Given the high rates of treatment drop-out and non-compliance within empirically-based treatments for OCD, it is important to increase our understanding of factors that impact the treatment process. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the clinical utility of the Obsessive Compulsive Consequences Scale-Revised (OCCS-R) and increase understanding of the relationships between the prognostic factors of motivation, insight, treatment compliance and treatment outcome. Study 1 used maximum likelihood Confirmatory Factor Analysis to show the OCCS-R's four factor solution was an adequate fit in a sub-clinical college population. Study 2 evaluated the clinical utility of the OCCS-R for predicting treatment outcome and its relationship to identified predictor variables. The OCCS-R predicted treatment drop-out but did not predict symptom improvement. Some support was found for predicted relationships between the OCCS-R and its factors, a general measure of motivation and treatment compliance. No variables predicted symptom improvement. Insight and initial symptom severity predicted treatment motivation which in turn predicted treatment compliance. / Ph. D.

Yes / Mutations in the gyrase genes cause fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, the predictive value of these markers for clinical outcomes in patients with MDR-TB is unknown to date. The objective of this study was to determine molecular markers and breakpoints predicting second-line treatment outcomes in M. tuberculosis patients treated with fourth-generation fluoroquinolones. We analysed treatment outcome data in relation to the gyrA and gyrB sequences and MICs of ofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin for pretreatment M. tuberculosis isolates from 181 MDR-TB patients in Bangladesh whose isolates were susceptible to injectable drugs. The gyrA 90Val, 94Gly and 94Ala mutations were most frequent, with the highest resistance levels for 94Gly mutants. Increased pretreatment resistance levels (>2 mg/L), related to specific mutations, were associated with lower cure percentages, with no cure in patients whose isolates were resistant to gatifloxacin at 4 mg/L. Any gyrA 94 mutation, except 94Ala, predicted a significantly lower proportion of cure compared with all other gyrA mutations taken together (all non-94 mutants + 94Ala) [OR = 4.3 (95% CI 1.4-13.0)]. The difference in treatment outcome was not explained by resistance to the other drugs. Our study suggests that gyrA mutations at position 94, other than Ala, predict high-level resistance to gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, as well as poor treatment outcome, in MDR-TB patients in whom an injectable agent is still effective.

The sexual abuse of children is an issue that society must address with urgency and commitment, given the profoundly damaging effects and widespread occurrence of this kind of crime. Providing psychological treatment to identified offenders is an important endeavour of the criminal justice system, with the aim of reducing recidivism and thereby preventing future victims. This dissertation explores a number of areas relevant to the treatment of sexual offenders on a sample of 223 adult males who completed a prison-based programme for child sexual offenders in New Zealand. Specifically, the assessment of treatment outcome and its relationship with recidivism, risk assessment, and the influence of specific offender factors on estimates of treatment outcome and risk were investigated. Study 1 (N = 218) is an independent validation of the validity of the Violence Risk Scale: Sexual Offender Version (VRS:SO; Olver, Wong, Nicholaichuk, & Gordon, 2007), a recently developed risk assessment instrument for sexual offenders that incorporates both static and dynamic risk factors and contains protocols for the assessment of change as a result of treatment. Results indicate support for the inter-rater reliability, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the VRS:SO with regard to sexual recidivism, with pre-treatment and post-treatment scores showing superior predictive validity relative to a widely used measure of static risk (Static-99; Hanson & Thornton, 1999) and a measure of "Deviance" based on a 4-factor battery of relevant psychometric tests (Allan, Grace, Rutherford, & Hudson, 2007). In Study 2 (N = 218), three separate methods of assessing proximal treatment outcome (representative of three categories of treatment outcome measures that have previously been applied in the literature) are applied and compared in terms of their predictive validity with regard to sexual recidivism, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of their use. These measures are: change on a battery of relevant psychometric tests administered prior to and following treatment; change across treatment on the VRS:SO; and post-treatment ratings of the attainment of treatment goals as measured by a modified version of Hogue’s (1994) Standard Goal Attainment Scaling for Sexual Offenders (SGAS). Results indicate that positive treatment outcomes as measured by all of these methods are associated with reduced sexual recidivism. SGAS scores are identified as being relatively simple and efficient to obtain, however the VRS:SO and the psychometric battery are both able to provide useful pre-treatment clinical information regarding potential treatment targets for a particular offender. Study 3 (N = 223) and Study 4 (N = 216) are explorations of the influence of particular offender characteristics on response to treatment and risk of recidivism. Of particular interest was the personality construct of psychopathy (measured using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, PCL-R; Hare, 1991), and both studies are attempted replications and extensions of previously reported interaction effects involving this construct (Heilbrun, 1979; Seto & Barbaree, 1999). The results of Study 3 indicate that there is no interaction effect between PCL-R scores and treatment outcome (as measured by the SGAS) on sexual recidivism, in contrast to an influential study by Seto and Barbaree (1999). Study 4 reports an interaction effect between PCL-R scores and intelligence on recidivism, such that higher than average IQ scores appear to moderate the well-known association between psychopathy and risk. Overall, the findings reported in this dissertation suggest the importance of considering dynamic factors as well as static factors in sex offender risk assessments, and support the premise that dynamic factors are changeable, with change being associated with changes in recidivism. The potential for certain offender characteristics to influence treatment response and risk of recidivism is highlighted, and several areas for further exploration are identified.

Psychoeducational interventions are designed to assist clients to learn about their condition, to enhance their self-care practices, to promote well-being and prevent complications and to ultimately maintain or improve their life quality. Although results of individual and of meta-analytic studies supported the beneficial effects of psychoeducational interventions on multiple health-related outcomes for various client population, investigators expressed concerns regarding the quality of single-study reports. The most important criticism is the lack of explicit reference to a theoretical model guiding the design of the study, the selection of expected outcomes of the interventions, and lack of explicitly stated causal linkages between interventions and outcomes. In this research project, a comprehensive framework was developed and empirically tested as a model for evaluating the effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions, namely self-help classes, uncertainty management, and a combined intervention. Direct and moderating effects of extraneous variables (personal characteristics, severity of illness and resources), intervening variable (state anxiety) and intervention variables (components of psychoeducation and strength of intervention) on outcome variables (cognitive, behavioral, psychological and quality of life) were hypothesized. An experimental repeated measures design was used to test the hypothesized effects. Fifty-six women with breast cancer receiving adjuvant therapy were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups. Data were collected at six points in time. Hierarchical linear modeling approach was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that although the interventions were effective in producing desired changes in selected outcomes, their effects were moderated by various extraneous and intervening variables. Education, sense of mastery, symptom extension, work status, size and use of social support strengthened the effects of the interventions, while trait anxiety, marital status, and number of symptoms experienced weakened the effects of the interventions on cognitive, behavioral, and psychological outcomes. Based on these findings, clinicians are encouraged to attend to the mode of delivery, intensity, and timing for implementation of the intervention, and to the characteristics of the intervener and clients, when planning, implementing, and evaluating psychoeducational interventions.

<p>Primarni glomerulonefritisi predstavljaju inflamatorna oboljenja bubrega, kod kojih su primarno zahvaćeni glomerulusi, ali promene na tubulointersticijumu imaju veliki značaj za tok i prognozu bolesti. Pored kliničko-laboratorijskih ispitivanja, perkutana biopsija bubrega zauzima značajno mesto u dijagnostici posebnih oblika glomerulonefritisa. Lipokalin vezan za neutrofilnu gelatinazu (NGAL) zauzima značajno mesto medju novijim biomarkerima u nefrologiji. Osnovna funkcija mu je transport gvoždja, ali ima ulogu i u regulaciji metabolizma gvoždja, regulaciji inflamacije, dok u masnom tkivu utiče na razvoj insulinske rezistencije i dijabetesa. Cilj ispitivanja je utvrditi nivo lipokalina 2 u serumu i urinu bolesnika sa primarnim glomerulonefritisom, te utvrditi postojanje korelacije izmedju nivoa lipokalina 2 i patohistolo&scaron;kog oblika glomerulonefritisa, stepenom bubrežne insuficijencije i brzinom progresije bubrežne insuficijencije. Takodje, cilj ispitivanja je bio analizirati povezanost lipokalina 2 sa odogovorom na primenjenu terapiju glomerulonefritisa. Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na 60 bolesnika sa dijagnozom primarnih glomerulonefritisa. Nivo lipokalina 2 je odredjivan pri postavljanju dijagnoze i nakon minimalno &scaron;est meseci lečenja. Rezultati studije ukazuju da bolesnici sa primarnim glomerulonefritisom imaju značajno veće nivoe lipokalina 2 u odnosu na zdrave osobe. Bolesnici sa proliferativnim oblicima primarnih glomerulonefritisa imaju veće nivoe NGAL-a u serumu i odnosa uNGAL/kreatinin, ali razlika nije statistički značajna. Nije utvrdjeno postojanje značajne razlike u prosečnim nivoima NGAL-a u serumu, niti urinu, pri postavljanju dijagnoze, izmedju bolesnika sa pozitivnim i negativnim efektom lečenja primarnog glomerulonefritisa. Utvrdjeno je postojanje korelacije izmedju nivoa NGAL-a u serumu i vrednosti kreatinina, ureje, mokraćne kiseline, klirensa kreatinina i broja leukocita, dok je sa nivoom NGAL-a u urinu utvrdjena korelacija sa klirensom kreatinina, dnevnom proteinurijom i serumskim albuminima. Utvrdjeno je postojanje statistički značajne razlike u prosečnim nivoima NGAL-a u serumu u zavisnosti od stadijuma bubrežne insufijencije. Nije utvrdjeno postojanje značajne razlike u prosečnim nivoima NGAL-a u serumu pri postavljanju dijagnoze, izmedju bolesnika sa povoljnim i nepovoljnim efektom lečenja na bubrežnu funkciju.</p> / <p>The primary glomerulonephritis are inflammatory kidney diseases. Glomerulus are primarily affected, but tubulointerstitial changes are very important for course and prognosis of the disease. In addition to clinical and laboratory testing, percutaneous renal biopsy has an important place in the diagnosis of specific forms of glomerulonephritis. Neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) occupies an important place among the newer biomarkers in nephrology. The main function of NGAL is transport of iron, whether it has a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, regulation of inflammation, while in adipose tissue affects the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the level of lipocalin 2 in serum and urine of patients with primary glomerulonephritis and determine the existence of a correlation between the level of lipocalin 2 and histological forms of glomerulonephritis, the degree of renal insufficiency and speed of progression of renal insufficiency. Also, the aim of this study was to analyze the association of lipocalin 2 with the effect of therapy for glomerulonephritis. The study was conducted on 60 patients diagnosed with primary glomerulonephritis. The levels of lipocalin 2 were determined at diagnosis and after a minimum of six months of treatment. The study results show that patients with primary glomerulonephritis have significantly higher levels of lipocalin 2 compared to healthy people. Patients with proliferative forms of primary glomerulonephritis have higher levels of NGAL in serum and ratio uNGAL/creatinine, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant differences in average levels of NGAL in serum or urine at the beginning, between patients with positive and negative effects of the treatment of primary glomerulonephritis. Correlation was found between the level of NGAL in serum and creatinine, urea, uric acid, creatinine clearance and the number of leukocytes, while the level of NGAL in urine correlated with creatinine clearance, the daily proteinuria and serum albumin. Statistically significant differences in mean levels of NGAL in serum depending on the severity of renal insufficiency were found. No evidence of significant differences in average levels of NGAL in serum at the beginning, among patients with favorable and unfavorable effects of treatment on renal function were found.</p>

Abstract Surgery for ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases most often aims to improve quality of life (QoL). The extent of having QoL as an outcome in papers included in evidence-based medicine databases is not known. In primary sinonasal surgery, the QoL outcomes and predictors and usability of various QoL instruments need more clarification. The aim was to: 1. Find out with a systematic literature review how the Cochrane database currently includes the QoL dimension. 2. Investigate the effect of primary sinonasal surgery on QoL, to identify predictors of QoL outcomes and to compare QoL instruments. In total 160 adults undergoing primary septoplasty (SP) or endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) were recruited in 2010–2014 with 206 controls for a prospective matched cohort study. QoL was measured with a disease-specific Sino-Nasal Outcome Test–22 (SNOT–22) and generic RAND–36 before surgery and 12 months after surgery. Retrospective Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) was also used. QoL was an outcome measure in 10% (3 out of 30) of trials included in Cochrane databases on most common ENT surgeries. The use of QoL since the year 2000 has increased. The total SNOT–22 score improved in both patient groups after surgery, almost to the level of the controls, In the SP group (N=64) from 34.9 to 19.1 and in ESS (N=70), from 35.1 to 19.3. The control cohort’s SNOT–22 was 17.7 at entry and after follow-up, 15.3 (N=165). RAND–36 and GBI also improved after surgery. The best predictor for a good QoL outcome in multivariate analysis after surgery was a high preoperative (≥20) SNOT–22 score in the SP and ESS groups (adjusted odds ratio 10; 95% confidence interval 1.6–64 and 12; 2.5–55, respectively). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the highest preoperative SNOT–22 total score of 30 was the most sensitive (74%) and specific (70%). GBI seemed to be the most sensitive instrument to detect a change, but the three instruments in this study agreed in only about 10% of the patients who had the worst impact before surgery or best outcome. The results suggest that papers on the Cochrane databases on ENT surgeries have rarely addressed the QoL outcome. Septal deviation and recurrent acute or chronic rhinosinusitis lowered QoL. Primary surgery on these conditions improved QoL almost to the level of the control population, which was not symptom-free either. A high preoperative SNOT–22 total score was the best predictor of a beneficial outcome. The QoL instruments identified different patients experiencing the best improvement after surgery. / Tiivistelmä Korva-, nenä- ja kurkkutautien (KNK) kirurgia tähtää useimmiten elämänlaadun (EL) parantamiseen. EL:n huomioinnin yleisyys näyttöön perustuvien tietokantojen sisältämissä tutkimuksissa ei ole tiedossa. Primaareissa nenäleikkauksissa EL:n tulokset, ennustekijät ja eri mittareiden käytettävyys kaipaavat lisätietoja. Tarkoituksena oli 1: Tutkia systemaattisella kirjallisuuskatsauksella miten nykyiset Cochrane-suositukset huomioivat EL:n. 2: Tutkia primaarin nenäkirurgian vaikutus EL:uun, tunnistaa EL:n ennustekijöitä ja vertailla eri mittareita. Yhteensä 160 primaariin nenän väliseinäleikkaukseen (VL) tai sivuonteloiden tähystysleikkaukseen (ESS) tulevaa aikuista ja 206 ikä- ja sukupuolivakioitua verrokkia osallistui etenevään kaltaistettuun kohorttitutkimukseen vv. 2010-2014. EL mitattiin tautispesifillä Sino-Nasal Outcome Test -22:lla (SNOT–22) ja yleisellä RAND–36:lla ennen leikkausta ja 12 kk leikkauksen jälkeen. Kolmantena mittarina käytettiin taannehtivaa Glasgow Benefit Inventoryä (GBI). Cochrane-tietokannan yleisimpien KNK-leikkausten tutkimuksista 10 %:ssa (3 30:stä) sisälsi EL-tuloksia. Vuoden 2000 jälkeen EL:n käyttö on lisääntynyt. SNOT–22 kokonaispistemäärä parani VL- ja ESS-ryhmissä lähes kontrollien tasolle, VL-ryhmässä (N=64) 34.9:stä 19.1:een ja ESS-ryhmässä (N=70) 35.1:stä 19.3:een. Kontrollien SNOT–22 oli alussa 17.7 ja seurannan jälkeen 15.3. Myös RAND–36 ja GBI paranivat leikkauksen jälkeen. Monimuuttuja-analyysissä hyvän EL-tuloksen paras ennustetekijä oli korkea leikkausta edeltävä SNOT–22 sekä VL- että ESS-ryhmissä (vakioitu vetokertoimien suhde 10; 95 % luottamusväli 1.6–64 ja 12; 2.5–55, ryhmittäin). ROC (receiver operating characteristic) -käyräanalyysissä leikkausta edeltävä arvo 30 antoi parhaan herkkyyden (74 %) ja tarkkuuden (70 %). GBI vaikutti herkimmältä aistimaan muutoksen, mutta mittarit olivat samaa mieltä vain noin 10%:ssa niistä potilaista, joilla oli huonoin EL ennen leikkausta tai paras tulos leikkauksen jälkeen. Tulosten mukaan Cochrane-tietokannassa olevat KNK-tautien kirurgian tutkimukset ovat ottaneet harvoin elämänlaadun huomioon. Nenän väliseinän vinous ja toistuva äkillinen tai krooninen sivuontelotulehdus laskivat EL:ua. Näiden tautien primaarikirurgia paransi EL:n lähes samalle tasolle kuin kontrolliryhmällä. Korkea leikkausta edeltävä SNOT–22 –kokonaispistemäärä ennusti parhaiten hyvää tulosta. Eri EL-mittarit tunnistivat eri potilaat, jotka hyötyivät parhaiten leikkauksista.

O tabagismo tem sido considerado um problema de saúde pública mundial pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. São previstas, para 2020, mais de dez milhões de mortes no mundo por doenças tabaco-relacionadas. Torna-se, portanto, importante aprimorar formas de tratamento aos fumantes que queiram parar de fumar e busquem ajuda por não se sentirem capazes de conseguí-lo sozinhos. O objetivo da presente proposta foi investigar se a efetividade de um programa de tratamento com base na terapia cognitivo-comportamental, associada à medicação, seria mais efetivo do que a literatura reporta para a abstinência/recaída. O critério de efetividade foi a cessação do tabagismo auto-referida pelos participantes em seis meses de tratamento. Foram avaliados 61 fumantes, com idades variando entre 18 a 60 anos, de ambos os sexos. Estes fumantes foram divididos em três grupos: pacientes que não pararam de fumar (grupo 1 ), abstinentes (grupo 2) e que recaíram (grupo 3). Os resultados demonstraram que, desta população, 78,7% estavam abstinentes ao final de seis meses de tratamento. Antes, eles fumavam, em média, por 24,6 anos, 22,6 cigarros por dia; 62,3% estavam no estágio de contemplação de acordo com Prochaska. Os motivos mais freqüentes citados para a recaída foram estresse (61,9%) e ansiedade (19%). A média geral do Fagerström foi de 4,18 (tolerância baixa), sendo que o grupo 1 apresentou o grau de tolerância menor da amostra. 77,4% dos fumantes manifestaram estar satisfeitos com o tratamento, sendo que os motivos maiores de satisfação foram o apoio psicológico e a interação com o grupo. O índice de Saúde Geral da amostra é compatível com a população geral; o Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI) mostrou níveis maiores de depressão nos grupos 1 e 3. Foram propostos indicadores de maior risco de recaída: número de anos que o participante fuma (maior), número de cigarros fumados por dia (menor), ter fumado sempre a mesma quantidade de cigarros por dia, morar com outros fumantes, teores baixos de nicotina no cigarro em relação ao médio e alto, ausência de tentativas anteriores para cessar de fumar, freqüência baixa de participação nas sessões de tratamento, utilizar o cigarro como estimulante, fumar quando entusiasmado, quando não consegue permanecer em locais onde o fumo é proibido, quando refere ter dó de si próprio, quando manifesta pouca satisfação em relação ao trabalho e à vida. A Curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier demonstrou que 49,7% desta amostra devem permanecer em abstinência por um ano, índice maior do que reporta a literatura revisada. Propõe-se a realização de estudo randomizado, com uma população maior, para validar os indicadores propostos e a efetividade comparativa do programa. / Tobaccoism has been considered as a World Public Health problem according to the World Health Organization. More than 10 million deaths in the world caused by problems related to tobacco is the prevision for 2020. Therefore, it is important to improve ways of treatment for smokers who would like to quit smoking and search for help for not being able to do so by themselves. The purpose of this present proposal was to check whether the effectiveness of a treatment based on Cognitive-Behavior Therapy associated with medication was better than the literature reported to abstinence/relapse. The effectiveness criterion was the self- mentioned smoking cessation by the participants in 6 months of the treatment. 61 smokers aged 18-60 years both male and female were evaluated. These smokers were divided into three groups: patients who did not give up smoking (group 1), the abstinence smokers (group 2) and the relapse ones (group 3). The results showed that by the end of 6 months of treatment 78,7% of this population had become abstainers. At first, as an average they smoked for 24,6 years, 22,6 cigarettes a day; 62,3% was on contemplation stage according to Prochaska. The most frequent mentioned causes for the relapse were stress (61,9%) and anxiety (19%). Fagerström general average was 4,18 (low tolerance) so that group 1 showed a lower degree of tolerance of the sample. 77,4% of the smokers mentioned to be happy with the treatment due to the psychological support and group interaction as main reasons. The General Health Index of the sample is compatible with general population and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) showed higher levels of depression in groups 1 and 3. Indicators of higher relapse risk were suggested: the participant smoking time (higher), how many cigarettes a day (lower), having always smoked the same quantity of cigarettes a day, living with another smokers, low nicotine in the cigarette in relation to the medium and high ones, absence of previous attempts to stop smoking, low frequency of participation in the meetings for treatment, using the cigarette as a stimulant, smoking when the smoker is excited, when he can\'t help remaining where smoking is forbidden, when the smoker mention to be sorry for himself, when the smoker presents no pleasure in relation to work and life. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that 49,7% of this sample must continue in abstinence for one year, a higher index than the reported revised literature. It is suggested to perform randomized studies, with a bigger population, to validate the appointed indicators and the comparative effectiveness of the program.

A associação entre transtornos alimentares e dependência de substâncias, psicoativas tem sido freqüentemente relatada tanto em programas para dependência química, como em serviços para transtornos alimentares. No entanto, há grande variabilidade entre os diferentes estudos. Uma das hipóteses que tem sido levantada para explicar essa diversidade é que em dependentes de substâncias a associação mais freqüente seria com síndromes alimentares parciais ou subclínicas. Praticamente não há pesquisas que avaliem a influência dessa comorbidade na evolução do tratamento para dependência química. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o perfil de três grupos de mulheres dependentes de substâncias psicoativas - com comorbidade com transtornos alimentares clínicos, com comorbidade com patologia alimentar subclínica e sem essa comorbidade - e descrever sua evolução em um programa especializado para dependência química feminina. MÉTODO: foram estudadas 80 mulheres dependentes de álcool e drogas que procuram tratamento no Programa de Atenção à Mulher Dependente Química (PROMUD) do Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP. As pacientes foram avaliadas para a coleta de dados sócio-demográficos e relativos ao uso de substâncias psicoativas através de um questionário padronizado; para diagnóstico clínico, através da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV (SCID), e subclínico, do Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT) e do Teste de Investigação Bulímica (BITE); para avaliação da imagem corporal através do Questionário de Imagem Corporal (BSQ); para evolução, através da Addiction Severity Index (ASI) e da Escala de Seguimento de Alcoolistas (ESA-M e ESA-Drogas). RESULTADOS: 27 (33,75%) pacientes tinham transtornos alimentares clínicos, 17 (21,25%) tinham patologia alimentar subclínica e 36 (45%) não tinham essa comorbidade. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo com transtorno alimentar clínico era significativamente mais jovem, tinha maior severidade no uso de álcool e tendência para maior gravidade no uso de drogas. O grupo subclínico diferia dos outros dois somente por apresentar uma situação ocupacional pior. Após um ano foram verificadas mudanças significativas no comportamento e padrão alimentar do grupo subclínico e na imagem corporal do grupo com transtorno alimentar clínico. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os três grupos na permanência em um ano de tratamento e todos melhoraram significativamente no uso de substâncias em 12 meses. No entanto, as pacientes do grupo com transtornos alimentares clínicos tiveram uma evolução mais lenta. CONCLUSÕES: Estes dados não apóiam a hipótese de que a associação com transtornos alimentares afete o curso do tratamento de mulheres dependentes, sugerindo que uma abordagem integrada, que responda às necessidades de forma pessoal e individualizada, tem mais chances de sucesso. / The association between eating disorders and psychoactive substance dependence has often been described in both chemical dependence and eating disorders treatment programs. As studies show great result variability it has been suggested that substance dependent individuals would have frequently associated partial or subclinical eating syndromes. There is virtually no research exploring the impact of such comorbidity in the treatment outcome of chemical dependent individuals. The present study aimed at comparing three groups of psychoactive substance dependent women - those with comorbid clinical eating disorders, those with comorbid subclinical eating condition and those with no comorbid disorder - and describing their outcome in a program targeted for chemical dependent women. METHODS: A total of 80 alcohol and drug dependent women who sought treatment at the Drug Dependent Women Treatment Center (PROMUD) of Clínicas Hospital?s Psychiatry Institute of the University of São Paulo Medical School were studied. Sociodemographic and psychoactive substance use data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The clinical diagnosis was made using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID) and subclinical diagnosis was made using the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) and the Bulimic Inventory Test of Edinburgh (BITE). Body self-image was assessed using the Body Shape Questionnary (BSQ) and treatment outcome was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and Alcohol Dependence Follow-up Scale (AFS-M and AFS-Drugs). RESULTS: Twenty-seven (33.75%) patients had clinical eating disorders, 17 (21.25%) had subclinical eating condition and 36 (45%) had no comorbid condition. The clinical eating disorder group showed to be significantly younger and had more severe alcohol and drug use. The subclinical group had only a poorer occupational status when compared to the other two groups. One-year follow-up showed significant behavior and eating pattern changes in the subclinical group and body self-image changes in the clinical eating disorder group. No differences were seen as for the length of stay in treatment during the course of a year in the three groups and all patients improved significantly substance use after a 12-month-period, though clinical eating disorder patients had a much slower progress. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings don?t support the assumption that the association between eating disorders affects treatment outcome among substance dependent women, suggesting that a comprehensive approach focusing on the individual?s personal needs and delivered in a customized manner would be more likely to succeed.

Estudou-se fatores associados a refratariedade do Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo aos tratamentos convencionais em 23 pacientes refratários e 26 respondedores. Os refratários mostraram: sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos, depressivos e ansiosos mais intensos; pior qualidade de vida; mais freqüentemente não ter cônjuge, ter menor escolaridade e condição sócio-econômica, maior acomodação familiar, curso crônico da doença, maior freqüência de conteúdo sexual/religioso, maior período de tempo para iniciar o tratamento e Transtorno Alimentar co-mórbido. O modelo de regressão logística mostrou que maior acomodação familiar e sintomas sexuais/religiosos estão associadas à refratariedade. / We studied possible associated factors of conventional treatment refractoriness in 23 refractory versus 26 respondent Obsessive Compulsive Disorder patients. Refractories had: higher severity of OC, depression and anxiety symptoms; worse quality of life; no spouse; less scholarship; lower social class; higher family accommodation; chronic course of the disease; more frequent sexual/religious symptoms; a longer period to begin the treatment; and comorbid Eating Disorder. Regression analysis model showed that, higher family accommodation and sexual/religious symptoms are associated to refractoriness

Objetivo: Identificar os principais fatores prognósticos patológicos do carcinoma urotelial tratado com cistectomia radical e linfadenectomia pélvica, analisar o impacto desses na sobrevida livre de doença (RFS), câncer específico (CSS), geral (OS) e propor um conjunto de fatores que possa prever a evolução. Métodos: Realizamos levantamento dos casos de cistectomia radical e linfadenectomia no período de 2006 a 2009 no Hospital das Clinicas da FMUSP. Correlacionamos fatores prognósticos patológicos estádio (pT), grau tumoral, presença de metástase linfática (pN), invasão linfovascular (LVI), perineural (PNI) e presença de CIS com RFS, CSS e OS. Consideramos significante quando p > 0,05. Resultados: Avaliamos 128 casos que obedeceram aos critérios sendo 20 (15,6%) femininos e 108 (84,4%) masculinos, idades variando de 41 a 84 anos e média de 67 anos. Constatamos associação de recidiva com estádio >pT2 (p=0,032) e pN+ (p=0,003). Os fatores estádio >pT2 (p=0,001), pN+ (p=0,034) LVI+ (p=0,038), e PNI+ (p=0,024) tiveram associação com óbito pela doença e a morte geral com estádio >pT2 (p=0,001), pN+ (p=0,038) e PNI+ (p=0,01). A análise multivariada demonstrou que apenas estádio >pT2 e pN+ são os fatores prognósticos independentes na RFS, CSS e OS. Conclusão: A análise dos fatores patológicos após cistectomia radical e linfadenectomia demonstrou que estádio >pT2 e pN+ são os fatores prognósticos mais importantes no CaB / Objective: To identify the most important pathologic prognostic factors for urothelial bladder cancer treated by cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, analyze the impact of these on recurrence and mortality and suggest a group of factors that can predict the outcome after surgery. Method: We review all radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy cases at the Clinical Hospital of São Paulo Medical School from 2006 to 2009. We correlate the following pathologic prognostic factors tumor stage (pT), tumor grade, lymphonodal metastasis (pN), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), presence of CIS with RFS, CSS and OS. We considered a significant association p<0.05. Results: We selected 128 cases for this study. There were 20 (15.6%) females and 108 (84.4%) males, ages ranging from 41 years to 84 years and an average 67 years old. The tumor recurrence was associated with stage >pT2 (0,032) and pN+ (p=0.003). Stage >pT2 (p=0.001), pN+ (p=0.034), LVI+ (p=0.038) and PNI+ (p=0.024) was associated with death by cancer and overall death with stage >pT2 (p=0.001), N+ (p=0.038) and PNI (p=0.01). The multivariate analysis found that only stage >pT2 and pN+ were independent prognostic variable for RFS, CSS and OS. Conclusion: The analysis of pathologic prognostic factors after radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy show that stage >pT2 and pN+ has strong association with RFS, CSS and OS