The diploma thesis deals with labour market imperfections, specifically with trade union. The aim is to define the role and function of trade unions in the Czech republic. The theoretical part deals with economic terminology of the labour market. It explains the difference between the labour market in perfect and imperfect conditons and describes causes and effects of imperfections. Finally the theoretical part focuses on the issue of trade union, theirs economic status, legislation and applied strategies. The practical part describes the history of trade unions in the world, especially in the Czech republic. It offers insights into trade unions in the USA and Europe, which is accompanied by the development of trade unionists, including current data. With regards to the focus of the piece of work on the Czech Republic, it is continued the work with the largest organisation of trade unions ČMKOS, theirs goals and activities. The practical part has two parts to maintain objectivity, namely the part referring to the positive influence of trade unions and the part about their negative impact on the labour market. Finally the work outlines the trend of labour market and trade union organisation.

A questão examinada neste trabalho é a concepção de educação que se estabelece no processo de Formação Sindical da Central dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras do Brasil – CTB com a finalidade de contribuir para que o movimento de trabalhadores amplie a sua discussão sobre a educação e sobre a Formação dos seus Intelectuais Orgânicos. Esta Formação assume uma perspectiva de constituição da Autoeducação da classe trabalhadora que possibilite a sua consolidação enquanto movimento revolucionário que pretende a libertação humana. A práxis diária e as condições históricas e sociais são fundamentais para a produção da existência, inclusive para os sujeitos desse trabalho, e se constituem em práticas educativas que, articuladas à Educação Não Escolar, contribuem para a formação de seres sociais que se enxerguem capazes de, na produção da sua própria existência por meio do trabalho e nas lutas sociais, modificarem a sociedade de acordo com os seus interesses de classe. Fundamentamos as análises nos estudos de Marx, Engels, Gramsci, Mészáros, Lukács, Alves, Manacorda e Freire e no conceito de Formação Humana como educação que pode abarcar a totalidade dos sujeitos e auxiliálos na compreensão do seu ser social como essencial para a Emancipação. Este trabalho é um estudo de caso no qual utilizamos dos mais variados instrumentos que auxiliaram na elucidação do problema de pesquisa. A utilização do método dialético permite a análise do problema do ponto de vista da totalidade e a relação contraditória no processo de concepção de formação da Central, analisando entrevistas e observando processos formativos. Como evidência resultante dessa pesquisa, podemos apontar principalmente: 1. A predisposição da CTB em constituirse como espaço educativo que contribui para a elevação da consciência de classe; 2. O processo de formação da CTB possibilita a Formação de Intelectuais Orgânicos, com identidade com o movimento do qual se originaram; 3. A formação da CTB encontrase numa relação dialética entre limites e possibilidades, que pode avançar à uma perspectiva de Autoeducação da classe, desde que articulada à luta contra o capital e pela Emancipação Humana. Esta dissertação contribui para que o movimento de trabalhadores elabore práticas educativas com uma maior vinculação com a sua base, que auxiliem na desburocratização do Movimento Sindical. / The question examined in this work is the conception of education that is established in the process of union training of the Central Trade Union of Workers of Brazil CTB in order to contribute to the movement of workers improve their discussion about education and with regard to its organic intellectual formation. This training takes a prospect of constitution of SelfEducation of the working class that allows its consolidation as a revolutionary movement to human liberation. The daily practice and historical and social conditions are fundamental to the production of existence, including the subject of this study, and constitute educational practices that articulated to the Non School Education contribute to the formation of social beings which in the production of its own existence, through labor and social struggles, perceive themselves able to modify the society according to their class interests. We based the analysis in studies of Marx, Engels, Gramsci, Mészáros, Lukács, Alves, Manacorda and Freire and in the concept of Human Formation as an education that can encompass the entirety of the subject and to assist them in understanding their social being as essential to emancipation. This work is a case study in which we use various instruments that helped in the elucidation of the research problem. The use of the dialectical method allows the analysis of the problem from the point of view of totality and the contradictory relationship in the design training process of the Central, analyzing interviews and observing training processes. As evidence resulting from this research, we can manly indicate: 1. The predisposition of CTB to constitute itself as an educational space that contributes to the rise of class consciousness; 2. The training process of CTB enables the Formation of Organic Intellectuals, with identity with the movement from which is originated; 3 The formation of CTB is a dialectical relationship between limits and possibilities that can advance the perspective of SelfEducation class, since articulated the struggle against capital and for the Human Emancipation. This essay contributes to the movement of workers develop educational practices with a greater connection with their base, and to assist in the reduction of Trade Union Movement bureaucracy.

Esta dissertação se pretende um estudo e reflexão sobre o papel do rádio para mobilização e conscientização de grupos sociais. Focada no movimento sindical, analisará meios e modos de produção do Jornal Brasil Atual, programa de rádio mantido por sindicatos ligados à Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) dentro do Estado de São Paulo, assim como as formas de direcionamento aos públicos que atendem. Também estudamos as formas de mensuração deste público pelo emissor, como foco nas expectativas de público pelos trabalhadores da rádio. Na pesquisa nos propomos ainda a auxiliar na melhoria do uso do rádio na manifestação estudada, propondo alternativas para sua utilização em favor de seu público ideal, a partir de referencial gramsciano de análise, fazendo uso da dialética materialista ao refletir sobre estrutura e conjuntura da mídia estudada. / This paper is intended to study and to reflect on the role of radio for awareness and mobilization of social groups. Focused on the trade union movement, will examine ways and means of production of the Brazil Current Newspaper (Jornal Brasil Atual), radio program maintained by unions in the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) in the state of São Paulo, as well as forms of guidance to the public they serve. We also studied the ways of measuring this public by the issuer, a focus on the expectations of public workers by radio. In the research we intend to further assist in improving the use of radio in the demonstration study and propose alternatives to its use in favor of his \"ideal audience\" from reference in gramscian analysis, making use of dialectical materialism to think about structure and conjuncture media studied.

A questão examinada neste trabalho é a concepção de educação que se estabelece no processo de Formação Sindical da Central dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras do Brasil – CTB com a finalidade de contribuir para que o movimento de trabalhadores amplie a sua discussão sobre a educação e sobre a Formação dos seus Intelectuais Orgânicos. Esta Formação assume uma perspectiva de constituição da Autoeducação da classe trabalhadora que possibilite a sua consolidação enquanto movimento revolucionário que pretende a libertação humana. A práxis diária e as condições históricas e sociais são fundamentais para a produção da existência, inclusive para os sujeitos desse trabalho, e se constituem em práticas educativas que, articuladas à Educação Não Escolar, contribuem para a formação de seres sociais que se enxerguem capazes de, na produção da sua própria existência por meio do trabalho e nas lutas sociais, modificarem a sociedade de acordo com os seus interesses de classe. Fundamentamos as análises nos estudos de Marx, Engels, Gramsci, Mészáros, Lukács, Alves, Manacorda e Freire e no conceito de Formação Humana como educação que pode abarcar a totalidade dos sujeitos e auxiliálos na compreensão do seu ser social como essencial para a Emancipação. Este trabalho é um estudo de caso no qual utilizamos dos mais variados instrumentos que auxiliaram na elucidação do problema de pesquisa. A utilização do método dialético permite a análise do problema do ponto de vista da totalidade e a relação contraditória no processo de concepção de formação da Central, analisando entrevistas e observando processos formativos. Como evidência resultante dessa pesquisa, podemos apontar principalmente: 1. A predisposição da CTB em constituirse como espaço educativo que contribui para a elevação da consciência de classe; 2. O processo de formação da CTB possibilita a Formação de Intelectuais Orgânicos, com identidade com o movimento do qual se originaram; 3. A formação da CTB encontrase numa relação dialética entre limites e possibilidades, que pode avançar à uma perspectiva de Autoeducação da classe, desde que articulada à luta contra o capital e pela Emancipação Humana. Esta dissertação contribui para que o movimento de trabalhadores elabore práticas educativas com uma maior vinculação com a sua base, que auxiliem na desburocratização do Movimento Sindical. / The question examined in this work is the conception of education that is established in the process of union training of the Central Trade Union of Workers of Brazil CTB in order to contribute to the movement of workers improve their discussion about education and with regard to its organic intellectual formation. This training takes a prospect of constitution of SelfEducation of the working class that allows its consolidation as a revolutionary movement to human liberation. The daily practice and historical and social conditions are fundamental to the production of existence, including the subject of this study, and constitute educational practices that articulated to the Non School Education contribute to the formation of social beings which in the production of its own existence, through labor and social struggles, perceive themselves able to modify the society according to their class interests. We based the analysis in studies of Marx, Engels, Gramsci, Mészáros, Lukács, Alves, Manacorda and Freire and in the concept of Human Formation as an education that can encompass the entirety of the subject and to assist them in understanding their social being as essential to emancipation. This work is a case study in which we use various instruments that helped in the elucidation of the research problem. The use of the dialectical method allows the analysis of the problem from the point of view of totality and the contradictory relationship in the design training process of the Central, analyzing interviews and observing training processes. As evidence resulting from this research, we can manly indicate: 1. The predisposition of CTB to constitute itself as an educational space that contributes to the rise of class consciousness; 2. The training process of CTB enables the Formation of Organic Intellectuals, with identity with the movement from which is originated; 3 The formation of CTB is a dialectical relationship between limits and possibilities that can advance the perspective of SelfEducation class, since articulated the struggle against capital and for the Human Emancipation. This essay contributes to the movement of workers develop educational practices with a greater connection with their base, and to assist in the reduction of Trade Union Movement bureaucracy.

Esta dissertação analisa o chamado \"turismo sindical\" por meio de uma abordagem teórica, histórica e conceitual. O turismo sindical por meio de colônias de férias de entidades sindicais e associativas de trabalhadores do setor público e privado são um meio de hospedagem que surge na Era Vargas e se desenvolve até os dias de hoje, alcançando seu apogeu nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, especialmente após o golpe militar de 1964. A ação efetiva do Estado, especialmente em tempos de regimes autoritários, não se limitou a um arcabouço jurídico-normativo (intervenção por regulação), mas estendeu-se a uma efetiva implementação das colônias de férias e do turismo sindical (intervenção por participação). Tudo isso ocorre concomitantemente a uma nova divisão internacional e territorial do trabalho que vai tornando o capitalismo hegemônico como modo de produção global e universal. A exigência do constante desenvolvimento das forças produtivas não se limita ao ambiente fabril, devendo atingir a inteira cotidianidade da classe trabalhadora. Por isso tempo de trabalho e tempo livre são meticulosa e estrategicamente organizados, geridos e fiscalizados, não pelos trabalhadores, mas pelos capitalistas e pelo Estado. Todo esse processo não ocorre de maneira localizada, pois, por ser um processo geral do capital, ocorre em escala planetária. O turismo sindical e as colônias de férias são uma pequena, mas importante fração deste processo que organiza as condições gerais da produção e desenvolve as forças produtivas. O materialismo histórico e dialético sustenta o caminho analítico escolhido. / This dissertation analyzes the so-called \"trade union tourism\" through a theoretical, historical and conceptual approach. Trade union tourism through holiday colonies of trade unions and associations of workers from the public and private sector are a means of lodging that emerges in the Vargas Era and develops until today, reaching its apogee in the 1960s and 1970s, especially after the military coup of 1964. The effective action of the State, especially in times of authoritarian regimes, was not limited to a legal-normative framework (intervention by regulation), but extended to an effective implementation of the holiday colonies and trade union tourism (intervention by participation). All of this takes place concomitantly with a new international and territorial labors division that makes hegemonic capitalism as a global and universal way of production. The demand for the constant development of the productive forces is not limited to the factory environment, and must reach the whole day-to-day of working class. Therefore, working time and free time are meticulous and strategically organized, managed and supervised, not by the workers, but by the capitalists and the State it self. All this process does not occurs in a localized way, because, being a general process of capital, it occurs on a planetary scale. Trade union tourism and holiday colonies are a small, but important part of this process that organizes the productions general conditions and develops the productive forces. Historical and dialectical materialism supports the analytical path chosen.

Este trabalho resgata e analisa a história do sindicalismo dos ferroviários da Estrada de Ferro Sorocabana durante a década de 1930. Antes da abordagem do tema do trabalho, retoma o histórico da fundação da ferrovia e de seu operariado, desde 1870 até 1940. Narra a trajetória dos grupos políticos e ideológicos atuantes entre os ferroviários, representados principalmente por socialistas, comunistas, pró-patronais e integralistas. Analisa os conflitos, relacionamentos e as contradições entre os trabalhadores e as lideranças sindicais, com a empresa e o Estado. Estuda as propostas, transformações e compara a adesão decisiva dos trabalhadores, que determinaram a característica do sindicalismo ferroviário da Sorocabana. / This work rescues and analyzes the history of the unionism of the railway workers of the Sorocabana Railway during the decade of 1930. Before the mainly subject of the work, it synthetically retakes the description of the foundation of the railway and its workers, since 1870 up to1940. It tells to the trajectory of the unions groups with ideological policy and between the railway workers, represented mainly for socialist, communist, pro-owners and “integralistas”. It analyzes the conflicts, relationships and contradictions between the workers and their leadership, with the company and the State. It studies the proposals, transformations and compares the decisive adhesion of the workers who had determined the characteristic of the unionism of the Sorocabana Railway.

La thèse est menée dans le cadre d’une convention industrielle de formation par la recherche (Cifre) avec un cabinet d’études et de conseil spécialisé dans les relations sociales, l’analyse des enjeux contemporains du travail (organisation, conditions de travail, évolution des métiers, etc.) et de la stratégie des entreprises. Il réalise dans ce cadre des expertises demandées par les Institutions représentatives du personnel (Comités d’entreprise ou d’établissement, Chsct) dont l’appropriation par les représentants du personnel est marquée par une forte disparité. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la suite d’une étude réalisée pour la Dares sur les savoirs des représentants du personnel qui a été réalisée en 2009 conjointement par le cabinet et le Ceperc où il est apparu que l’expertise tenait une place ambigüe dans le discours des représentants du personnel. Ceux-ci, bien que pensant l’expertise utile, ne l’identifient pas toujours comme une source de savoirs. A partir d’une réflexion sur la notion d’expertise, il s’agit dans ce travail de comprendre comment elle opère en connecteur entre le monde des militants du travail et le monde des experts auprès des IRP. La première partie de cette thèse cherche à circonscrire respectivement ces deux mondes tandis que la seconde partie se propose de les mettre en pratique à travers l’activité du cabinet et une enquête menée auprès des représentants du personnel. Les résultats ainsi obtenus, nous permettent de dégager des trajectoires d’appropriation en fonction du profil des militants, des catégories d’expertises et des savoirs. / The thesis is carried out as part of an industrial convention of a research training program (Cifre) with a consultancy firm specialized in social relationships, in the study of contemporary issues of work (organisation, working conditions, working evolution etc…) and in the companies’strategy. This firm carries expert assessments requested by the Institutions representing the staff (works council or joint consultative committee, Chsct) – an appropriation which is marked by a strong disparity. This investigation fits into a study line made by the Dares on the staff representatives acknowledgements which was made in 2009 by both the firm and the Ceperc. During this investigation, it appeared that the assessment had an ambiguous place in the speech of the staff representatives. Though they thought the investigation useful, they don’t always relate it to a source of knowledge. Beginning with a reflection on the notion of expertise, this work seeks to understand how expertise operates as a link between the world of militant workers and that of the experts working with representative bodies. The first part of my thesis tends to confine these two worlds distinctly, while the second offers to put them into practice through the activity of the practice and a survey conducted with the staff representatives. The results thus obtained allow us to bring out paths of appropriation depending on militants profile, categories of expertise and knowledge.

Employee organizations or trade unions play an important role in the labour relations of various institutions. A crucial function, amongst others, fulfilled by trade unions is their involvement on issues of grievance and disciplinary procedures in the workplace. This study aims to understand the perceptions of rank and file union members, particularly regarding the handling of grievance and disciplinary procedures. The study examines the understanding of the functioning of a union, as well as the approach of a union in representing its members during grievance and disciplinary procedures. In particular, the study looks at the challenges faced by the leadership of the union in dealing with the management of an institution during grievance and disciplinary procedures. Various circumstances which, lead to the lodging of grievances and the scheduling of disciplinary hearings in the workplace were observed. These circumstances could occur in any workplace of any given institution. It is for this very reason that the appropriate measures should be taken in resolving disputes. The measures should be followed and applied by the management of an institution when dealing with grievance and disciplinary procedures regarding its employees. Such procedures must be followed before an employee may be given a warning or be dismissed. Recognized unions represent their members during such proceedings. This study analyzes the understanding of labour relations, regarding issues of grievance and disciplinary procedures, as applied to a tertiary institution. The handling of these procedures and the experiences of union members, during their representation by a union, are assessed. Due to the diversity of scope and the composition of unions (representing both academic and non-academic staff members) which operate in a tertiary institution, the study was limited to one labour union. This research was conducted within the structure and scale of a single union (NEHAWU) operating in an institution. The study found that union representatives faced particular challenges while defending their members during disciplinary hearings. These challenges are apparent when union representatives are confronted by legal experts on labour matters. Union members expressed their dissatisfaction and their lack of confidence in their representatives during grievance and disciplinary proceedings. The union members rated the union poorly, particularly regarding the leadership of the union. They felt that more cases were lost than won. However, despite the low ratings, union members (in general) felt strongly about the right to belong to a union, believing that disciplinary processes were largely affected by “race”. This is simply because most of the union members were black subordinates serving under most white supervisors. AFRIKAANS : Werknemerorganisasies of vakbonde speel ’n belangrike rol in arbeidsverhoudinge in verskeie instellings. ’n Kritieke funksie, onder andere, wat deur vakbonde vervul word is hul betrokkenheid by griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures in die werkplek. Hierdie studie beoog om die persepsies van gewone vakbondlede, in besonder met betrekking tot die hantering van griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures te begryp. Die studie ondersoek die begrip van die funksionering van ’n vakbond, asook die benadering van ’n vakbond in die verteenwoordiging van lede tydens griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures. In besonder, word die uitdagings wat die vakbondleierskap in die gesig staar in die oorlegpleging met bestuur tydens griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures, oorweeg. Verskeie omstandighede wat tot die oplegging ’n grief en die skedulering van ’n disiplinêre verhoor in die werkplek, lei, is waargeneem. Hierdie omstandighede kan by enige werkplek in enige instelling ontstaan. Dit is om hierdie rede dat gepaste maatstawwe geneem moet word om sulke dispute op te los. Die maatstawwe behoort gevolg en toegepas te word deur die bestuur van die instelling wanneer griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures, met betrekking tot werknemers, hanteer word. Sulke prosedures behoort gevolg te word voordat ’n werknemer ’n waarskuwing gegee of ontslaan word. Erkende vakbonde verteenwoordig hul lede tydens sulke prosedures. Die studie ontleed die begrip van arbeidsverhoudinge, met betrekking tot griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures, soos deur ’n tersiêre instelling toegepas word. Die hantering van hierdie prosedures en die ervaringe van vakbondlede gedurende hul verteenwoordiging deur die vakbond word geasseseer. As gevolg van die omvang van reikwydte en die samestelling van vakbonde (wat beide akademiese en nie-akademiese personeel verteenwoordig) wat in die tersiêre instelling funksioneer, is die studie beperk tot een vakbond. Die navorsing is onderneem binne die struktuur en skaal van ’n enkele vakbond (NEHAWU) wat in die instelling werksaam is. Die studie het bevind dat vakbond verteenwoordigers bepaalde uitdagings in die gesig gestaar het in die verteenwoordiging van hul lede tydens dissiplinêre verhore. Hierdie uitdagings is duidelik wanneer die vakbond verteenwoordiger gekonfronteer word deur regskenners oor arbeidsaangeleenthede. Vakbondlede het hul misnoeë uitgespreek en min vertroue in hul verteenwoordigers tydens griewe- en dissiplinêre prosedures geopper. Vakbondlede het die unie, in besonder die leierskap, as swak beoordeel. Hulle voel dat meer sake verloor as gewen is. Ten spyte van hierdie lae taksering, voel vakbondlede sterk oor hul reg om aan ’n unie te behoort (in die algemeen), en glo hulle dat dissplinêre prosesse deur ‘ras’ beïvloed word. Dit is eenvoudig omdat meeste vakbondlede swart ondergeskiktes is wat onder wit toesighouers werk. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Sociology / unrestricted

Work design and content is changing. Accompanying this change has been an increasing demand by workers for policy makers to factor the issue of managing workers’ work and life. Work–life balance as a concept has attracted attention for several years as a result of individuals attempting to juggle multiple demands from both work and outside the workplace. The number of multiple demands on individuals usually vary from one person to the other and can increase or decrease at different stages of the person’s life. Essentially, this study reviewed work–life balance literature as espoused from the UK and US schools of thought. The purpose of this research is to explore the extent to which work–life balance policies and practices are a reality for employees and managers in the Nigerian banking sector; to investigate the adoption and use of policies/practices in Nigerian banks and finally to examine the barriers to and reasons for their muted adoption and utilisation of work–life balance policies and practices in Nigerian banks. This research is exploratory in nature and it adopted a mixed-method research technique which allowed for in-depth information from the respondents. The methodological approach used in this study is a qualitative dominant mixed method. A mixed-method approach was used in this study following the traditions of McCarthy, Darcy and Grady (2010); Kalliath and Brough (2008); Halford, (2006) and Beauregard and Henry (2009) to ensure the validity and reliability of the study and also to offer different insights in order to make the final result of the research more robust. A questionnaire and semi structured interview technique was utilised. The study was based on 20 of the 24 banks in the Nigerian banking sector. The total sample size was three hundred and sixty nine (369), of which two hundred and fifteen (215) questionnaires were completed and one hundred and thirty four (134) semi-structured interviews conducted for the bankers while (20) semi structured interviews were conducted for the trade union officials. In order to ensure that the cross-section of relevant respondents was as representative as possible, interviewees were divided into three categories: employees, managers and trade union officials. SPSS was used to analysis the quantitative data, while qualitative data was analysed using NVivo software through the coding of the large quantity of data collected. The themes that emerged from the analysis were used to discuss the research issues in the light of prior research findings from various empirical researches. The quantitative contribution of the study revealed that age was not significant to the bankers as regards issues relating to work life balance. The qualitative findings on the other hand revealed that there is diversity in terms of how both managerial and non-managerial employees understood and experienced WLB initiatives in the Nigerian banking sector. In addition, the study showed that cultural sensitivity affects how WLB is appreciated and utilised. The research also contributes to the spill-over theory by adding age, gender, implementation and benefits of work–life balance. This research has contributed to the body of knowledge on work–life balance issues in the Nigerian banking industry. This study also contributes to the existing literature on connotations of work–life balance by utilising a mixed method approach to explore and explain the different notions of work–life balance and usage of work–life balance initiatives.

The purpose of this study is to analyze if the parties of the labor market, the trade unions, employers and employees, consider the collective agreement as encouraging for their cooperation. The purpose is also to examine how the actors experience the employee's awareness regarding rights, obligations and shaping of the collective agreement. Previous research regarding; the collective agreement, the Swedish model, communication and cooperation were fundamental to the empirical material in the study. These concepts, as well as the neoclassical perspective, were used to process the collected data.  The empirical data in the study was collected with the help of a qualitative method, in the form of semi-structured interviews. The interviews were carried out with the help of nine respondents with different roles in the labor market: two trade unions, two employers' and five employees’. The results show that the collective agreement, most of the time, promotes cooperation between the actors on the labor market. It also shows that the employees’ awareness regarding the collective agreement is relatively low. / Syftet med studien är att undersöka om arbetsmarknadens parter, i form av fackföreningar, arbetsgivare och arbetstagare, anser att kollektivavtal främjar samverkan. Syftet är också att undersöka hur parterna upplever att arbetstagarnas medvetenhet kring kollektivavtalet är, i form av skyldigheter, rättigheter och utformning. Tidigare forskning om kollektivavtal, svenska modellen, kommunikation och samverkan var grundläggande för studiens empiriska material. Dessa begrepp, tillsammans med det neoklassiska perspektivet, har också använts för att bearbeta insamlad data.  Data har samlats in med hjälp av kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna har genomförts med hjälp av nio respondenter från arbetsmarknadens olika parter; två fackföreningar, två arbetsgivare och fem arbetstagare. Resultaten visar att kollektivavtalen, oftast verkar för en god samverkan mellan arbetsmarknadens parter. Det visar också att arbetstagarnas medvetenhet kring kollektivavtal är förhållandevis låg.