The purpose of this thesis is to explore the relationship between the impacts of climate change and transboundary water management (TWM) mechanisms. The thesis does so through a case study of the transboundary water agreements between Israel, Palestine and Jordan – states that share the transboundary waters in the Jordan River Basin (JRB), a basin that lies in a region of high political tensions and decreasing precipitation. By using empirical climate data on precipitation, temperature and general climate change projections for the basin, the author seeks to understand how these environmental changes will challenge TWM in the JRB. By using qualitative methods to examine the water agreements through the method of process tracing, the thesis seeks to understand how the water agreements are constructed to handle changes in waterflow due to climate change. The results show that the transboundary mechanisms, the water agreements and Joint Water Committees (JWC), managing the transboundary waters in the JRB, possess weak mechanisms to manage changes in waterflow. As a consequence, the whole basin might experience increasing political pressures in the future over the fulfilment of water allocation provisions. The thesis further suggests that the TWM structures in the case lack awareness and mechanisms to handle climate change impacts. On the other hand, the JWCs have an institutional capacity, expertise, and mandate in managing these potential risks in the future. However, incidents in the past, manifest that decreased waterflow leads to increasing political tensions and conflicts between the states in the basin due to the lack of conflict resolution mechanisms in the TWM structures. In order to establish a sustainable TWM in the JRB, the suggested recommendation is that climate change impacts ought to be embedded into the water agreements by incorporating flexible mechanisms for water allocation. In addition, the conflict resolution mechanisms should be strengthened.

It is recognised by society that freshwater resources play a major role in economic development and in maintaining life supporting ecosystems services. Transboundary river basins cover about 45% of the earth’s land surface and their governance is therefore of critical importance. Transboundary freshwater resources are considered a common-pool resource. Collective action is therefore needed in order to supply both public and private goods from these resources but is yet in short supply. This thesis intends to analyse a complementary framework to the common Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach with the objective of enhancing investments in collective action to address this dilemma. Results indicate that transboundary water resources management in itself can be identified as a regional public good. The results also indicate that IWRM has been promoted as a standard management concept; often without first having identified and agreed the objectives of the intended multiple uses of water. Outcomes related to IWRM at the transboundary scale are therefore difficult to identify and evidence points towards continued water quality degradation at a global scale and development opportunities not achieved. Two different tools for how to assess the generation of benefits from cooperation are presented in this thesis including an institutional assessment framework adapted to transboundary institutions. Together these steps make up an outcome-driven approach that clarifies the value of water in all management and development stages. Through such an outcome-driven approach, water issues can provide the incentives necessary in order to identify cooperative paths and thus become important factors in negotiations to establish effective regional governance regimes. This would take the broader political, economic and geographical context into consideration thus supporting a process towards more integration of interests between countries.

Thesis (M. Env. St.)--University of Adelaide, Mawson Graduate Centre for Environmental Studies, 1999. / Bibliography: leaves 91-96.

Introduction In sub-Saharan Africa, rapid urbanisation and per capita consumption of animal source foods are expected to accelerate in the short-medium term and to increase the movements of live animals and animal products in the region. In Cameroon, where the livelihood of most of the rural population depends on the agricultural and livestock sector, a wide range of endemic transboundary infectious diseases (TADs) affect livestock production and trade, and have direct detrimental effects on animal, human and environmental health. Livestock mobility represents a central economic activity in the livestock value chain of the country as well as a central strategy of seasonal adaptation to the ecosystem. Livestock movements, however, are also a central driver of infectious diseases dynamics and contacts between livestock populations are major risk factors for disease introduction and circulation. In countries where financial and technical resources are constrained, such as Cameroon, strategic interventions aiming at the surveillance and control of multiple infectious diseases simultaneously are essential for optimising their cost-effectiveness. The overall aim of this study was to apply a methodological framework to contribute to the understanding of cattle movements in Cameroon and of their implications for disease circulation. Methods This project used a variety of epidemiological and statistical methods to characterise cattle movements in the country across different scales. The collection of primary data and information targeted both the formal cattle trade system, across the country, and the informal seasonal transhumance, across the main livestock production areas. Between September 2014 and May 2015 diverse strategies were applied for collecting empirical data and various data sources from multiple Regions of the country were combined. Cattle trade in Cameroon mainly occurs via multiple trading points owned and managed either by the veterinary authorities or the municipalities. A total of 62 livestock markets, and the relevant offices of the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Products (MINEPIA), were targeted for collecting official data on cattle trade referring to a 12-month period ranging between September 2013 and August 2014. Additionally, a questionnaire-based survey with the various livestock markets stakeholders (herders, traders, butchers and veterinary officials) was carried out to collect a variety of information on the cattle market system. During this 9-month period of field work, data on cattle seasonal transhumance were simultaneously collected using a combination of GPS-tracking technology and questionnaire-based survey. Results Volumes of cattle trade, the type of traded animals and their commercial values varied over the year and across the Regions of the country included in this study. Nevertheless, the market supply of live cattle showed similar temporal trends over the year and across the Regions. Although for almost the entire study area the peak of traded animals in the market system was in December 2013, the trade volume was consistently higher during the rainy season (May to September). On the contrary, the reduction in the trade volume during the dry season was accompanied by an opposite trend in the cattle price, with their commercial value being higher during the dry season. Furthermore, a cattle price differential was highlighted between production Regions and high consumption Regions of the country. The highest volume of cattle trade was recorded in the Adamawa Region, which was the main source of cattle for the country while also receiving animals from neighbouring countries, such as Chad and Central African Republic. In contrast, major urban markets in the Littoral and Central Regions were the main receivers of cattle originating from almost all the other areas of the country. Interestingly, the North-West Region appeared to be more independent and isolated within the cattle trade network of Cameroon, particularly receiving few animals from other Regions. Importantly, there was little variation in the structural characteristics of the cattle trade network as well as in its properties across seasons, showing that, despite the seasonality in traded numbers, the network of cattle moving between markets in Cameroon is very stable. This consistent structure of the network over the year increases the robustness of strategic targeted interventions. We found that targeting the top 20% of the most connected markets would significantly reduce the network cohesiveness providing opportunities for strategic disease surveillance, communication and risk mitigation interventions. The centrality of the market within the trading network was also found to be positively associated with the price of live cattle, which tended to be heavily affected by phenotypic characteristics of the traded cattle. The seasonal cattle transhumance has been found as a common and widespread practice for herders attending the market system across whole the study area, highlighting the close relation between formal trading movements and informal pastoral movements across the country. Transhumant herds were observed to undertake migrations across multiple Regions for period exceeding 6 months and showing the potential for multiple types of interactions with domestic and wild animals. Discussion Multiple livestock infectious diseases were identified as being related to the cattle trade system. As neighbouring and non-neighbouring countries were found to be epidemiologically connected it is clear that national strategies for surveillance and control are likely to have limited effectiveness. Regional coordination for designing and implementing prevention and mitigation strategies against infectious diseases is essential to improve animal health also at national level. This study highlights the opportunity for strategic surveillance, control and communication interventions targeting key livestock markets and Regions of Cameroon. Live cattle price and centrality of markets, represented by their connectedness within the trading network, highlights the need to further investigate the links between economic factors and drivers of disease dynamics, such as livestock movements. The complexity of cattle movements in this context was further evidenced by the seasonal transhumance representing an established common mechanism for managing livestock, and closely interacting with the formal trading system as well as with other domestic and wild animal populations. Better data collection and analysis of livestock movements is required for improving the effectiveness of surveillance and control of infectious diseases. Although animal identification and registration systems would represent an ideal step for increasing traceability of cattle movements, enhancing animal health management and the overall competitiveness of the livestock industry, in the short-term a cost-effective intervention should aim at further developing the current data recording and management systems. Pastoralism, for long seen as an economic and environmental activity with little future, also needs to be acknowledged as a key component of the livestock production system in the country and to be considered accordingly in the management of infectious diseases.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o conflito diplomático ocorrido entre Brasil e Paraguai nos anos de 2008 e 2009, entendendo-o como um evento que contesta a hidrohegemonia brasileira. As bases teóricas desta pesquisa são conceitos e teorias da geografia política com ênfase na teoria da hidropolítica e no conceito de hidro-hegemonia. A metodologia está baseada em pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e entrevistas. Sob a perspectiva da hidropolítica o conflito diplomático analisado é um evento que compõe o processo de disputa pelo domínio dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços do rio Paraná. Contextualizamos a origem da Itaipu Binacional no processo de disputa entre Brasil e Paraguai pelo domínio desses recursos hídricos transfronteiriços como uma solução interdependente para problemas interdependentes entre Estados vizinhos. Até a ratificação do Tratado de Itaipu a hidro-hegemonia brasileira estava consolidada por meio do controle físico do fluxo hídrico da bacia do Alto Paraná. Após a ratificação desse tratado o Brasil consolida o controle normativo do fluxo hídrico, posto que as bases deste Tratado são as assimetrias existentes entre os Estados. O conflito ocorrido entre 2008 e 2009 buscou reorientar a relação bilateral, com a contestação do exercício do poder material para a superação das divergências na Itaipu Binacional. Isto foi possível por meio do fortalecimento do poder ideacional paraguaio e o consequente fortalecimento do seu poder de negociação. / This work aims to analyze the diplomatic conflict occurred between Brazil and Paraguay in 2008 and 2009, understanding it as an event that challenges the Brazilian hydro-hegemony. The theoretical bases of this research are concepts and theories of political geography with an emphasis on Hydropolitics theory and hydro-hegemony concept. The methodology is based on bibliographical research, documents and interviews. From the perspective of the Hydropolitics this diplomatic conflict is an event that integrates the dispute process to dominate the transboundary water resources of the Parana River. The origin of Itaipu Binacional is contextualized in the process of dispute between Brazil and Paraguay for dominance of these transboundary water resources as an interdependent solution to interdependent problems between neighboring states. Until the ratification of the Itaipu Treaty Brazilian hydro-hegemony was consolidated through physical control of the water flow in the Upper Paraná basin. After the ratification of this treaty Brazil consolidates the regulatory control of the water flow, since the basis of this Treaty are the existing asymmetries between the states. The conflict occurred between 2008 and 2009 sought to reorient the bilateral relationship with the challenge of the exercise of the material power to overcome the divergences in Itaipu. This was possible through the strengthening of the Paraguayan ideational power and the consequent strengthening of their bargaining power.

Submitted by Wagner Junior (wagner.junior@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-20T19:46:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Giuliano_Silveira_Derrosso_2018.pdf: 4863808 bytes, checksum: 2940a6b40ab49a2ffed85a6e78648343 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T19:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Giuliano_Silveira_Derrosso_2018.pdf: 4863808 bytes, checksum: 2940a6b40ab49a2ffed85a6e78648343 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-06 / The objective of this research is to understand how transboundary experiences occur in the TTI - Transboundary Territorialities of Iguassu, encompassing the border between Foz do Iguaçu (BR), Ciudad del Est (PY) and Puerto Iguazú (AR). Based on this principle, documentary research was carried out to analyze the development process of territoriality in its economic, geographic, political and social aspects and semi-structured interviews individuals born in the border establishes relationships between cross-border living and aspects related to territoriality. As a theoretical contribution, authors from different areas of knowledge were used to discuss the concept of territoriality, borders and cross-border. From that point on, evidence was presented of the constitution of a transboundary territoriality, emphasizing the aspects of integration in the relationship between the three countries of the border. And in the same way that this integration will be observed in social economic aspects, it was possible to establish the parameters of a cross-border living, an experience built in the daily life of a territoriality where the individual's perception of borders is not related to the limits imposed by the states -nation. As characteristics of this cross-border living one can observe the aspects of the multiperience, of the multipropriations of identity, of the mobility-freedom binomial, of adaptability and flexibility, of the sense of universality, of approximations and confrontations, and of being-between. All these conditions point to the existence of specific characteristics of a transformer life based on diversity and tolerance of the other and built in the daily life of the inhabitants of this territoriality. From the point of view of individuals, the boundaries are not perceived as a limit, but rather as opportunities for (dis) encounters, confrontations, approximations, and especially of ongoing (de) identifications that favor a greater approximation to the more tolerant, diverse and universal. / El objetivo de esta investigación es comprender cómo ocurren las vivencias transfronterizas en las TTI - Territorialidades Transfronterizas del Iguassu, englobando la frontera entre Foz do Iguaçu (BR), Ciudad del Est (PY) y Puerto Iguazú (AR). A partir de este principio, se realizaron investigaciones documentales buscando analizar el proceso de desarrollo de la territorialidad en sus aspectos económicos, geográficos, políticos y sociales y entrevistas semiestructuradas individuos nacidos en la frontera establece relaciones entre la vivencia transfronteriza y los aspectos relacionados con la territorialidad. Como aporte teórico fueron utilizados autores de diferentes áreas del conocimiento para la discusión del concepto de territorialidad, de fronteras y del transfronterizo. A partir de ahí, se señalaron evidencias de constitución de una territorialidad transfronteriza, enfatizando los aspectos de integración en la relación entre los tres países de la frontera. Y de la misma forma que se observará esta integración en aspectos económicos sociales, fue posible establecer los parámetros de un vivir transfronterizo, una vivencia construida en el cotidiano de una territorialidad donde la percepción de las fronteras por parte del individuo no está relacionada con los límites impuestos por los Estados-nação. Como características de este vivir transfronterizo se pueden observar los aspectos del multipertencimiento, de las multiapropiedades identitarias, del binomio movilidad-libertad, de la adaptabilidad y flexibilidad, del sentido de universalidad, de las aproximaciones y confrontaciones y del estar-entre. Todas estas condiciones apuntan a la existencia de características específicas de una vida transfornteriza basada en la diversidad y la tolerancia al otro y construida en el día a día de los habitantes de esta territorialidad. Desde el punto de vista de los individuos, las fronteras no se perciben como límite, sino como oportunidades de (des) encuentros, enfrentamientos, aproximaciones y principalmente de (des) identificaciones en curso, que favorecen una aproximación mayor a la realidad humana, más tolerante, diversa y universal. / O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender como ocorrem as vivências transfronteiriças nas TTI – Territorialidades Transfronteiriças do Iguassu, englobando a fronteira entre Foz do Iguaçu (BR), Ciudad del Est (PY) e Puerto Iguazú (AR). A partir deste objetivo foram realizadas pesquisas documentais procurando identificar aspectos econômicos, sociais, culturais, geográficos e históricos das TTI e também entrevistas semiestruturadas com indivíduos que nasceram nesta territorialidade para compreender como ocorrem suas vivências transfronteiriças. Como aporte teórico, foram utilizados autores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento para a discussão do conceito de territorialidade, de fronteiras e do transfronteiriço. A partir daí, foram apontadas evidências de constituição da territorialidade transfronteiriça, enfatizando os aspectos de integração no relacionamento entre os três países da fronteira. E da mesma forma que foi observada esta integração em aspectos econômicos sociais, foi possível estabelecer os parâmetros do viver transfronteiriço, vivência construída no cotidiano da territorialidade onde a percepção das fronteiras por parte dos indivíduos não está relacionada com os limites impostos pelos Estados-nação. Como características deste viver transfronteiriço pode-se observar os aspectos do multipertencimento, das multiapropriações identitárias, do binômio mobilidade-liberdade, da adaptabilidade e flexibilidade, do senso de universalidade, das aproximações e confrontos e do estar-entre. Todas essas condições apontam para a existência de características específicas da vida transfronteiriça baseada na diversidade e na tolerância ao outro e construída no dia a dia dos habitantes desta territorialidade. Do ponto de vista dos indivíduos, as fronteiras não são percebidas como limite, mas sim como oportunidades de (des)encontros, confrontos, aproximações e principalmente de (des)identificações em curso, que favorecem uma aproximação maior à realidade humana, mais tolerante, diversa e universal.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem como finalidade comparar as políticas indigenistas brasileiras e guyanenses voltadas à demarcação de terras, ao autossustento, à educação e à seguridade social. Tem o intuito de perceber a relação entre nacionalidade e acesso a essas políticas por indígenas tranfronteiriços, cujos territórios étnicos foram sobrepostos por uma fronteira nacional. Para tanto, procurou-se compreender as relações dos povos indígenas no contexto histórico de formação dos Estados nacionais brasileiro e guyanense e a delimitação da fronteira entre estes. Compreender, também, o contexto socioeconômico contemporâneo desses países no qual se ambientam as políticas indigenistas e as implicações de nacionalidade para acesso às políticas nacionais por indígenas transfronteiriços. / This dissertation aims to compare the Brazilian and Guyanese indigenous policies focused on land demarcation, self-sustain, education and social security. It has the intention of perceiving the relation between nationality and the access to these policies by transboundary indians, which ethnic territories has been overlapped by a national border. To do so, it was sought to comprehend the relations among the indigenous peoples in the historical context of Brazilian and Guyanese national State formation and the contemporary socioeconomic context of these countries in which take place the indigenous policies and the implications of nationality to access the national policies by transboundary indians.

O trabalho aqui apresentado busca analisar a centralidade dos recursos hídricos no conflito israelo-palestino e em suas negociações de paz, no que diz respeito à configuração territorial tanto do Estado de Israel quanto de um possível Estado Palestino, a partir da perspectiva da Geografia Política. Partindo desse pressuposto busca discutir questões relacionadas à segurança internacional, à soberania dos Estados, e uma suposta mudança de paradigmas em relação a esses temas a partir da emergência das questões ambientais nas últimas décadas. A discussão acerca das possibilidades de conflitos envolvendo recursos hídricos é de grande relevância. Assim, analisar esse assunto tendo como área de estudo o Estado de Israel e os Territórios Ocupados da Palestina, acrescenta ao tema elementos de maior dramaticidade, devido a diversos fatores tais como a pouca oferta hídrica e a importância estratégica da região, o que decorre de fatores de ordem econômica, política e cultural. A partir de tal recorte regional, foi feita uma análise do conflito num constante variar de escalas, possibilitando assim, compreender os eventos locais desde uma perspectiva da totalidade, de forma que essa compreensão possa servir também como base para estudos de ordem global. Foi possível perceber as dificuldades encontradas pelo povo palestino, bem como as preocupações do Estado de Israel em relação à sua segurança hídrica. A água se torna então um elemento político na disputa por territórios e também nas mesas de negociações do conflito. / This paper aims at analyzing the centrality of water resources in the Israeli- Palestinian conflict, as well as in their peace attempts, regarding the territorial configuration of both State of Israel and a possible Palestinian State, from a Political Geography perspective. Assuming that the water is a central element in the conflict the present paper discusses some issues related to international security, states sovereignty, and a supposed change of paradigm regarding these issues from the emerging environmental discussions in the last decades. The discussion around the possibilities of existing water-related conflicts is surely relevant. Thus, analyzing this subject, having as a case study the State of Israel and the Occupied Territories of Palestine adds some elements that bring more dramaticity to the matter, due to several factors such as water insufficient offer and the region strategic importance, as a result of factors of economical, political and cultural order. From such regional framework, the conflict has been analyzed with a constant shifting of scales, which allows us to understand local events from a global perspective in a way that this comprehension in a regional scale may serve as a background for studies in a global scale. It was possible to notice the difficulties faced by Palestinians, as well as worries of the State of Israel regarding water security. Water then becomes a political element in the struggle for territories and also, in the peace negotiation talks.

A gestão das águas subterrâneas transfronteiriças surge como um novo paradigma. Nos dias atuais fala-se muito em mudanças, principalmente na área ambiental, porém, muito pouco tem sido feito a respeito. O grande desafio para a sociedade no século XXI será o modo como pensamos a gestão dos recursos hídricos. Historicamente a gestão dos recursos hídricos tem sido direcionada a expansão da oferta de água, sendo que a única solução encontrada para enfrentarmos a escassez são as grandes obras. Atualmente não existe uma regulamentação internacional especifica para as águas subterrâneas transfronteiriças, esse cenário nos traz uma questão, como o Brasil está preparado? A legislação e os instrumentos de gestão nacionais são fundamentais para o país exercer a sua soberania e não ficar vulnerável a ação de outros Estados. É nesse sentido que, os esforços cooperativos na busca da sustentabilidade e da segurança ambiental internacional concorrem com a concepção clássica de soberania. Hoje o Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) se encontra em um cenário de abundância de água em geral, porém existe um aumento gradual no uso da água, e também, problemas quantitativos por concentração de usos e problemas de contaminação local, ambos em áreas transfronteiriças e nacionais. Existe também uma possível contaminação difusa em áreas de recarga. As políticas para o SAG terão que apontar soluções e alternativas para esses problemas pontuais, a realidade vivida em todos os países com os profundos desequilíbrios sociais, econômicos e ecológicos será posta em questão. Se a Gestão integrada não tiver como objetivo fundamental a superação desses desequilíbrios, seguramente teremos ações políticas meramente ilustrativas. Essa idéia leva a um questionamento fundamental: Os Países estão dispostos a ceder parte de seus possíveis benefícios na procura de um bem comum? / The transboundary groundwater management emerges as a new paradigm. Nowadays there is talk in much change, especially in the environmental area, but very little has been done about it. The great challenge for society in the XXI century will be how we think the water resources management. Historically the water resources management has been directed to expanding the supply of water, and the only solution to tackle the shortage are the major works. Currently there is no specific international regulations for transboundary groundwater, this scenario brings us a question, as Brazil is ready? The legislation and the instruments of nationals management are fundamental to the country exercising its sovereignty and not be vulnerable to actions of other states. That is why the cooperative efforts in the pursuit of sustainability and international environmental safety competition with the classical conception of sovereignty. Today the Guarani Aquifer System (known as the SAG in Spanish and Portuguese) is in a scenario of water abundance in general, but there is a gradual increase in water use, and also quantitative problems for concentration of uses and problems of local contamination, both in transboundary areas and national. There is also a possible diffuse contamination in recharge areas. Policies for the SAG will have to point out solutions and alternatives to these problems, the reality experienced in all countries with deep social, economic and ecological imbalances will be called into question. If the integrated management has not aimed to overcoming these imbalances, we certainly have political action merely illustrative. This idea leads to a fundamental question: The countries are willing to cede part of its possible benefits in seeking a common good?

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar se a cooperação internacional é efetiva para minimizar os conflitos entre os países amazônicos na gestão compartilhada dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços, no período de 1978 a 2007. Em especial, analisa o papel da OTCA para a gestão compartilhada da bacia amazônica, e, como exemplo de gestão dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços localmente, analisa o caso da bacia do rio Acre, localizada na tríplice fronteira entre Bolívia, Brasil e Peru. As bases teóricas desta pesquisa são teorias da geografia política e das relações internacionais. A metodologia está baseada na pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. As divergências tanto sócioeconômica, quanto institucional e de interesses entre os países amazônicos, somadas as dificuldades de financiar os projetos conjuntos para a região amazônica leva os países a dependerem de recursos externos. O projeto de gestão compartilhada da bacia amazônica é uma oportunidade para os países resolverem e prevenirem conflitos pelos recursos hídricos, no entanto, a cooperação entre os países amazônicos ainda é frágil o que dificulta a implementação do projeto. / This work aims to analyse the effectiveness of international cooperation to reduce conflicts among Amazon countries in the management of transboundary water resources, in the period from 1978 to 2007. It analyses the role of the ACTO in the joint management of the Amazon basin, and, as an example of locally management of transboundary water resources, it analyses the case of the Acre river basin, located at the triple boundary of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. This dissertation is based on theories of political geography and international relations. Methodology is based on bibliographical and documental research. Socio-economic, institutional and interests differences among Amazon countries, in combination with difficulties to finance joint projects in the Amazon basin led the countries to a situation of dependence of foreign financing. The Amazon basin joint management project is an opportunity for the countries solve and prevent conflicts for water resources, however, cooperation among Amazon countries is still incipient what complicates the project implementation.