHADA en die voorgestelde gemeenskaplike koopreg-regime van die Europese Unie (CESL). Van die kwessies wat aangespreek word is of the SAOG lidlande die Internasionale Koopkonvensie moet aanneem, by OHADA moet aansluit, alternatiewelik die Europese koopreg of enige van die ander instrumente as model gebruik vir die skep van ‟n geharmoniseerde SAOG koopreg. Ten slotte word daarop gewys dat die SAOG sy eie institusionele en operasionele meganismes het wat vereis dat die proses en instrument pas gemaak moet word vir die streek se unieke behoeftes. Dit word aanbeveel dat die SAOG sy eie gemeenskaplike koopreg moet skep wat op die CISG geskoei is, maar wat ook die lesse geleer uit die OHADA en die EU in ag neem. Ten einde so 'n gemeenskapsreg te kan skep en die uniforme toepassing en interpretasie daarvan te verseker, word 'n aantal wetgewende, institusionele en operasionele hervormingsmeganismes aan die hand gedoen.

Submitted by Elesbão Santiago Neto (neto10uepb@cche.uepb.edu.br) on 2016-09-12T17:29:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Carla Goreth Araújo da Silva Farias.pdf: 1890264 bytes, checksum: 04ce53406d9eb40a0c3637cf1af02921 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T17:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Carla Goreth Araújo da Silva Farias.pdf: 1890264 bytes, checksum: 04ce53406d9eb40a0c3637cf1af02921 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-05 / CAPES / The research paper aims to analyze the strategies o f Brazil that contribute to the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment to Brazil in the period 2 003-2013. As such, a contextualization of worldwide investment flows was made, highlighting t he participation of Brazil, and emphasizing the flows designated for Brazil. Subseq uently, an analysis of the sectorial destinations of these investments was made, undersc oring its effects on the Brazilian economy. Previously, the strategies for attracting investments were studied, with an analysis of the direct and indirect effects that contribute favorably to the attraction of cash flow to the country. The analysis was conducted by a qualitativ e survey i.e. an exploratory analysis of the data, using bibliographic reference, website resear ches and official documents provided by the Brazilian Government. It was noted that the Governm ent remained committed to attracting foreign investment, implementing and innovating in the development of strategies to attract productive capital, with a view mainly to ensure in novative production processes for the country. It was found that the Federal Government i n the period 2003-2013 demonstrated deliberate actions in order to attract FDI. / A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as estratégia s brasileiras que contribuem para atração dos Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos para o Brasi l no período 2003-2013. Para tanto, foi realizado uma contextualização dos fluxos mundiais de investimento, destacando a participação brasileira, enfatizando a evolução des ses fluxos para o Brasil. Em seguida, fez-se uma análise acerca do destino setorial desses inves timentos, ressaltando os efeitos sobre a economia brasileira. Posteriormente, foram estudada s as estratégias de atração de investimentos, com análise dos efeitos diretos e in diretos que contribuem favoravelmente na atração dos fluxos para o país. A análise foi reali zada a partir de levantamento qualitativo, ou seja, análise exploratória dos dados, utilizando-se de consulta bibliográfica e pesquisas aos portais e documentos oficiais disponibilizados pelo governo brasileiro. Ficou constatado que o Governo se manteve empenhado na atração de investim entos estrangeiros, aplicando e inovando na elaboração de estratégias destinadas a atrair os capitais produtivos, tendo em vista principalmente assegurar processos produtivos inovadores para o país. Verificou-se que o Governo Federal no período 2003-2013 pôs em práti ca ações deliberadas com o objetivo de atrair IED..,

The companies are operating in complex, dynamic and uncertain environments that it difficult to compete. The e-economy each time has a major presence in business world, then, the small entrepreneurs must design strategies based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), particularly the use of Internet, to improve company performance. Thus, the efficient implementation of websites is a mechanism that should exploit exporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or with export potential, of the handicrafts industry, to communicate desired company image and optimize customer service, this it has implications who require to be analyzed to make an effective use of the ICTs. / Las empresas actualmente se desenvuelven en entornos complejos, dinámicos e inciertos que hacen difícil competir. Ya que la economía digital cada vez tiene mayor presencia en el mundo de los negocios, entonces, los pequeños empresarios deben diseñar estrategias basadas en las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), particularmente el uso de Internet, para mejorar el desempeño de la empresa. Así, la implementación de sitios web eficientes es un mecanismo que deben explotar las PYMES exportadoras o con potencial exportador del sector artesanías para comunicar la imagen deseada de la empresa y optimizar así la atención al cliente; esto tiene implicancias que requieren ser analizadas para hacer un uso eficaz de las TIC.

It is commonly believed about sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that the region has a comparative advantage in primary resources as reflected by its high share of primary exports to total exports. In acknowledging the region's comparative advantage, the study tries to put the determinants from the Wood and Mayer (1998, (999) (W-M) Heckscher-Ohlin based model in the context of two relatively diversified countries (South Africa and Mauritius) and two commodity-export-dependent countries of sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria and Cô̌̌te d'Ivoire). The study finds that the skill and land resource measures used in the W -M (1998, 1999) thesis do not explain why Nigeria, having a similar level of skill per worker ratio to South Africa, has not diversified. Further, Mauritius having relatively the highest skill per land ratio specialises in low-skill textiles and clothing, while South Africa specialises in the more human capital-intensive "other manufactures" group. The other measure, a low land per worker ratio that explains Mauritius' relatively higher share of manufacturing exports, also fails to apply to Nigeria. The thesis thus concludes that the W-M land and skill measures could only be rough proxies in determining comparative advantage in manufacturing exports. However, employing the Dutch disease hypothesis recognises the potential of land abundance as a natural resource, namely minerals in South Africa, oil in Nigeria, and cocoa in Cǒ̌te d'Ivoire. The Dutch disease is a dynamic process of structural economic and political development that will permit an understanding of why natural resource abundant countries do not have a comparative advantage in manufacturing, at least in the short to medium term. The study therefore investigates commodity dependence and the Dutch disease effects to examine whether primary resource- based industrialisation offers an escape from underdevelopment. It establishes that South Africa, a mineral resource rich country, diversified based on a broad mineral-energy-complex (MEC) reinforcing the notion that land abundant countries will first invest in capital- intensive primary resource processing. However, the thesis concludes that in Nigeria and Cǒ̌te d'Ivoire where external shocks are more predominant probably because of single commodity export reliance, the manufacturing sector lags behind more due to resource and spending effects that a natural resource boom generates in these economies.

The first part is devoted to the characteristic of Russian Federation, to the Czech-Russian business relations and organizations, which provide support for Czech enterprises exporting to Russia. The following one describes Czech Trade Promotion Agency (CzechTrade) and services, which this organization and its representative offices offer to Czech exporters. The final part is engaged in the activities of foreign offices acting in Russian Federation, in export alliances and successful cases of cooperation between CzechTrade's offices in Russia and Czech companies.

台灣憑藉著中小企業的韌性與毅力，在島國經濟資源有限的劣勢下，仍能躍上世界第十三大貿易國。展望二十一世紀－知識經濟的時代，未來的競爭力，已經無法光靠努力工作、苦幹實幹，就可以在激烈的戰場上贏得勝利，需要更多的智慧，妥善運用有限的資源，才能創造最佳的效益。 於是知識管理成為一門必修的學問，面對林林總總的知識管理工具，卻常令人迷惑，若只是一味地累積資訊、導入各項系統技術、或是漫無目的地聘用人力、教育訓練，並不會為組織帶來競爭力，反易加速組織的敗亡。正確的知識管理應配合組織策略，有效協助管理者：累積高度的智商、妥善管理無形資產、並在技術、流程、與服務上創新，才能為組織建立獨特的競爭優勢。 本研究動機在於瞭解知識密集的組織，如何進行知識管理，以外貿協會做為研究個案，分析其商情資訊服務及展覽會議服務，發現並推演出「垂直型」及「水平型」兩種知識服務模式，其各有不同的策略形態及核心知識管理議題。 商情資訊服務屬於「垂直型」知識服務模式，其價值在於：將原始資料轉換為決策攸關之知識，知識管理的核心議題側重「資料－資訊－知識」的加值轉換流程；而展覽會議服務係屬「水平型」知識服務模式，價值則在於：整合多元服務，提供完整套裝服務，知識管理的核心議題側重整合多元專業服務的能力之建立、累積與傳承。 同時，本研究根據垂直型經過「外顯→內隱→外顯」，水平型則經過「內隱→外顯→內隱」，不同的知識轉換過程，探討二者在知識的產生、取得、創新、蓄積、流通、載體上不同的特性，並對知識管理實質作法提出建議。主要結論如下： (一)在知識的產出方面：兩種模式的知識產出不同，垂直型係針對不同客戶及需求，提供決策攸關資訊，水平型則是標準化的程序性知識，用以強化作業流程的管理，提高服務品質。 (二)在知識的取得方面：兩模式原始知識特性不同，垂直型是大量、多元、外顯的資訊，水平型則是內隱的程序性知識與協調整合能力，因而以不同的方式取得。 (三)在知識創新方面：垂直型知識服務模式中，知識整理分析的工作愈密集、人員的橫向連結愈高、客製化程度愈高，知識的創新程度愈高。而水平型知識服務模式中，對內隱知識書面化的要求愈高、實際演練與運用書面知識愈密集，知識的創新程度愈高。 (四)在知識的載體方面：由於經過不同的知識轉換程序，兩模式在各階段有不同的主要知識載體；垂直型知識服務模式的知識載體，經過「書面」、「人」、「書面」的轉換過程。水平型知識服務模式的知識載體，則是經過「人」、「書面」、「人」的轉換過程。 (五)在知識管理能力的養成方面：垂直型知識服務模式在「內化」階段重視資訊分析能力、基礎知識與互補知識的培養、以專業課程為主要訓練方式：在「外化」階段重視從與顧客的互動中，明瞭顧客的需求的能力，及提供客製化知識的知識闡釋能力。水平型知識服務模式，在「外化」階段需要組織獎懲制度的配合，鼓勵將人員的經驗寫成書面化的報告，需人員具備基本的寫作能力；在「內化」階段重視吸收文字內化成為知識的能力、自觀摩中模仿學習的能力、以及從實踐中領悟的能力。 (六)在知識的蓄積方面：知識必需蓄積在組織內，在垂直型知識服務模式中，組織內關連性資料庫的架構愈完整、資料愈常更新、人員橫向連繫愈密切，愈有助於知識的蓄積。在水平型的知識服務模式中，則完全不同，其師徒制度及實習制度愈完整，愈有助於知識的蓄積。 (七)在資訊科技的角色方面：資訊科技在知識管理扮演的角色概分為「作為知識的載體」及「協助知識的轉換」；在垂直型知識服務模式中，對資訊科技的依賴較高，資訊科技是主要的知識載體之一，亦對知識轉換的過程有重大的助益。在水平型知識服務模式中，對資訊科技依賴較低。 本研究根據「策略重點→核心知識議題→知識轉換流程→知識管理作法」的推論邏輯，提出兩種知識服務模式及其與策略管理的關係。應用於實務上，也唯有釐清組織的策略定位、對顧客提供的價值，才能找到知識管理的重點所在。並進一步依據知識管理的重點，辨別資源分配的優先順序、人力資源的選、訓、用方向、資訊設備的投資、以及重要的管理細部議題。