Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T13:57:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 uriascoutogoncalves.pdf: 3466980 bytes, checksum: 84f05db645ea92ee93989cf07d26b61f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T13:51:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 uriascoutogoncalves.pdf: 3466980 bytes, checksum: 84f05db645ea92ee93989cf07d26b61f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T13:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 uriascoutogoncalves.pdf: 3466980 bytes, checksum: 84f05db645ea92ee93989cf07d26b61f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho aborda a importância do consumo do queijo minas artesanal, na cidade de Silveirânia (MG), a partir da perspectiva dos queijeiros. O estudo insere-se em um contexto de criminalização de sua produção, restringindo sua circulação ao âmbito local e clandestino. Para averiguar a persistência desta prática, os queijeiros foram visitados e entrevistados, com o acompanhamento aprofundado da atividade de dois deles, baseando-se na observação participante, de forma a ter acesso a seus cotidianos, e especialmente, conhecer suas práticas e modos de fazer o alimento em questão. No primeiro capítulo, há uma apresentação das barreiras à circulação do queijo minas artesanal, seguida da caracterização da região e da localidade onde a produção foi estudada. O capítulo traz ainda a descrição da produção do leite, uma vez que há queijeiros que produzem a própria matéria prima para elaborar o queijo, e outros que a compram de produtores locais. O segundo capítulo, apresenta a descrição sobre os modos artesanais locais de fazer o queijo, evidenciando a diversidade e a dinâmica de sua produção neste contexto rural. Já o terceiro capítulo procura refletir acerca das práticas alimentares na sociedade contemporânea, o processo de industrialização e padronização da produção de alimentos e as tendências contrárias a este processo, para contextualizar a produção artesanal do queijo. Por fim, o quarto capítulo traz as reflexões sobre a dinâmica da construção da tradição e a mediação entre os saberes tradicionais e o conhecimento técnico e científico na produção artesanal, a fim de identificar as forças que promovem mudanças em hábitos e modos de fazer. O estudo confirma a importância da produção do queijo minas artesanal em Silveirânia para o consumo local e regional, identificando a coexistência entre as tendências à homogeneização e à diferenciação, ou seja, à padronização do consumo alimentar e ao mesmo tempo à busca de diferenciação e afirmação de identidades locais. Essas tendências interferem na circulação e na produção do queijo, que se adaptam às barreiras sanitárias, as quais evidenciam uma falha de comunicação entre agentes técnicos e produtores, pois lógicas distintas os movem, e a mediação entre os dois universos gera instabilidade nas práticas culturais. O contato entre saberes técnicos e saberes tradicionais promove a modificação dos modos de fazer o queijo, ainda que negociada e interpretada de forma particular pelos queijeiros e consumidores. O queijo permanece como elemento central do repertório alimentar local, integrado ao próprio modo de viver desta população, mas está em constante processo de modificação, evidenciando o caráter inventivo da própria cultura, no contato entre diferentes visões de mundo. / This study addressed the importance of consumption of homemade minas cheese produced in Silveirânia (in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), taking into account the perspective of the cheese manufacturers. This research was prompted by the framework of the locally produced cheese and the criminalization of its production, which restricts its circulation to the local and clandestine sphere. At first, in order to investigate such persistent practice, each cheesemaker got visited, and two of them had their daily routine closely monitored by participant observation, specially paying attention to their practices and approaches to make the product concerned. The first chapter of this proposition presents the barriers regarding the flow and distribution of homemade minas cheese, followed by a description of the region and city where the production was studied. In addition, it also brings a description of milk production. The second chapter presents the homemade methods to produce this kind of cheese, highlighting its diversity and evolution for the production in the rural milieu. As to contextualize the homemade production of cheese, the third chapter promotes a brief reflection on the food in the contemporary society, the tendency for industrialization and standardization of food production. Lastly, the fourth chapter provides some reflection on the dynamics for building cultural tradition and also on the mediation between traditional and technical-scientific knowledge and its influence on homemade production so as to identify the driving forces that promote changes in habits and ways of manufacturing. The study came to some considerations regarding the importance of consumption of homemade minas cheese in Silveirânia, for instance, the way in which its consumption reflects the tendency to homogenization and differentiation, that is, the standardization of food consumption as well as the search for differentiation and the claims for local identities. Those trends interfere on the flow and production of cheese, which adapts to sanitary and trade barriers, showing the lack of communication between technicians and producers since distinct motivations move them, and mediation between them generates instability in cultural practices. It was observed the change in the way of producing them, which meet the daily demands for cheese, whose consumption is set up as an unconscious habit, integrating local food patterns and the way of living itself. All of this shows the inventiveness of the culture itself, in touch with different worldviews.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:06:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Miriam_ Valli_ Buttow.pdf: 655385 bytes, checksum: cbce4ab7de3c20577f04fec1859f3181 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-29 / Palms (Arecaceae) are considered to be one of the most important plant resources. These plants are sources of food, fiber, building material, medicine and other products. Due its exuberance they are also used in landscaping projects. Brazil presents great diversity of palms. In Rio Grande do Sul State there are six genera, of which the most known is Butia genus for the reason that they have fruits with unique flavor and aroma. Butia palms are quite known and used mainly by rural communities. There are few references on genetic diversity and other scientific issues related to species use and conservation. On the same way, there is no currently knowledge about uses of this plant by local communities as well as on their real potential for use. Two studies were developed with the goal of contributing to knowledge related to genetic resources of Butia genus palm trees native from Rio Grande do Sul State: first, an ethnobotanical survey of rural communities knowledge about fruits and leaves uses, management and care related to these plants; second: a molecular characterization of Butia capitata plants in eight populations from three regions in Rio Grande do Sul State by AFLP molecular markers. The results of ethnobotanical survey shows a strong relationship between people and plants studied. It was verified use of Butia fruits in various types of food and beverages production (sweets, ice cream, chocolates and desserts) and handicrafts (recycled paper from fruit pulp and utilitarian objects from leaves fibers). Besides, data for plant management, like seed germination process, pruning, transplanting and methods that could increase productivity were obtained. With presence and absence data from four primer combinations, 199 polymorphic loci were found. Molecular markers were evaluated by AMOVA. Thus, it was possible to verify that 83.68% of genetic variability is attributed to variation between populations and 13.67% is attributed to differences between populations within regions. We conducted an AMOVA pair-wise analysis among eight populations. From a total of 28 comparisons, 15 populations shows significant differences, with an average of 14.72% molecular variation attributed to differences among populations, indicating the presence of genetic variability. The results obtained through this analysis indicate that AFLP molecular markers were effective for genetic divergence analysis. These studies helped to increase the existing knowledge about this genetic resource. / As palmeiras (Arecaceae) são consideradas como um dos mais importantes recursos vegetais. Essas plantas são fontes de alimento, fibra, material de construção, remédios e outros produtos. São também utilizadas em projetos paisagísticos devido à sua exuberância. O Brasil apresenta grande diversidade de palmeiras. No Rio Grande do Sul ocorrem seis gêneros, dentre os quais o mais conhecido é o gênero Butia, devido aos seus frutos de sabor e aroma peculiares. Os butiazeiros são bastante conhecidos e utilizados principalmente pelas comunidades rurais. Apesar disso, existem poucas referências sobre a diversidade genética e demais questões científicas referentes à utilização e conservação das espécies. Da mesma forma, não se tem um conhecimento sobre os usos dados atualmente à planta pela população local, assim como sobre o seu real potencial de utilização. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento relacionado aos recursos genéticos de palmeiras do gênero Butia nativas do Rio Grande do Sul foram realizados dois estudos: primeiro, foi feito um levantamento etnobotânico em busca do conhecimento das comunidades locais a respeito do uso dos frutos e folhas e do manejo e cuidados dados a estas plantas; segundo, foi realizada a caracterização molecular de Butia capitata através da análise de oito populações de três regiões do Rio Grande do Sul por meio de marcadores moleculares do tipo AFLP. Os resultados do levantamento etnobotânico mostraram que, nos locais visitados, existe uma forte relação entre os moradores e as plantas em estudo. Foi verificada a utilização dos frutos de butiazeiros para a produção de diversos tipos de alimentos e bebidas (doces, sorvetes, bombons e sobremesas) e confecção de artesanato (papel reciclado da polpa e objetos utilitários das fibras das folhas). Também foram obtidos dados referentes ao manejo, relativos à germinação da semente, poda, transplante e métodos que poderiam aumentar a produtividade de frutos. Através dos dados de presença e ausência de marcadores obtidos com quatro combinações de primers, foram encontrados 199 locos polimórficos. A avaliação dos dados moleculares foi feita pela análise molecular da variância (AMOVA). Deste modo, foi possível verificar que 83,68% da variabilidade genética é atribuída à variação entre populações e 13,67% é atribuída a diferenças entre populações dentro de regiões. Foi feita a análise comparativa entre as oito populações estudadas, analisadas de duas a duas pela análise da AMOVA. Do total de 28 comparações, foram significativas as diferenças entre 15 populações, com média de 14,72% da variação molecular atribuída às diferenças entre populações, indicando a presença de variabilidade genética. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a técnica de AFLP foi eficiente para a caracterização molecular e análise da variabilidade genética. Estes estudos contribuíram para aumentar o conhecimento existente a respeito deste recurso genético.

Climate change is altering environmental conditions in Canada’s western arctic, including hydrology, permafrost, vegetation, and lake habitat conditions in the heterogeneous landscape of the Mackenzie Delta. The delta is an expansive alluvial plain dominated by thousands of lakes and interconnected channels that provide habitat for fish, birds, and mammals. Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) are a culturally important ecological indicator species found in the Delta. Throughout the 1900s, Gwich’in and Inuvialuit residents in the Delta relied heavily on the muskrat for food, fur, and culture, but as in other regions around the world, changing socioeconomic and ecological conditions are altering the land and Indigenous Peoples’ access to it. This can strongly impact communities by affecting food security, physical health, and overall wellbeing. In the first part of this thesis, I investigated the role of muskrats in the cultural traditions and land-based livelihoods of the Gwich’in and Inuvialuit residents of the Mackenzie Delta by conducting interviews and meetings with over 70 community members. Although the role of muskrats has changed over the last 100 years, muskrat harvesting continues to offer Delta residents a meaningful way to remain engaged in, perpetuate, and strengthen their cultural identity and land-based traditions among generations, and ultimately, to foster individual and community wellbeing. In the second part of this thesis, I investigated the importance of landscape connectivity and patch quality – two properties affected by climate change – on muskrat presence and distribution in the Mackenzie Delta, using remote sensing and field-based surveys of lakes with and without muskrats present in the winter. I tested multiple hypotheses about predictors of muskrat presence and biomass using a model-selection, information theoretic approach. My results show that patch quality related to specific habitat requirements is a more important driver of muskrat distribution than landscape connectivity in the Mackenzie Delta. Muskrats were more likely to occur in lakes with longer perimeters, higher amounts of edible submerged macrophyte biomass, and sediment characteristics that supported macrophyte growth. The latter two conditions are related to spring flooding regimes, which are likely to be altered by climate change. This may result in a decrease in the quality and quantity of preferred muskrat habitat in the Mackenzie Delta. My research indicates that patch quality and landscape-level processes are important for understanding species distributions in heterogeneous landscapes. / Graduate

This thesis investigated the phytochemistry and pharmacology of immunomodulatory medicinal plant species used traditionally by the Q’eqchi’ Maya Healers Association (QMHA) of Belize, and the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (CEI) of northern Quebec. Using quantitative ethnobotanical methodology, we identified 107 plant species belonging to 49 families used by Q’eqchi’ healers in the treatment of symptoms from 14 usage categories related to inflammation. Regression analysis revealed that the Piperaceae, Araceae, and Begoniaceae are preferentially selected by the Maya. Healer consensus for plant species was high, with 56 species (52%) being used by all the healers, and consensus for usage categories was also high, as informant consensus factor (FIC) values for each category were greater than 0.4. Fifty-two Belizean species were evaluated for their TNF-α inhibitory activity in an LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocyte model. Twenty-one species (40%) demonstrated significant TNF-α inhibition when assayed at 100 µg/mL, 8 of which had greater than 50% of the activity of the parthenolide positive control (10 µg/mL). Significant regressions were found between the anti-inflammatory activity and total healer frequency of use (Fuse) and the use reports for 3 usage categories, which indicated that ethnobotanical parameters can in part predict the activity of traditionally used species. Five sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the leaves of Neurolaena lobata, one of the most active species tested, all of which demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity greater than that of parthenolide (IC50 = 4.79 µM), with IC50s ranging from 0.17-2.32 µM. Lobatin B was the most active isolate tested. Ethanolic and water extracts of 17 species used by Cree healers were evaluated for their immunomodulatory activity. In general, the average anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts was 1.8 times greater than that of water extracts, and the pro-inflammatory activity of water extracts was 3.7 times greater than ethanolic extracts. Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana were the most anti-inflammatory ethanolic and water extracts, while the water extract of Sarracenia purpurea was the most pro-inflammatory. Picea marina cones, the most anti-inflammatory Cree medicine, were subjected to bioassay guided isolation. This led to the isolation of the anti-inflammatory lignan (+)-lariciresinol-9’-p-coumarate, which had an IC50 of 28.4 µM. Together, these results validate the traditional knowledge shared by our Q’eqchi’ and Cree collaborators, and draw attention to the therapeutic potential of subtropical and boreal plants as culturally appropriate complements to modern medicine. - Cette thèse porte sur la phytochimie et la pharmacologie des espèces de plantes médicinales immunomodulatrices utilisées traditionnellement par le Q’eqchi’ Maya Healers Association (QMHA) du Belize, et les Cris d'Eeyou Istchee (CEI) du nord du Québec. En utilisant une méthodologie ethnobotanique quantitative, nous avons identifié 107 espèces végétales appartenant à 49 familles utilisées par les guérisseurs Q'eqchi’ dans le traitement de symptômes appartenant à 14 catégories d'utilisation liées à l'inflammation. Une analyse de régression a révélé que les familles Piperaceae, Araceae, et Begoniaceae sont préférentiellement choisis par les Mayas. Le consensus entre guérisseurs pour les espèces végétales était élevé, avec 56 espèces (52%) étant utilisés par tous les guérisseurs, et le consensus pour les catégories d'utilisation était également élevé, car les valeurs de facteur de consensus des informants (FIC) pour chaque catégorie étaient supérieurs à 0,4. Cinquante-deux espèces du Belize ont été évaluées pour leur activité inhibitrice de TNF-α dans un modèle de THP-1 monocytes stimulés par le LPS. Vingt-et-une espèces (40%) ont montré une inhibition significative de TNF-α lorsque dosés à 100 µg/mL, dont 8 d’entre elles ont démontrées plus de 50% de l'activité du contrôle positif parthénolide (10 µg/mL). Des régressions significatives ont été observées entre l'activité anti-inflammatoire et la fréquence d'utilisation de guérisseurs totale (Fuse) et les rapports d'utilisation pour 3 catégories d'utilisation, ce qui indique que les paramètres ethnobotaniques peuvent en partie prédire l'activité des espèces traditionnellement utilisées. Cinq lactones sesquiterpéniques ont été isolés à partir des feuilles de Neurolaena lobata, l'une des espèces les plus actives testées, qui a démontré une activité anti-inflammatoire supérieure à celle du parthénolide (CI50 = 4,79 µM), avec des CI50 allant de 0,17 à 2,32 µM. Lobatin B était l’isolât le plus actif testé. Des extraits éthanoliques et aqueux de 17 espèces utilisées par les guérisseurs Cris ont été évalués pour leur activité immunomodulatrice. En général, l'activité anti-inflammatoire moyenne des extraits éthanoliques était 1,8 fois supérieure à celle des extraits d'eau, et l'activité pro-inflammatoire des extraits d'eau était de 3,7 fois supérieure à celle des extraits éthanoliques. Picea mariana et Pinus banksiana étaient les extraits éthanoliques et aqueux avec le plus d’activité anti-inflammatoire, tandis que l'extrait aqueux de Sarracenia purpurea était le plus pro-inflammatoire. Le cône de Picea marina, le médicament traditionnelle Cris le plus anti-inflammatoire, a été soumis à une isolation guidée par essais biologiques. Cela a mené à l'isolement du lignane anti-inflammatoire (+)-lariciresinol-9'-p-coumarate, qui avait une CI50 de 28,4 µM. Ensemble, ces résultats valident les connaissances traditionnelles partagées par nos collaborateurs Q'eqchi' et Cris, et mettent en évidence le potentiel thérapeutique des plantes subtropicales et boréales comme des compléments à la médecine moderne qui sont culturellement appropriées.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-14T14:49:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelodecastrocunhafilho.pdf: 817970 bytes, checksum: 29085ff90e78a162a1e41966d55d33b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-14T15:53:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelodecastrocunhafilho.pdf: 817970 bytes, checksum: 29085ff90e78a162a1e41966d55d33b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-14T15:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelodecastrocunhafilho.pdf: 817970 bytes, checksum: 29085ff90e78a162a1e41966d55d33b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o tratamento legislativo dado pelo direito brasileiro aos casos de biopirataria de conhecimento tradicional. Partindo-se das proposições críticas de Axel Honneth acerca da liberdade e do reconhecimento, desenhou-se um quadro analítico de conceitos, o qual, uma vez aplicado sobre o objeto da pesquisa através do procedimento da análise de conteúdo, permitiu a visualização de um conhecimento latente até então não revelado pela linguagem aparente da legislação. Após a classificação dos requisitos relativos ao acesso e à repartição de benefícios segundo as rubricas “monetárias” e “não-monetárias”, chegou-se à conclusão de que aqueles, relativos ao acesso, reproduzem um espaço potencialmente garantidor da liberdade, ao passo que estes, atinentes à repartição de benefícios, incorporam uma dimensão patológica. Este último caso se deve em virtude de sua elaboração ter cedido à proteção de interesses supostamente universalistas, à semelhança do que ocorre com as trocas econômicas/monetárias, que impedem a realização plena da liberdade nesse espaço social. / This study aims to analyze the Brazilian legal Acts on cases of biopiracy of traditional knowledge. Stemming from Axel Honneth´s critical propositions about freedom and recognition, an analytical framework of concepts is created, which, once applied on the object of the research through the analysis content procedure, enabled the visualization of some latent knowledge which is not revealed by the apparent language of the legislation. After the classification of requirements for access and benefit sharing under the headings "monetary" and "non-monetary", the conclusion is that those requirements, relating to access, reproduce a potentially guarantor space of freedom, whereas these, relating to sharing of benefits, incorporate a pathological dimension. The latter case is derived from the fact that its protection has been elaborated based on supposedly universal interests, similar to what occurs with the economic exchanges, which prevents the fulfillment of freedom in this social space.

Fundamentado na inter-relação dos sistemas naturais, sociais e culturais, esse estudo procurou compreender como se organiza a pesca da manjuba (Anchoviella lepidentostole) em Iguape/ SP, as dinâmicas de apropriação dos espaços produtivos e os conhecimentos envolvidos na prática dessa atividade. Do mesmo modo, objetivou compreender quais os fundamentos que viabilizam o uso compartilhado dos recursos pesqueiros. A partir dessas concepções foram descritas as lógicas comunitárias que permeiam as formas de acesso e exercem a manutenção e a gestão desses espaços.Os contornos do trabalho foram delimitados pelos conhecimentos tradicionais dos pescadores, que, fomentaram, juntamente com as inclinações teóricas utilizadas, o diálogo com o conhecimento cientifico. Buscou-se, dessa forma, valorizar a articulação dos saberes, a interação entre Sociedade e Natureza a fim de colaborar com as discussões contemporâneas sobre o manejo dos recursos naturais. / Based on the ecological, social and cultural interaction, this work has searched for the understanding of Manjuba fishing organization (Anchoviella lepidentostole) in the city of Iguape, (São Paulo Brazil), the dynamic of productive marine space appropriation and the knowledge involved in this practice. At the same time, looked for a comprehension of the fishing resource sharing fundamentals. These concepts were the foundation to the description of the local rules for management that are used by artisanal fishers, and for aspects of territoriality. This work borders were limited by the traditional fishers knowledge, that, together with the theory inclinations foment the scientific knowledge dialog. The final objective was demonstrating the interaction value of the human and nature, include the importance in using local rules for natural fishing resources management.

Despite the important developments that peacebuilding plays in academia on conflict resolution and management, the field remains unexplored in multiple ways. One of the ways that this can be done is through the involvement of women in a domain that is considered to be relatively less inclusive of marginalized groups. The role women can play in negotiating for conflict resolution is significantly emerging as an important debate in peace research work and studies. Relatively little attention has been paid on the relevance of traditional approaches to conflict resolution particularly on the role that women contribute to using such methods. This impacts in balancing gender representation in peacebuilding processes. This research therefore takes a deeper look into the role of women in peacebuilding using the women groups in Casamance, Senegal as the empirical case study. The main objective of this study is to critically analyze the significant role women play as peacebuilders specifically, highlighting the relevance of traditional knowledge of conflict resolution. Hence, the key research question is to empirically reconstruct the role of women in peacebuilding and analyze how the use of traditional methods of conflict resolution has contributed to peacebuilding in Casamance. In this vein, this study employs a qualitative approach to critically analyze the situation in Casamance using semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. This study utilizes the actor network theory (ANT) as the framework for analysis. A core finding of this dissertation reveals a disconnection between the existence of laws and policies on the participation of women in peacebuilding versus recognizing the local practices and initiatives of women groups at the grassroots with regard to implementation. The findings also bring to light the importance of further research in traditional methods of conflict resolution as contributing to peace and security.

La circulation des savoirs traditionnels constitue une problématique juridique qui a fait l’objet de nombreuses réflexions et développements au sein de différents forums depuis les années 1990. Au-delà des évolutions du droit international et des législations nationales, très peu d’attention a été portée sur les contributions normatives des acteurs des milieux universitaires et autochtones. Les autochtones et les chercheurs figurent pourtant parmi les acteurs sociaux qui sont les plus directement concernés par la problématique de la circulation des savoirs traditionnels et potentiellement les plus conscients des enjeux dans ce domaine. Leurs contributions demeurent toutefois dans beaucoup de cas largement sous-estimées et méconnues. C’est pourquoi dans le cadre notre thèse, nous nous sommes lancés dans la collecte, la description et l’analyse de deux grands types de contributions: 1-les démarches globales entreprises à l’échelle des institutions de recherche et des institutions autochtones pour l’encadrement des rapports entre les autochtones et les chercheurs et pour l’accès et l’utilisation des savoirs traditionnels (par exemple les codes éthiques ou les protocoles de recherche); 2- les dispositifs d’encadrement plus ponctuels à l’échelle de projets de recherche spécifiques au moyen de pratiques contractuelles entre les communautés autochtones et les chercheurs. Nous sommes parvenus à identifier 121 instruments parmi lesquels 62 cadres généraux et 59 contrats. / The circulation of traditional knowledge is a legal issue that has been the subject of many reflections and developments in various forums since the 1990s.Beyond the evolutions in international law and national legislation, very little attention has been paid to the normative contributions of researchers and Indigenous people. Yet, they are among the social actors who are most directly concerned by the issue of the circulation of traditional knowledge and potentially the most aware of the challenges in this area. Their contributions, however, remain in many cases largely underestimated and unknown. This is why, as part of our thesis, we have embarked on the collection, description and analysis of two major types of contributions : 1- Comprehensive approaches undertaken at the level of research institutions and Indigenous institutions to monitor relationships between indigenous peoples and researchers (eg ethical codes or research protocols) ; 2- more specific instruments at the scale of specific research projects through contractual practices between the Aboriginal communities and researchers. We managed to identify 121 instruments among which 65 general frameworks and 57 contracts.

Traditional botanical knowledge is the knowledge of how plants are being cultivated and used by the indigenous cultures. Modern western culture exhibits a shortage of traditional and formal botanical knowledge. In this project I took 103 common edible plants found in the grocery store and applied both traditional and formal knowledge in a formal educational format. The purpose was to introduce students to the information that is generally acquired through informal interaction in the home and the community and to address the National and State educational standards. A dichotomous key using plant morphology and anatomy is presented, and is linked to a taxonomic treatment and descriptions of ethnobotany, linguistics, and economic value. Both library citations and numerous web resources are given to supplement the materials. Although not in the scope of this project, it is expected that lesson plans for various grades can be built around this information.

No description available.