This dissertation aims to advance understanding of the social and ecological dynamics that transform riparian forests and the human and non-human communities that depend on riparian resources. The four articles that comprise this dissertation examine the causes and consequences of social-ecological transformations in the riparian zone of the transboundary San Pedro River watershed, located in the Sonoran Desert borderlands of southern Arizona, USA and northern Sonora, Mexico. The research utilizes an interdisciplinary, mixed methods approach that combines interviews with key informants (including natural resource managers, ranchers, local residents, and political figures), archival research and historical document review, spatial analysis and synthesis of binational datasets, and land use classification and change detection at the watershed scale using methods from remote sensing and geographical information systems.This research is motivated by two objectives. First, I aim to examine how shifts in social and ecological systems have transformed riparian spaces in the transboundary San Pedro River watershed. Second, I intend to assess the consequences of these riparian transformations for the human and ecological communities who depend on riparian resources for survival. Based on these two overarching objectives, there are three interrelated research questions that drive the research and analysis presented in the four chapters of this dissertation: 1) How are social-ecological processes at the watershed scale affecting access to water resources in the riparian zone?; 2) How are shifting relations of access to water and riparian-zone resources influencing and differentiating levels of exposure to hazards over space and across time?; and 3) Following a disturbance event, how are capacity to respond and recover from disturbance and expectations of accountability shifting over space and across time? The findings of this research suggest three broad results. First, social processes of accumulation of land and water resources by the state and industry are creating uneven spatial and temporal experiences of water security and insecurity by shifting the amount, timing, and quality of water resources available and who can physically access the riparian zone to derive benefits from riparian resources. Specifically, the three social processes of resource accumulation that I examine are privatization, expropriation, and conservation. Second, transformations in social-ecological system (SES) dynamics and access to riparian resources differentially impact the production of water insecurity (water quality and water quantity) both between and within communities and economic sectors that depend on riparian resources. Third, the ability for local communities and small-scale agricultural producers to cope with increasing water insecurity and respond to disturbance events is decreasing due to three interrelated causes. The first is limited access of local communities to the wealth and adaptive assets produced from natural resource extraction in the region. The second is the shift at the state and community level toward increasing individuation of responsibility for ensuring livelihood security. And the third is a culture of evasion of accountability to remediate ecological degradation within the transnational mining industry.

Theories of transboundary water politics have failed to explain the status quo in many river basins: fragile political relations between riparian states and nationalist domestic politics, as well as weak regional institutions and huge economic inefficiencies – but also an absence of wars over water. This is due to an uncritical approach to scale, power, and geopolitics. It is the purpose of this thesis to address these conceptual gaps by critically evaluating the multiple relationships between the logic of large dams and the politics of international rivers. The meaning of dams, the politics of their operation and construction, and their impact on international relations are much more ambiguous, opaque and complex than existing explanations have suggested so far. In turn, their logic influences, competes with, and contradicts the logic of river basin governance. Dams produce alternative spaces of development, energy, and state power that complement or are superimposed on existing spaces of riparian cooperation. This thesis argues that the contradictions between these spaces explains the geopolitical limbo of many international rivers in the developing world. Drawing from Foucault’s governmentality theory, the literature of critical geopolitics, and post-structural approaches to spatial scale the case-oriented research design of this thesis evaluates two geopolitical processes in contentious transboundary river basins: the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Nile and the operation of the Toktogul Dam in the Kyrgyz stretch of the Syr Darya River. By unpacking these processes, this thesis makes three substantial contributions to existing scholarship. Firstly, it is argued that regional river basin management is essentially a geopolitical project that contradicts the geo-economic imperatives of the dam. Secondly, power and agency in water politics is diffused far beyond the nation-state and can be understood in terms of “network effects”. Thirdly, to marry the concerns of the geopolitical and the geo-economic, I propose that the contrasting logics give rise to “geopolitical entrepreneurs” – actors who use geopolitics for wealth accumulation, legitimacy, nation-building, and other ends. While dams may provide power, wealth, and authority an allegorical Sword of Damocles is let down on the riparians.

The process of environmental impact assessment is a control procedure that aims to summarize and evaluate the impact of a project on the environment at the stage of project planning and thus to reduce its potential negative impacts in the future. One of the main ideas of the EIA process is to avoid since the very beginning problems and confrontation which would otherwise appear in the future in connection with the planned project. This principle is particularly important in cases of transboundary assessment where communication between countries and joint consultations on the project in its early stages of planning might prevent potential conflicts and disruption of mutual relations in the future resulting from an already implemented plan. The cornerstone of a transboundary assessment is the understanding that the harmful effects of a specific project do not stop at the borders of one state, but can reach a territory of many other countries, mutual cooperation in this subject is thus with regard to environmental protection necessary. The necessity of such a cooperation on one hand, as well as its pitfalls and difficulties on the other hand, are illustrated in the case of transboundary EIA between the Czech Republic and Austria, that is specifically in the case of the construction of the nuclear power plant...

O trabalho aqui apresentado busca analisar a centralidade dos recursos hídricos no conflito israelo-palestino e em suas negociações de paz, no que diz respeito à configuração territorial tanto do Estado de Israel quanto de um possível Estado Palestino, a partir da perspectiva da Geografia Política. Partindo desse pressuposto busca discutir questões relacionadas à segurança internacional, à soberania dos Estados, e uma suposta mudança de paradigmas em relação a esses temas a partir da emergência das questões ambientais nas últimas décadas. A discussão acerca das possibilidades de conflitos envolvendo recursos hídricos é de grande relevância. Assim, analisar esse assunto tendo como área de estudo o Estado de Israel e os Territórios Ocupados da Palestina, acrescenta ao tema elementos de maior dramaticidade, devido a diversos fatores tais como a pouca oferta hídrica e a importância estratégica da região, o que decorre de fatores de ordem econômica, política e cultural. A partir de tal recorte regional, foi feita uma análise do conflito num constante variar de escalas, possibilitando assim, compreender os eventos locais desde uma perspectiva da totalidade, de forma que essa compreensão possa servir também como base para estudos de ordem global. Foi possível perceber as dificuldades encontradas pelo povo palestino, bem como as preocupações do Estado de Israel em relação à sua segurança hídrica. A água se torna então um elemento político na disputa por territórios e também nas mesas de negociações do conflito. / This paper aims at analyzing the centrality of water resources in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict, as well as in their peace attempts, regarding the territorial configuration of both State of Israel and a possible Palestinian State, from a Political Geography perspective. Assuming that the water is a central element in the conflict the present paper discusses some issues related to international security, states sovereignty, and a supposed change of paradigm regarding these issues from the emerging environmental discussions in the last decades. The discussion around the possibilities of existing water-related conflicts is surely relevant. Thus, analyzing this subject, having as a case study the State of Israel and the Occupied Territories of Palestine adds some elements that bring more dramaticity to the matter, due to several factors such as water insufficient offer and the region strategic importance, as a result of factors of economical, political and cultural order. From such regional framework, the conflict has been analyzed with a constant shifting of scales, which allows us to understand local events from a global perspective in a way that this comprehension in a regional scale may serve as a background for studies in a global scale. It was possible to notice the difficulties faced by Palestinians, as well as worries of the State of Israel regarding water security. Water then becomes a political element in the struggle for territories and also, in the peace negotiation talks.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar se a cooperação internacional é efetiva para minimizar os conflitos entre os países amazônicos na gestão compartilhada dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços, no período de 1978 a 2007. Em especial, analisa o papel da OTCA para a gestão compartilhada da bacia amazônica, e, como exemplo de gestão dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços localmente, analisa o caso da bacia do rio Acre, localizada na tríplice fronteira entre Bolívia, Brasil e Peru. As bases teóricas desta pesquisa são teorias da geografia política e das relações internacionais. A metodologia está baseada na pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. As divergências tanto sócioeconômica, quanto institucional e de interesses entre os países amazônicos, somadas as dificuldades de financiar os projetos conjuntos para a região amazônica leva os países a dependerem de recursos externos. O projeto de gestão compartilhada da bacia amazônica é uma oportunidade para os países resolverem e prevenirem conflitos pelos recursos hídricos, no entanto, a cooperação entre os países amazônicos ainda é frágil o que dificulta a implementação do projeto. / This work aims to analyse the effectiveness of international cooperation to reduce conflicts among Amazon countries in the management of transboundary water resources, in the period from 1978 to 2007. It analyses the role of the ACTO in the joint management of the Amazon basin, and, as an example of locally management of transboundary water resources, it analyses the case of the Acre river basin, located at the triple boundary of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. This dissertation is based on theories of political geography and international relations. Methodology is based on bibliographical and documental research. Socio-economic, institutional and interests differences among Amazon countries, in combination with difficulties to finance joint projects in the Amazon basin led the countries to a situation of dependence of foreign financing. The Amazon basin joint management project is an opportunity for the countries solve and prevent conflicts for water resources, however, cooperation among Amazon countries is still incipient what complicates the project implementation.

Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-09T18:04:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CRISTIANE SANTIN BARZONI.pdf: 636456 bytes, checksum: 6683d62ae018245addf97caa03627189 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-06-09T18:05:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CRISTIANE SANTIN BARZONI.pdf: 636456 bytes, checksum: 6683d62ae018245addf97caa03627189 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T18:05:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) CRISTIANE SANTIN BARZONI.pdf: 636456 bytes, checksum: 6683d62ae018245addf97caa03627189 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / A anemia infecciosa equina (EIA) é uma doença de equídeos presente no Brasil. O agente é o vírus da EIA (EIAV) e a infecção pode cursar com manifestação clínica ou na forma inaparente. A replicação do EIAV é seguida da incorporação do genoma viral ao DNA celular do hospedeiro. Esta característica torna o equino portador permanente do vírus e a principal fonte de infecção. A transmissão ocorre principalmente por vetores mecânicos (Tabanus spp. e Stomxys spp.) ou de forma iatrogênica pelo uso de seringas, agulhas e material cirúrgico contaminado. A EIA é uma enfermidade de notificação obrigatória ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO) e sujeita ao controle oficial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os focos de EIA identificados, entre os anos de 2009 e 2015, nos munícipios de Itaqui, Maçambará, São Borja e Uruguaiana, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Inicialmente foram identificadas 24 propriedades positivas com 26 equinos sem sinal clínico e cada propriedade foi considerada um foco. Um foco foi identificado em animais transportados ilegalmente da Argentina para o Brasil e todos os outros foram considerados domésticos. Os diagnósticos foram realizados pelo teste de IDGA por ocasião do transporte ou como medidas sanitárias em casos de vínculo com animais positivos. Os estabelecimentos positivos eram fazendas ou hotelaria e os animais infectados utilizados para trabalho, esporte ou reprodução. Quinze focos ocorreram em propriedades não cadastradas no SVO. Somente no ano de 2015 foram diagnósticos 12 dos 24 focos, sendo que no munícipio de São Borja ocorreram nove surtos neste período. Em duas propriedades o resultado inicial não foi confirmado no reteste, fazendo com que estes focos fossem encerrados imediatamente. Em três propriedades durante o saneamento identificou-se outros 12 animais positivos em três propriedades, de uma população de 1.108 susceptíveis. Assim sendo, pode-se concluir que a infecção está presente na região, ocorre de maneira subclínica, associada com animais transportados de forma ilegal. Devido a importância da equideocultura para a região, os achados podem auxiliar nas medidas de prevenção e controle da EIA. / Equine infectious anemia (EIA) is an equine disease present in Brazil. It is caused by EIA virus (EIAV) and infection may produce clinical manifestation or develops without clinical signs. EIAV replication is followed by integration of proviral DNA into host cell chromatin. After infection, the equine become permanent infected and is considered the main source of infection. Transmission occurs mainly through mechanical vectors (Tabanus spp. and Stomxys spp.) or using syringes, needles and surgical material contaminated. EIA is a notifiable disease to the Official Veterinary Service (OVS) and subject to official control. The present study aimed to characterize EIA outbreaks identified during 2009 and 2015 in the municipalities of Itaqui, Maçambará, São Borja and Uruguaiana, at Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Tweenty-four positive properties were detected with 26 healthy horses and each property was considered a focus. One outbreak was identified in horses transported illegally from Argentina to Brazil and all others were considered domestic. The diagnostics were done using IDGA test, previous transportation or as sanitary measures in cases of suspect cases. Outbreaks were identified on farms or baiting place and infected animals were used for working, sports or reproduction. Fifteen foci occurred in properties not registered in the SVO. During 2015 were diagnoses 12 of the 24 outbreaks, and nine focus were identified at São Borja. At two properties, the initial positive result was not confirmed in the retest and were discharged. In three proprieties, the sanitation procedures identified another 12 positives horse out of 1,108 susceptible animals. It can be concluded that the infection is present in the region at low level, occurs subclinically and is associated with illegally animal movement animal. Due to the importance of equines for the region, the findings may help in the prevention and control of EIA.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o conflito diplomático ocorrido entre Brasil e Paraguai nos anos de 2008 e 2009, entendendo-o como um evento que contesta a hidrohegemonia brasileira. As bases teóricas desta pesquisa são conceitos e teorias da geografia política com ênfase na teoria da hidropolítica e no conceito de hidro-hegemonia. A metodologia está baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas. Sob a perspectiva da hidropolítica o conflito diplomático analisado é um evento que compõe o processo de disputa pelo domínio dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços do rio Paraná. Contextualizamos a origem da Itaipu Binacional no processo de disputa entre Brasil e Paraguai pelo domínio desses recursos hídricos transfronteiriços como uma solução interdependente para problemas interdependentes entre Estados vizinhos. Até a ratificação do Tratado de Itaipu a hidro-hegemonia brasileira estava consolidada por meio do controle físico do fluxo hídrico da bacia do Alto Paraná. Após a ratificação desse tratado o Brasil consolida o controle normativo do fluxo hídrico, posto que as bases deste Tratado são as assimetrias existentes entre os Estados. O conflito ocorrido entre 2008 e 2009 buscou reorientar a relação bilateral, com a contestação do exercício do poder material para a superação das divergências na Itaipu Binacional. Isto foi possível por meio do fortalecimento do poder ideacional paraguaio e o consequente fortalecimento do seu poder de negociação. / This work aims to analyze the diplomatic conflict occurred between Brazil and Paraguay in 2008 and 2009, understanding it as an event that challenges the Brazilian hydro-hegemony. The theoretical bases of this research are concepts and theories of political geography with an emphasis on Hydropolitics theory and hydro-hegemony concept. The methodology is based on bibliographical research, documents and interviews. From the perspective of the Hydropolitics this diplomatic conflict is an event that integrates the dispute process to dominate the transboundary water resources of the Parana River. The origin of Itaipu Binacional is contextualized in the process of dispute between Brazil and Paraguay for dominance of these transboundary water resources as an interdependent solution to interdependent problems between neighboring states. Until the ratification of the Itaipu Treaty Brazilian hydro-hegemony was consolidated through physical control of the water flow in the Upper Paraná basin. After the ratification of this treaty Brazil consolidates the regulatory control of the water flow, since the basis of this Treaty are the existing asymmetries between the states. The conflict occurred between 2008 and 2009 sought to reorient the bilateral relationship with the challenge of the exercise of the material power to overcome the divergences in Itaipu. This was possible through the strengthening of the Paraguayan ideational power and the consequent strengthening of their bargaining power.

A gestão das águas subterrâneas transfronteiriças surge como um novo paradigma. Nos dias atuais fala-se muito em mudanças, principalmente na área ambiental, porém, muito pouco tem sido feito a respeito. O grande desafio para a sociedade no século XXI será o modo como pensamos a gestão dos recursos hídricos. Historicamente a gestão dos recursos hídricos tem sido direcionada a expansão da oferta de água, sendo que a única solução encontrada para enfrentarmos a escassez são as grandes obras. Atualmente não existe uma regulamentação internacional especifica para as águas subterrâneas transfronteiriças, esse cenário nos traz uma questão, como o Brasil está preparado? A legislação e os instrumentos de gestão nacionais são fundamentais para o país exercer a sua soberania e não ficar vulnerável a ação de outros Estados. É nesse sentido que, os esforços cooperativos na busca da sustentabilidade e da segurança ambiental internacional concorrem com a concepção clássica de soberania. Hoje o Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) se encontra em um cenário de abundância de água em geral, porém existe um aumento gradual no uso da água, e também, problemas quantitativos por concentração de usos e problemas de contaminação local, ambos em áreas transfronteiriças e nacionais. Existe também uma possível contaminação difusa em áreas de recarga. As políticas para o SAG terão que apontar soluções e alternativas para esses problemas pontuais, a realidade vivida em todos os países com os profundos desequilíbrios sociais, econômicos e ecológicos será posta em questão. Se a Gestão integrada não tiver como objetivo fundamental a superação desses desequilíbrios, seguramente teremos ações políticas meramente ilustrativas. Essa idéia leva a um questionamento fundamental: Os Países estão dispostos a ceder parte de seus possíveis benefícios na procura de um bem comum? / The transboundary groundwater management emerges as a new paradigm. Nowadays there is talk in much change, especially in the environmental area, but very little has been done about it. The great challenge for society in the XXI century will be how we think the water resources management. Historically the water resources management has been directed to expanding the supply of water, and the only solution to tackle the shortage are the major works. Currently there is no specific international regulations for transboundary groundwater, this scenario brings us a question, as Brazil is ready? The legislation and the instruments of nationals management are fundamental to the country exercising its sovereignty and not be vulnerable to actions of other states. That is why the cooperative efforts in the pursuit of sustainability and international environmental safety competition with the classical conception of sovereignty. Today the Guarani Aquifer System (known as the SAG in Spanish and Portuguese) is in a scenario of water abundance in general, but there is a gradual increase in water use, and also quantitative problems for concentration of uses and problems of local contamination, both in transboundary areas and national. There is also a possible diffuse contamination in recharge areas. Policies for the SAG will have to point out solutions and alternatives to these problems, the reality experienced in all countries with deep social, economic and ecological imbalances will be called into question. If the integrated management has not aimed to overcoming these imbalances, we certainly have political action merely illustrative. This idea leads to a fundamental question: The countries are willing to cede part of its possible benefits in seeking a common good?

The rights and obligations of States concerning their shared transboundary groundwates are not fully understood. The primary reasons for this are the complex characteristics and behaviours of groundwater, and the lack of full understanding of its interconnection with the surrounding environment. Consequently, States appear to be reluctant in concluding legally binding arrangements that specifically address this topic. This complexity is further intensified under difficult political situations, whereby the Parties sharing groundwater are unable to foresee the benefits of cooperation concerning this resource. This thesis represents an inquiry into the rules and principles governing the utilization of shared transboundary groundwater, and how cooperative frameworks can be initiated implemented, in the complex political context of the Mountain Aquifer shared between Israel and Palestine. The main objective of this thesis is to achieve an integrative mutually beneficial arrangement in the case of the Mountain Aquifer, based on lessons learnt from international law. The proposal for approaching the problem within the Palestinian-Israeli context is to progressively establish a solid basis for long-term sustainable arrangements. The progressive approach starts with a non-binding flexible arrangement that can serve the short-term need, which gradually builds up into a final legally binding arrangement based on international law.

The current euro crisis is shaped by urgency and actuality. Since it affects a lot of people and different countries, it is also denoted by transboundary effects. Considering these circumstances, the call for quick crisis solution occurs. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the leadership issue during the euro crisis. Based on theoretical principles of crisis leadership, we examine the role and behavior of Germany in the euro crisis. Due to the fact that Germany is currently in a significant position, we narrow down the crisis leadership aspect to this specific view. Providing an overall and thorough picture, we investigate Germany’s leadership in the euro crisis from different perspectives. In order to achieve this purpose, we determine this issue from a political, economical and societal perception, which seem to be the most influencing factors in the case of the euro crisis. By assembling the crucial findings of these separate categories, we gain a broader perspective and hence a generalized evaluation and understanding of the German leadership style.