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« La maternalité est à la maternité ce que la réalité interne est à la réalité externe ». Nombre d’auteurs ont décrit les mouvements et remaniements psychiques, notamment identitaires, inhérents à la maternité et montré combien ce processus était complexe. Mais elle est aussi une « expérience complètement singulière » chaque fois et pour chacune. Comment comprendre l’expérience psychique singulière de la maternité chez une femme à travers des naissances successives ? Je propose de développer deux hypothèses de travail et de les mettre à l’épreuve à travers quatre situations cliniques.La première hypothèse renvoie à la transmission psychique entre les générations. L’existence d’un maillage unique de scénarios transgénérationnels se jouant avec chacun des enfants, participe de cette singularité de la maternalité à travers des naissances successives. Nous montrerons comment des expériences passées d’ascendants deviennent des scénarios fantasmatiques organisateurs se rejouant de génération en génération, se différenciant à chaque fois, et participant alors à la singularité de la maternalité.La seconde hypothèse repose sur l’idée d’une bisexualité psychique en mouvement à travers les maternités successives comme éclairage à sa singularité. La bisexualité psychique de l’individu ne serait pas figée une fois pour toute, chaque maternité remanierait la bisexualité psychique de la femme, les intrications des dispositions masculines et féminines de la femme s’articulant différemment à chaque naissance. Une bisexualité psychique unique et singulière à chaque fois comme éclairage à la singularité de la maternalité. De plus, aux prises avec une imago maternelle phallique, certaines femmes envisageraient l’un de leurs enfants comme un fétiche, moyen de maintenir intact le fantasme de bisexualité psychique d’être tout (sujet et objet, femme et homme). / "The maternality motherhood is that the internal to the external reality is reality". Many authors have described the movements and psychic alterations, including identity inherent in motherhood and showed how this process was complex. But it is also a "completely unique experience" each time and for each. How to understand the unique psychological experience of motherhood in a woman through successive births? I propose to develop two working hypotheses and put them to the test in four clinical situations.The first hypothesis refers to the psychic transmission between generations. The existence of a single mesh of generational scenarios are playing with each child, part of this singularity of maternality through successive births. We will show how past experiences of ancestors become fantastical scenarios organizers replaying generations, differing each time, and then participating in the singularity of maternality.The second assumption is based on the idea of psychic bisexuality moving through successive maternity as lighting his uniqueness. Psychic bisexuality of the individual is not fixed once and for all, each maternity redraft psychic bisexuality in women, the intricacies of male and female provisions of articulating different woman every birth. A unique and singular psychic bisexuality every time lighting as the singularity of maternality. In addition, faced with a phallic mother imago, some women consider one of their children as a fetish way of keeping intact the fantasy of psychic bisexuality to be any (subject and object, man and woman).

No description available.

The synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) of concern due to its persistent nature and widespread presence in the aquatic environment. In mammals, effects of developmental EDC exposure on reproduction and behavior not only persist to adulthood after discontinued exposure, but are also inherited by several consecutive unexposed generations. The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that non-reproductive behavior in fish is highly sensitive to the influence of EE2 during development and the effects do not appear to be restored after a long recovery period in clean water. We have shown that exposure to low doses of EE2 during development results in increased anxiety in two fish species (zebrafish and guppy) and their offspring. We have also demonstrated that the effects of EE2 on anxiety are apparent in both sexes and are transgenerationally transmitted to two consecutive generations of unexposed offspring in the guppy. In order to investigate the possible biological mechanisms of the observed persistent effects on non-reproductive behavior, we also performed an RNA sequencing analysis of the whole-brain transcriptome in developmentally exposed zebrafish after remediation in clean water until adulthood. Differential expression of 33 genes in males and 62 genes in females were observed as a result of EE2 exposure, with only one gene affected in both sexes. Functional analysis revealed cholesterol biosynthesis and circadian rhythm to be the top two affected pathways in males and females, respectively. Both pathways have previously been implicated in anxiety behavior and represent possible candidates connecting the transcriptome alterations to the observed behavioral phenotype. The study represents an initial survey of the fish brain transcriptome by means of RNA sequencing after long-term recovery from developmental exposure to an estrogenic compound.

This study examines the development of a local history education, as taught in the compulsory levels of primary, middle and high school in Åland. The Åland islands have had a unique status of autonomy within the state of Finland since 1922, when the islands, after the Finnish independence from Russia, wished to reunite with Sweden but were made autonomous as a compromise. Åland therefore controls its own education system. This essay examines how the contents of school history have been adjusted to a regional interpretation and meaning of the past. The empirical sources are schoolbooks, school curricula, archive documents regarding education, and interviews with teachers, schoolbook authors and officials. The period examined is from 1922 until today. The aim is to show how an understanding of the past correlates with a changing present situation, how the past is made meaningful and embedded in the local region, and how these processes are connected to the formation of a collective identity and its continuation. This is done by integrating theories of collective memory mediation, national identity processes and didactic theories focusing on history as taught in school.

The aim of this thesis is to understand the phenomenon of succession among South Asian small family businesses based in Scotland. It explores the reluctance of the younger generation towards choosing family businesses as their careers. The thesis aims to understand the career orientation of potential inheritors leading to succession or a lack of succession by understanding their socialisation process. Thereby it integrates the literatures of family business succession, socialisation and career development. The thesis presents a conceptual framework of the nature/interaction of factors such as personal factors, familial, cultural, those pertaining to the economic environment, education and family business factors, its effects on Career Orientation and choice of Career pathways leading to succession or not among ethnic minority small family enterprises. This is presented in the context of the changing economic, social and cultural environment in which these businesses operate. Research questions focus on understanding the process of socialisation in a dual cultural context i.e. Asian as well as British, its effects on career orientations and most importantly on Asian family business succession. Although family business succession is presented as a widely researched subject area, this thesis particularly highlights the gaps arising due to an understanding that has specifically developed in the past from the founder or incumbent owners’ perspective. This thesis researched from the perspective of the potential inheritor, to understand the process of socialisation and its effects on career orientation leading to succession in Asian family businesses and contributes to fulfilling the theoretical gap in the literature. The focus of the empirical research is the Scotland based Asian community owned small retail businesses that are family owned. Succession is important for continuity and failure to succeed are seen to have adverse effects on the long term inter-generational continuity. At the same time succession among the second generation is looked at as a career choice which is influenced by a career decision making process. Hence a conceptual framework is necessary that looks at the concepts of socialisation, career decision making and succession together. Having the family and business interdependent in this complex system, it is not just the economic environment that shapes these factors, but also the dynamics within the family, society and community pressures, religion, a conflicting multigeneration perspective on business, culture and life in the UK. These demand a qualitative methodology, using personal interviews with both old and young generations and key informants as well as informal conversations with members of the community for sample selection, data collection and theory generation. The data collection process was guided by the newly formulated theoretical framework. Data was categorised as per themes from the framework and coded into categories in order to understand the process of socialisation and career orientation. This was then used to draw out the various career pathways that the individuals selected providing an understanding of reluctance towards joining the family business. The findings revealed that integrating the concepts of socialisation, career development and orientation provided a greater understanding of the process of decision making about succession among potential inheritors from Asian small family businesses. However, a number of other themes emerged from the findings, these are an emphasis on work-life balance as key to decision making. In addition, other themes that emerged were increased desire for paternal bonding, status and prestige from chosen careers, boundedness due to Asian stereotype, and parental or societal pressure and expectations. Moreover, trans-generational entrepreneurial continuity emerged as an important theme in which the older as well as the younger generation realised alternatives to continuing the existing family business and that true succession possibly is the transfer of entrepreneurial skills and abilities, something that the older generation developed and utilised when starting their own businesses as migrants. The thesis makes a contribution to the theoretical understanding of succession among South Asian family businesses. The findings emphasise the understanding of the succession process as a career decision making process particularly when looked at from the potential inheritors’ perspective. It also contributes to the socialisation literature by developing the multi-dimensional understanding of bi-cultural identity formation due to the dual impact of factors such as culture, religion, peers, family and broader society. This thesis also makes recommendations to policy by suggesting a conscious shift in policy orientation from the traditional first generation migrant to the young generation British Asian child of a migrant who due to their different socialisation has unique needs and orientations. The thesis recommends, on the basis of findings, for policy to be sensitive to the needs of the younger generation and for it to be focused on developing self-employment among this new generation of Asians.

L’héritage épigénétique transgénérationnelle est un phénomène très controversé, selon lequel un phénotype non-génétiquement déterminé peut être transmis à la génération suivante. Jusqu'à présent, ce mode de transmission a été décrit dans quelques cas et il a été suggéré que les composants de la chromatine peuvent être impliqués, y compris des protéines du groupe Polycomb, qui agissent comme des répresseurs de gènes clés du développement et coordonnent la différenciation cellulaire et la prolifération. Les mécanismes moléculaires à la base du rôle de la répression génique Polycomb-dépendante à hérédité épigénétique transgénérationnelle sont loin d'être compris. Par conséquent, j’ai développé un système expérimental chez Drosophila melanogaster pour induire un héritage épigénétique transgénérationnelle stable, dans lequel des états d'expression génique alternatifs peuvent être transmis en présence de la même séquence d'ADN. A partir de ces « épilignes » stables, j’ai pu disséquer certaines des propriétés génétiques des épiallèles induits, tels que leur héritage quantitatif et leur capacité à communiquer à longue distance. En outre, les épiallèles montrent une synergie dans leur expression et transmission héréditaire. L'une des signatures moléculaires des épiallèles est une différence de répression médiée par les complexes Polycomb et par leur marque d’histone caractéristique. Cette distribution différente est indépendante de l’activité transcriptionnelles des gènes en aval, au moins dans un stade de développement précoce, et pourrait influer l'organisation tridimensionnelle du locus impliqué. Curieusement Ago2, un composant de la voie ARNi, a été montré interagir avec les épiallèles génétiquement et la protéine Ago2 se fixe directement à leur chromatine, ce qui indique un rôle possible pour le ncRNAs dans l'expression des épiallèles et éventuellement dans leur transmission. Ces résultats plaident en faveur e l’existence d’une hérédité épigénétique transgénérationnelle stable chez les métazoaires et fournissent un modèle qui se prête à une dissection moléculaire de ce phénomène. / Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is a hotly debated phenomenon whereby a non-genetically determined phenotype can be transmitted to the next generation. So far, this mode of inheritance has been described in few cases and it was suggested that chromatin components might be involved, including Polycomb group proteins, which act as repressors of key developmental genes and coordinate cell differentiation and proliferation. The molecular mechanisms linking Polycomb-mediated silencing to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance are far from being understood. Therefore, I developed an experimental system in Drosophila melanogaster to induce stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, in which alternative gene expression states can be transmitted in the presence of the same DNA sequence. Starting from these highly stable “epilines”, I could dissect some of the genetic properties of the induced epialleles, such as their quantitative inheritance and their ability to trans-communicate. Moreover, the epialleles displayed synergy in their expression and transmission. One of the molecular signatures of the epialleles is the differential presence of the Polycomb repressive complexes and their related epigenetic marks. This different distribution is independent of the transcriptional activity of the downstream genes, at least in an early developmental stage, and could influence the three-dimensional organization of the locus involved. Intriguingly Ago2, an RNAi pathway component, has been found to genetically interact with the epialleles and to be directly bound on their chromatin, indicating a possible role for the ncRNAs in the expression of the epialleles and possibly in their transmission. These results make a case for strong and stable transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in metazoan and provide a model that is amenable for the molecular dissection of this phenomenon.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-03T18:25:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Mendon?a Netto Jobim.pdf: 2312664 bytes, checksum: b9e51b7bf56f9bfc3fabc284e20448e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T18:25:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Mendon?a Netto Jobim.pdf: 2312664 bytes, checksum: b9e51b7bf56f9bfc3fabc284e20448e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Anxiety is one of the most common psychiatric disorder in society. This disorders may occur as a result of an individual?s inability to face a stress event (physical or emotional), which can happen in youth or adulthood. The exposure to stressors during the perinatal period can cause consequences for life. Thus environmental enrichment is used either as preventive or attenuating stressor events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavioural response related to anxiety on the offspring of females mice raised in an enriched environment during their perinatal period. Experimentally was created male and female groups during tree generation (F0, F1 and F2). Animals was raised in standard environment (P) and enriched environment (E) in F0. In the next generation (F1), females that was born in E was placed to P and composed the E-P group. Therefore, in F2 we had the P, E-P and E group. This group had their maternal behavior observed, submitted to behavioral models, plasmatic corticosterone assayed as well the expression of the AVP1a, AVP1b, CRH1, CRH2 and OT receptors. As results, we verify that the enriched environment only in F0 changed the maternal behavior (46,8?8,9% P; 77,8?5,4% E; p=0,0138). The anxiolytic effect was noted in all the models applied. In elevated plus maze it was observed in E group during all the generation. Only in F2, the E group showed anxiolytic effect in open field test. On light-dark box, the E-P and E group was different of P in latency to explore the light part in F1 and F2. The last generation, F2, was tested and showed a different latency to eat the pellet in novelty suppressed feeding test. The E group had the shortest time to eat the pellet, followed by E-P and P had the biggest (147,7?15,7s; 101,4?8,8s; 62,8?9,4s; F=13,0700 p=0,0001 - male) (143,7?11,4s; 93,7?20,4s; 38,3?5,3s; F=16,1900 p<0,0001 - female). The transgeracional effect could be visualized in light-dark box and novelty suppressed feeding tests because the E-P group had their behavior similar to E even that had not been directly exposed to the enriched environment. There is no difference between sexes in results of the models. The neuroendocrine analyzes there no significate result. Then, we suggest that transgenerational effect is due to exposure of the dams to the environmental enrichment during perinatal period. / Os transtornos de ansiedade est?o entre as doen?as psiqui?tricas mais comuns na sociedade. Eles se d?o pela incapacidade do indiv?duo em lidar com um evento estressor (f?sico ou emocional), podendo acometer desde a inf?ncia at? a idade adulta. O desencadeamento da ansiedade no per?odo perinatal pode acarretar em mudan?as comportamentais ao longo da vida. Neste sentido, o enriquecimento ambiental ? utilizado tanto como atenuante dos efeitos estressores quanto como preventivo. Sendo assim, buscou-se avaliar comportamentos relacionados ? ansiedade de filhotes de f?meas expostas ao enriquecimento ambiental durante per?odo perinatal. Para isso foram criados grupos de machos e f?meas ao longo de tr?s gera??es-F0, F1 e F2. Em F0 foram montados 2 grupos, o padr?o (P) e o enriquecido (E). Em F1 f?meas que estavam em ambiente enriquecido durante o per?odo perinatal foram passadas para o ambiente padr?o formando o grupo enriquecimento-padr?o (E-P). F2 ent?o passou a ter grupos dos tr?s grupos, P, E-P e E. Estes grupos foram submetidos a observa??es do comportamento materno, modelos de ansiedade, dosagem de corticosterona plasm?tica e a avalia??o da express?o dos genes para os receptores AVP1a, AVP1b, CRH1, CRH2 e OT. Como resultados verificamos que o comportamento materno em F0 foi maior no grupo enriquecido (E) (46,8?8,9% P; 77,8?5,4% E; p=0,0138), por?m n?o em F1 (68,4?4,1% P; 71,1?6% E-P; 78,1?3,1% E; F=0,8120 p=0,4689). Foi constatado o efeito ansiol?tico nos modelos comportamentais utilizados. No labirinto em cruz elevado-LCE, este efeito pode ser notado apenas no grupo E das tr?s gera??es avaliadas. No campo aberto CA, apenas o grupo E de F2 apresentou comportamentos relacionados a ansiedade significativamente diferentes dos demais grupos. O teste da caixa claro-escuro-CCE mostrou diferen?a entre os grupos E-P e E em rela??o ao grupo P na lat?ncia para explorar o ambiente claro em F1 e F2. E o teste da supress?o da alimenta??o pela novidade-NSF indicou que os grupos s?o diferentes entre si na lat?ncia para se alimentar, o maior tempo foi de P, seguido de E-P e depois de E (147,7?15,7s; 101,4?8,8s; 62,8?9,4s; F=13,0700 p=0,0001 - Machos) (143,7?11,4s; 93,7?20,4s; 38,3?5,3s; F=16,1900 p<0,0001 - F?meas). Pode ser constado o efeito transgeracional em CCE e NSF, onde a exposi??o da m?e ao enriquecimento influenciou o comportamento dos filhotes que n?o foram diretamente expostos ao ambiente enriquecido. Todos os resultados dos modelos comportamentais valem para machos e f?meas e n?o h? diferen?as em rela??o ao g?nero. Os par?metros neuroend?crinos analisados n?o mostraram diferen?a significativa entre os grupos. Sugere-se ent?o que o efeito transgeracional se deu apenas pela exposi??o das m?es ao ambiente enriquecido no per?odo perinatal e manifestou-se comportamentalmente.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-06-22T19:18:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LORRAYNNE GUIMARÃES OLIVEIRA.pdf: 972251 bytes, checksum: 3d1335f8344b25e2c479fd95096c777d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-22T19:18:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LORRAYNNE GUIMARÃES OLIVEIRA.pdf: 972251 bytes, checksum: 3d1335f8344b25e2c479fd95096c777d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 / At the end of 1987 was one of the most serious radiological accidents in history, occurred in Goiânia-Goiás-Brazil, causing the contamination of the environment, succeending in the external irradiation and the internal contamination of several people. The direct and indirect effects of radiation initiate a series of biochemical and molecular signaling events that can repair the damage or culminate in permanent physiological changes or cell death. Mammalian cells have integrated response systems that detect DNA damage, activate signaling cascades, and realize repair. Chromosomal rearrangements induced by exposure to ionizing radiation can occur by Double Strand Break in the DNA (DSB). The main DNA repair mechanism responsible for the repair of DSBs is Nonallelic Homologous Recombination (NAHR). Through the NAHR process, the Low Copy Repeats known also with Segmental Duplications (LCRs / SDs) can lead to DNA rearrangements, such: deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations. Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) based on SNP array, is established on the identification of Copy Number Variantion (CNV), including gains and losses. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of the presence of LCRs in the formation of new CNVs observed in the offspring of individuals exposed to low doses of IR of Cesium-137. The exposed group consisted of 12 families, of which at least one parent was directly exposed to IR Césio-137, including a total of 40 individuals (12 couples and 16 children born after the accident). The absorbed dose for the exposed individuals was estimated at ≤0.2 Gray. A group with 8 families of individuals not exposed to IR was used as control. The statistical tests used were Chi-Square, Pearson's Chi-Square, ANOVA, Spearman's Correlation, Kruskal Wallis, Likelihood Ratio and Linear Linear Association. All analyzes were performed with a significance level of 5% (p <0.05). We identified 50 (10.6%) and 23 (9.7%) CNVs that were being flanked by LCRs for the case and control groups, respectively. The test showed no significant difference. The comparison of gain and loss CNVs flanked by LCRs showed a significant difference where LCRs were significantly more associated with gain CNVs. The presence of LCRs was often associated with more longer CNVs, suggesting that CNVs originating from NAHR tend to be bigger. The CNV rates mutation and paternal meiosis in F1 generation of the case and control groups showed a significant difference. Men exposed to IR transmit more CNVs again small when compared to transmission based on maternal exposure and between controls. The estimation of rate mutation in LCR-mediated CNVs analyzed in F1 generation and in their biological parents was a useful biomarker in the retrospective evaluation of parental exposure to IR in human populations, especially for Burden mutation rate estimation. / No final de 1987 houve um dos mais graves acidentes radiológicos da história, ocorrido em Goiânia-Goiás-Brasil, ocasionando a contaminação do ambiente, sucedendo na irradiação externa e a contaminação interna de várias pessoas. Os efeitos diretos e indiretos da radiação iniciam uma série de eventos de sinalização bioquímica e molecular que podem reparar o dano ou culminar em mudanças fisiológicas permanentes ou morte celular. As células de mamíferos integraram sistemas de resposta que detectam danos no DNA, ativam cascatas de sinalização e efetuam o reparo. Os rearranjos cromossômicos induzidos pela exposição à radiação ionizante podem ocorrer por quebras na dupla fita do DNA (DSB). O principal mecanismo de reparo do DNA, responsável pela reparação de DSBs é a Recombinação Homóloga Não Alélica (NAHR). Através do processo de NAHR, as Repetições de poucas cópias conhecidas também com Duplicações Segmentares (LCRs / SDs) podem levar a rearranjos de DNA, como: deleções, duplicações, inversões e translocações. A análise Cromossômica em Microarranjos (CMA) baseada em SNP array, fundamenta-se na identificação de Variação no Número de Cópias (CNV), incluindo ganhos e perdas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da presença de LCR na formação de CNVs novas observadas na prole de indivíduos expostos a baixas doses de RI de Césio-137. O grupo exposto foi constituído por 12 famílias, dos quais pelo menos um dos progenitores foi diretamente exposto à RI de Césio-137, incluindo um total de 40 indivíduos (12 casais e 16 filhos nascidos após o acidente). A dose absorvida para os indivíduos expostos foi estimada em ≤0,2 Gray. Um grupo com 8 famílias, de indivíduos não-expostos à radiação ionizante foi usado como controle. Os testes estatísticos utilizados foram Qui–Quadrado, Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, ANOVA, Correlação de Spearman, Kruskal Wallis, Razão de verossimilhança e Associação Linear por Linear. Todas as análises foram realizadas com nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Identificamos 50 (10,6%) e 23 (9,7%) CNVs que estavam sendo flanqueadas por LCRs, para os grupos caso e controle, respectivamente. O teste não demonstrou diferença significante. A comparação de CNVs de ganho e perda flanqueadas por LCRs mostrou diferença significativa onde LCRs estavam significativamente mais associadas as CNVs de ganhos. A presença de LCRs esteve associada frequentemente em CNVs mais longas, sugerindo que CNVs originadas a partir de NAHR tendem a ser maiores. As taxas de mutações de CNV e a meiose paterna na geração F1 dos grupos caso e controle demonstram diferença significativa. Homens expostos à RI transmitem mais CNVs de novo pequenas quando comparado com a transmissão em função da exposição materna e entre controles. A estimativa da taxa de mutação em CNVs mediadas por LCRs analisada na geração F1 e em seus pais biológicos foi um biomarcador útil na avaliação retrospectiva de exposição parental

O presente trabalho investiga a maneira segundo a qual a produção cultural das gerações pós-Shoá concilia a sensação de irrealidade do genocídio e as memórias que o circundam. É a partir daí que partimos para a análise de Maus a survivors tale (publicação completa em 1991), obra de Art Spiegelman que se dedica a arquitetar o discurso de seu pai, Vladek Spiegelman, sobrevivente da Shoá. Além do testemunho e de uma série de referências históricas - fotografias, panfletos, livros e depoimentos de outros sobreviventes, Art mescla as memórias pública e privada e também lança mão de outros mecanismos de representação que quebram a barreira da incompreensibilidade da Shoá, tal como ilustrações que justapõem o passado e presente. A medida em que investigamos outros trabalhos teóricos que abordam a Shoá - inclusive o outro trabalho de Spiegelman, denominado Metamaus (2011) - verificamos como as propostas culturais das gerações posteriores ao genocídio oferecem novos olhares e, consequentemente, novas perspectivas ao estudo de tamanha situação traumática. A hipótese do presente trabalho é de que o autor de Maus cria uma dinâmica tridimensional na transformação transgeracional da realidade do passado por meio de sua ressignificação simbólica. / This work investigates the way in which the cultural production of post-Shoah generations reconciles the unreality of the genocide and the memories that surround it. It is from this point that we begin with the analysis of Maus a survivor\'s tale (final edition in 1991), Art Spiegelman\'s main work through which he represents his father\'s life narrative as a war survivor of the Shoah. Armed with his story, as well as with a series of historical references, such as photographs, pamphlets, books and stories from other survivors, Art merges the public and private memories by using other mechanisms of representation that break the barrier of the incomprehensibility of Shoah, such as illustrations that juxtapose past and present. As we investigate other theoretical works that address the Shoah - including Spiegelman\'s other work called Metamaus (2011) - we see how the cultural proposals of post-genocide generations offer new insights and consequently new perspectives for the study of such traumatic situation. Our hypothesis is that the author of Maus creates a three-dimensional dynamics in the transgenerational transformation of the reality of the past by means of its symbolic resignification.