MCom / Department of Business Management / See the attached abstract below

La tesi di dottorato esamina il tema della regolamentazione delle infrazioni alla disciplina doganale dell’Unione europea e delle relative sanzioni. La prima parte della tesi descrive le tappe rilevanti nel passaggio dall’unificazione tariffaria alla codificazione della legislazione doganale dell’Unione. Successivamente, è trattato il tema della compenetrazione tra potestà normativa dell’UE e residui ambiti di sovranità degli Stati membri in materia doganale, anche in riferimento al ruolo attualmente ricoperto dai principi generali del diritto, in particolare, per l’esercizio delle prerogative sanzionatorie. La seconda parte della tesi procede nell’esame della compatibilità tra il quadro normativo in materia di sanzioni doganali, precedentemente delineato, e la rilevante disciplina internazionale multilaterale. Infine, sono analizzati i profili di (in)coerenza tra le esigenze connesse alla realizzazione di un uniforme regime doganale dell’Unione e l’attuale contesto di diritto dell’UE, con particolare riferimento ai caratteri propri delle basi giuridiche, rilevanti per l’approntamento di una disciplina sanzionatoria doganale di fonte sovranazionale, ed alla concreta conformazione dei primi tentativi di normazione della materia. / The thesis examines the topic of the regulation of infringements to the European Union customs discipline, and the related sanctions. The first part describes the relevant steps in the transition from tariff unification to the codification of the EU customs legislation. Subsequently, the subject of the interpenetration between EU legislative power and residual areas of sovereignty of the Member States in customs matters is dealt with, also in reference to the role currently held by the general principles of law, in particular, for the exercise of the sanctioning competence. The second part of the thesis proceeds in examining the compatibility between the regulatory framework on customs sanctions, previously outlined, and the relevant international multilateral discipline. Finally, the thesis analizes the profiles of (in)coherence between the requirements related to the implementation of a uniform customs regime and the current EU law context, with particular reference to the characteristics of the legal bases, relevant for the setting of a supranational customs sanctioning discipline, and to the concrete conformation of the first attempts at regulating the matter.

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This thesis explores the legal implications of sanctions on third country companies trading or operating with a sanctioned target state. Considering previous research – primarily from the disciplines of international business, international commercial law and economics – into international business under conditions of sanctions, we analyze the interplay of different sanctions and how they affect third country business. Based on our findings, we propose a model for third country trade in relation to sanctions and sanctioned markets. We conclude that, depending on how they are applied and implemented, sanctions and countersanctions can have contradictory and counterintuitive effects. Under conditions of sanctions, third countries can shield international business from increased political risk and uncertainty, and offer access to otherwise unavailable resources and advantages in sanctioned markets. However, even as third-country companies may be beyond the reach of extraterritorial sanctions, they must still grapple with a number of other effects of sanctions regimes. Such effects include significantly increasing transaction costs due to legal uncertainty, disruptions to supply chains, and being possibly locked out of sanctioning-state markets given noncompliance with sanctions. Depending on target country countermeasures, sanctions regimes may contribute to creating a situation in which third country company activities in a sanctioned state are effectively subsidized at the cost of companies adhering to the regulations of sanctioning bodies. These findings raise important questions for future research into international trade and commercial law.

Since the 1970s and the first data protection laws, the flow of personal data across borders has always been a crucial issue. In this thesis, we study how we have moved from regulations advocating the protection of personal data outside borders to regulations establishing a principle of free data circulation on a global scale. This study is based firstly on a retrospective of personal data law with regard to transborder data flows, and secondly on the fact that these legal questions are now merged with issues of international trade law. Finally, we consider the drifts of such a free flow of data at the global level, and we reflect on certain avenues of reflection in order to place data protection as an end in itself, at the center of the issues. / Depuis les années 1970 et les premières législations relatives à la protection des données personnelles, la circulation des données personnelles hors des frontières a toujours été un enjeu crucial. Dans ce mémoire nous étudions comment l’on est passé de réglementations prônant la protection des données personnelles hors des frontières à des réglementations instaurant un principe de libre circulation des données à l’échelle mondiale. Cette étude se fonde dans un premier temps sur une rétrospective du droit des données personnelles en ce qui concerne les flux transfrontières de données avant de constater dans un second temps que ces questions de droit sont désormais fondues dans des enjeux de droit du commerce international. Posant enfin les dérives d’une telle libre circulation des données au niveau mondial, nous réfléchissons à certaines pistes de réflexion afin de replacer la protection des données comme une fin en soi, au centre des enjeux.

This thesis examines the study and management of Alaskan fur seals from 1867 to 1914. Government involvement in resource conservation expanded during this period, as did the role of experts. Federal officials charged with managing fur seals often sought advice from scientists, and over the years naturalists studied the animals regularly. Despite this apparent cooperation, scientific recommendations rarely took precedence over other considerations. Fur seal history illuminates obstacles facing scientists as they tried, and failed, to control resource use. Scientists often lost credibility as a result of the changing nature of their profession, but, as this study shows, the most important barriers to expert influence were entrenched economic, political, and diplomatic agendas within the federal government. / Master of Arts

Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is generally recognised that diversity of laws may act as a barrier to the development of trade, both at international and regional level. In a globalised era, trade is necessary for economic development and ultimately for the alleviation of poverty. Although the WTO has done extensive work towards the removal of tariff barriers, there is also a need to focus on addressing non-tariff barriers which include legal barriers to trade. Institutionalised legal harmonisation at an international level has provided the necessary impetus for the development of harmonised laws in the area of international trade. The creation of regional economic communities within the purview of the WTO has also given rise to the necessity of legal harmonisation to facilitate intra-regional trade. A number of regional economic communities and organisations have noted legal harmonisation as one of their areas of regional cooperation. This study focuses on the need to harmonise the law of international sale within the SADC region in order to facilitate cross-border trade. The study points out that the harmonisation of sales laws in SADC is important for the facilitation of both inter-regional and intra-regional trade with the aim of fostering regional integration, economic development and alleviating poverty. Although the necessity of harmonising sales laws has been identified, no effort to this end exists currently in the SADC region. This study addresses the mechanisms by which such harmonisation could be achieved by analysing three models which have been selected for this purpose, namely the CISG, the OHADA and the proposed CESL. The main issues addressed include whether SADC Member States should adopt the CISG, join OHADA, emulate the CESL or should use any of the other instruments as a model for creating a harmonised sales law for SADC. In conclusion, it is observed that SADC has its own institutional and operational mechanisms that require a process and instrument tailor-made for the unique needs of the region. It is recommended that SADC should create its own common sales law based on the CISG but taking into account lessons learnt from both the OHADA system and the CESL. A number of legislative, institutional and operational transformative and reform mechanisms are recommended to enable the creation of such a community law and ensure its uniform application and interpretation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat regsdiversiteit die ontwikkeling van internasionale en regionale handel kan strem. In 'n geglobaliseerde ekonomie is internasionale handel noodsaaklik vir ekonomiese onwikkeling en die uiteindelike verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie reeds belangrike werk doen om handelsbeperkinge te verlig, is daar ook 'n behoefte om, afgesien van tariewe, ook ander nie-tarief beperkinge op internasionale handel aan te spreek. Regsdiversiteit is een van hierdie beperkinge. Geïnstitusionaliseerde regsharmonisering op 'n internasionale vlak het reeds elders die nodige stukrag verleen vir die harmonisering van die reg van toepassing op internasionale handel. Die totstandkoming van regionale ekonomiese gemeenskappe binne die raamwerk van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie noodsaak egter verdere regsharmonisering ten einde inter-regionale handel te kan bevorder. 'n Aantal streeksgemeenskappe en –organisasies hanteer reeds regsharmonisering as een van hul areas van samewerking op streeksvlak. Hierdie studie fokus op die behoefte om die internasionale koopreg binne die SAOG streek te harmoniseer ten einde oorgrenshandel te fasiliteer. Die studie toon aan dat harmonisering van die koopreg in die SAOG belangrik is ten einde beide inter-regionale asook intra-regionale handel te fasiliteer met die oog op die bevordering van streeksintegrasie, ekonomiese ontwikkeling en die verligting van armoede. Alhoewel die noodsaaklikheid van 'n geharmoniseerde koopreg geïdentifiseer is, is daar nog geen poging aangewend om dit binne die SAOG streek te bewerkstellig nie. Die studie spreek die meganismes aan waardeur harmonisering bereik kan word deur drie modelle wat vir hierdie doeleindes gekies is te ondersoek, naamlik die Internasionale Koopkonvensie (CISG), OHADA en die voorgestelde gemeenskaplike koopreg-regime van die Europese Unie (CESL). Van die kwessies wat aangespreek word is of the SAOG lidlande die Internasionale Koopkonvensie moet aanneem, by OHADA moet aansluit, alternatiewelik die Europese koopreg of enige van die ander instrumente as model gebruik vir die skep van ‟n geharmoniseerde SAOG koopreg. Ten slotte word daarop gewys dat die SAOG sy eie institusionele en operasionele meganismes het wat vereis dat die proses en instrument pas gemaak moet word vir die streek se unieke behoeftes. Dit word aanbeveel dat die SAOG sy eie gemeenskaplike koopreg moet skep wat op die CISG geskoei is, maar wat ook die lesse geleer uit die OHADA en die EU in ag neem. Ten einde so 'n gemeenskapsreg te kan skep en die uniforme toepassing en interpretasie daarvan te verseker, word 'n aantal wetgewende, institusionele en operasionele hervormingsmeganismes aan die hand gedoen.

本文以公平交易委員會於2007年8月30日第825次委員會決議，就國內三大乳品公司，即統一企業股份有限公司、味全食品工業股份有限公司及光泉牧場股份有限公司於2006年8月1日同步調漲鮮乳銷售價格一案為例，探討一致性行為與公平交易法規範關係之研究。 本案值得探討之處在於公平會於本案之處分中，係首次依公平交易法第24條、行政罰法第10條，論以被處分人未克盡防止「足以影響交易秩序之顯失公平行為事實發生」義務之行政法上不作為犯。 本文經研析公平會於處分書中所載事證與公平交易法第24條、行政罰法第10條之涵攝及適用情形後，試提出評析意見。另據本案所顯示之事證，本文認為公平會於本案執法上，若採以一致性行為論處似較為妥適，並提出此看法之適用見解。 / The objective of this dissertation is to expound the relation between concerted action and Fair Trade Law by studying administrative action for concerted increasing price action in three leading milk products companies case. This case is wothy studying for it is the very first time for FTC to punish actors’breaching of duty under administrative law for fail to prevent the occurrence of the obviously unfair conduct that is able to affect trading order. By analysising the disclosed evidences and the way FTC applying article 24 of Fair Trade Law and article 10 of Administrative Penalty Act to the case, the auther make a try to present the concerning legal opinions. The study suggests it would be a proper way to deal with the case by applying the concerted action theory. At last, concerning legal opinions are also presented to support the conclusion of the study.

"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université de Montréal en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)" / Les organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) agricoles à vocation médicale constituent la catégorie la plus complexe, la plus innovatrice et la plus futuriste des biotechnologies agricoles. Pour cela, les OGM agricoles médicaux constituent l'échantillon parfait d'une recherche complète sur le principe de précaution et les perspectives normatives des applications médicales de cette innovation technologique. La contribution de cette recherche, à la prévention du risque biotechnologique potentiel associé au commerce international de tels produits agricoles, réside sur la proposition d'une approche d'harmonisation dite simultanée convergente des régimes juridiques applicables à la double vocation agricole et médicale de tels organismes. L'approche est simultanée en ce qu'elle n'exclue ni ne subordonne un instrument par un autre. Elle est convergente en ce que tous les cadres normatifs applicables convergent, dans leur complémentarité, vers la libéralisation du commerce international des OGM agricoles dans la prévention du potentiel risque biotechnologique. Pour articuler la proposition d'harmonisation, nous avons proposé un principe directeur qui est la primauté durable de la santé publique sur le commerce. Ce principe est en réalité la dimension environnementale et biosécuritaire du principe de primauté de la santé publique sur le commerce, promu conjointement par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) et le Secrétariat de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC). La recherche conçoit qu'un éventuel recours constructif aux OGM agricoles médicaux dans le développement des pays pauvres, devrait être assujetti à une mise en oeuvre simultanée convergente des régimes juridiques applicables. / Medical agricultural GMOs are the category of agricultural GMOs the most complex, the most innovative and the most futuristic. For these reasons, they are the best sample for a complete study on the precautionary principle as weil as on the perspectives of medical applications in agricultural biotechnology. The contribution of this research to biosafety consists of the proposition of a normative method of harmonization, based on a simultaneous convergent application of food, drugs and pharmaceutical relevant international agreements in international trade. The proposed approach is simultaneous because relevant agreements do not exclude each other or subordinate one to another. It is convergent because agreements complete each other in biosafety and international commerciallaw of agricultural GMOs. To conduct the harmonization, we have proposed as a main principle, the principle of sustainable primacy of public health on trade. This principle is the environmental and biosafety emphasis of the principle of primacy of public health on trade which is promoted joindy by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Secretariat. The research suggests that an eventual profitable use of medical agricultural GMOs in developing countries would be subject to a simultaneous convergent application of relevant international agreements on biosafety and international trade.