This thesis studies how structural violence, development and migration are related. It focuses on Tunisian migration and the views and understandings of selected Tunisians in the region of La Marsa. Although migration, development and structural violence are large research fields on their own, the combination of them is not as common. In this case study they are used to analyse the understanding of migration in relation to structural violence and development. This single case study is based on 10 interviews conducted in La Marsa, Tunisia. The focus was based on selected United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: 1, no poverty; 2, zero hunger and 4, quality education. Through analysing interviews and observations this thesis discovers how the selected interviewed Tunisians understand and view Tunisian migration regarding the sustainable development goals. Focus was put on the government not providing for their inhabitants and that structural violence was present. The participants also believed development to be important for the success of the country but that it was not possible if the migration continued in such large frequencies.

This thesis seeks to investigate the shifting role of the Republic of Tunisia in the North African region of Maghreb, where Tunisia has maintained its neutrality in the dispute of Western Sahara. Lately, however, Tunisia’s foreign policy manoeuvres have demonstrated a shift from its neutrality to post-neutrality. This thesis utilises the theoretical frameworks of constructivism and role theory to aid understanding how this shifting role of Tunisia is perceived in the international system. The study takes the form of a positivist case study where we utilise a process tracing technique in order to determine the sufficient explanation to Tunisia’s shift from neutrality to post-neutrality. We find that it is the causal processes of (1) Morocco establishing bilateral relations with Israel, (2) Tunisia’s preference to improve its ties with Algeria, and (3) President Saied’s meeting with the President of the SADR that provide an explanatory account for the shift in Tunisia’s formerly neutral stance in the dispute of Western Sahara.

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Following the signature of the Millennium Declaration in 2000, and of the Lisbon treaty in 2009, the EU developed a key-role role on the international stage notably through the development of the CSFP and its HR representative, Federica Mogherini. While the EU reinforced its security policies, its involvement in developing countries increased as well. Higher requirements toward its foreign partners are expected, notably regarding the implementation of democratic principles. The EUROMED partnership, through which Tunisia is bound to the EU´s financial support and socio-economic goals, deploys a wide range of democracy promotion instruments. This research looks at the meanings of democracy in the context of the EU-Tunisian partnership through a transversal discursive analysis based on the work of Chaban & Holland, the foucauldian normative theory and the criteria for an ideal democracy from Dahl and Habermas. The analysis compares two layers of democratic discourses: the official one, from the EU and the Tunisian government; and the civil society level, from NGOs, journalists and activist bloggers. The aim of the study being to look at the possible mismatch between democratic discourse and democratic realities, resulting in a transformation of the democracy definition. The findings show discrepancies between the EU´s institutionalized democratic discourse, the Tunisian governments newly democratic discourse based on familial and religious values, and finally a Tunisian civil society distanced from political life, but speaking the "parrhesian" truth of Foucault and appearing as the last authentic layer of authentic democracy.

Cette thèse se penche sur les mécanismes de surveillance et de contrôle à l’œuvre dans les talk-shows de l’intime produits par et pour les Tunisien·ne·s après le soulèvement populaire de 2010-2011. Combinant la lecture minutieuse à l’analyse de contenu, elle examine un corpus composé de 20 histoires tirées de cinq talk-shows de l’intime diffusées entre février 2019 et avril 2020, en dialecte arabe tunisien, sur des chaînes de télévision et de radio locales. À cela s’ajoute un corpus secondaire composé de 31 histoires et un corpus exploratoire d’une centaine d’épisodes englobant une période plus large (2011-2020). Souvent associées à l’ignominie (al-fadhiha) et à l’outrance, ces émissions mettent en scène des témoignages sur les intimités tunisiennes, dans un contexte marqué par une effervescence politique et identitaire, par la réforme et la privatisation de l’industrie médiatique, ainsi que par des revendications de la libre expression et d’al-soutrah. À travers le concept du pan-synoptique (Foucault, 1975 ; Mathiesen, 1997), ces programmes de télévision et de radio sont analysés comme des variations d’un dispositif de regard et d’écoute à travers lequel les individus sont simultanément surveillés et surveillants. Ils participent ainsi à la circonscription des intimités dans un champ d’observation médiatique. S’appuyant sur les critical intimacy studies et sur les feminist affect studies, cette thèse théorise l’intimité comme une « chose sauvage » prenant forme lorsque les corps s’orientent vers leurs objets d’attachement. Ces « orientations » (Ahmed, 2006) peuvent suivre les lignes droites prédéfinies ou emprunter des déviations éloignées des trajectoires normatives. Bien qu’elles soient distinctes des formes institutionnelles et normatives qu’elles peuvent prendre, les intimités sont orientées par des normes des valeurs, des idéaux et des discours qui peuvent varier selon les contextes (Berlant, 1998 ; Berlant et Warner, 1998). Dans cette optique, cette thèse explore comment ces programmes s’articulent (Hall, 1986) à un dispositif plus large, pour mettre les intimités tunisiennes en lumière et en discours. / The present thesis examines the mechanisms of surveillance and control at work in intimate talk-shows produced by and for Tunisians after the 2010–2011 insurrection. Combining close reading with content analysis, the thesis examines a corpus of 20 stories from the five intimate talk-shows that aired on local television and radio channels, in the Tunisian Arabic dialect, between February 2019 and April 2020. The thesis also examines a secondary corpus of 31 stories and an exploratory corpus of over one hundred episodes covering a broader period (2011–2020). Often associated with scandal (al-fadhiha) and trashiness, these shows stage testimonies of Tunisian intimacies within a context marked by political and identity tensions, the reform and privatization of the media industry, as well as demands of free expression and al-soutrah. Through the concept of the pan-synopticon (Foucault, 1975 ; Mathiesen, 1997), the thesis analyzes these television and radio programs as variations of a surveillance dispositif where the many watch the many. In this way, the thesis interrogates how these shows contribute to the shaping of Tunisian intimacies. Drawing on critical intimacy studies and feminist affect studies, the present thesis theorizes intimacy as a “wild thing” that takes shape when bodies move towards their objects of attachment. These “orientations” (Ahmed, 2006) may follow predefined lines or deviate from normative trajectories. Intimacies are oriented by norms, values, ideals, and discourses that can vary across contexts (Berlant, 1998; Berlant and Warner, 1998). From this perspective, the thesis explores how these programs articulate within a broader dispositif (Hall, 1986) to expose and talk about Tunisian intimacies.

This thesis focuses on documentaries by North African women, who have been marginalised within the limited space of the field of African filmmaking. I illustrate how North African cinema has suffered from neglect in studies on African as well as Arab culture and particularly African and Arab cinema. I discuss the work of four pioneering women documentary makers in Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. Consecutively I will discuss Ateyyat El Abnoudy, Selma Baccar, Assia Djebar and Izza Génini’s work. My approach is transnational and Bakhtinian in the sense that I am an outsider looking in. I promote a constant self-awareness as a Western European and an academic interested in the area that is defined as the Middle East. Like the documentary makers, I take the nation state as a starting point so as to understand its effects, in order to be able to critique it and place the films in a transnational context. The documentaries in this thesis illustrate that films of a socio-political nature contest the notion of a singular national identity and can become a means of self-definition. Asserting one’s own cultural and national identity, and subjectively offering the spectator an individual’s interpretation of that self-definition, is a way towards female emancipation. Going against the grain and avoiding stereotypes, evading censorship and dependence on state control, these directors find ways to give a different dimension to their identity. Analysing the work of these four pioneering filmmakers, I uncover diverse female subject matters treated by a similar aesthetic. I argue that through overlooked cinematic techniques, they succeed in subverting the censor and communicating a subtle but convincing critique of the patriarchal system in their respective countries. Their preoccupation with representing ‘the other half’ puts a new and under-explored spin on perceptions of anti-establishment filming with subtly emancipating consequences. I suggest that their common aesthetic is one that develops moderation in terms of context, content and style. There is a cinematic way of implicitly subverting not only the (colonial) past but also the (neo-colonial) present which goes further than re-inscription or compensation: new modes of resistance co-exist with the more rebellious and heroic ones. These women’s films rewrite, imply and contemplate rather than denounce and attack heroically. They do not reject as much as interrogate their situations, counting on the empathic and intersubjective abilities of the spectator. A relationship of trust between director, subject and spectator is crucial if we want to believe in the subalterns’ aptitude for voicing issues and gazing back. I reveal a different approach to communication beyond the verbal, and a belief in the subjects’ capacities to speak and listen. This is echoed in the filmmaker’s sensitive analysis of the subjects’ expression and voice and the non-vocal expression – the gaze. The intended outcome is dependent on the willingness of the spectator to take part in the intersubjective communication triangle. I conclude with the idea that moderation is the foundational concept of a post-Third Cinema transnational aesthetic in North Africa. Ateyyat El Abnoudy, Selma Baccar, Assia Djebar and Izza Génini are pioneers of women’s filmmaking in North Africa, who opened up a space for underrepresented subjects, voices and gazes.

La difficulté à comprendre la désertification dans les zones arides tunisiennes se manifeste dans les interactions complexes entre les dynamiques socioéconomiques et biophysiques à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. L’apport de ce travail réside tant dans les avancées sur la compréhension des causes et processus, que dans la proposition d’approches systémiques (climat-homme-espace-ressources : système CHER), géographiques (paysage) et multi-acteurs, associées à des méthodes (modèles et outils) reproductibles, pour l’évaluation et le suivi (indicateurs) des risques de désertification, en lien avec leurs déterminants interactifs, à une échelle territoriale. Le paysage, en tant que source d’information et instrument, est au cœur de ce travail. Ce dernier a conduit à i) la construction des modèles explicatifs CHER déclinés par type paysager (issue d’une lecture multidisciplinaire et de la caractérisation des paysages), ii) l’élaboration des indices de risque de désertification (par intégration spatiale des fonctionnements biophysiques et socioéconomiques et à travers la modélisation), iii) la compréhension et la comparaison entre types paysagers des risques et de la part respective prise par les causes socioéconomiques et biophysiques, et iv) la proposition de trois nouvelles approches/méthodes/outils visant à mieux évaluer les actions de lutte déjà mises en œuvre, cibler les futures actions et suivre la désertification. Les résultats ont tous été élaborés dans l’interdisciplinarité et avec la mobilisation des acteurs/décideurs de la gestion durable des territoires pour augmenter leur utilité dans les programmes de lutte contre la désertification, pour valoriser les observatoires de l’environnement et leur donner un rôle d’appui aux politiques publiques. / The difficulty in understanding desertification in the Tunisian arid zones manifested in the complex interactions between socioeconomic and biophysical dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. This work contribute on advanced understanding of the causes and processes and propose a systemic (climate-human-space-resource: CHER), geographical (landscape) and multi-actors approaches associated with methods (models and tools) reproducible for the assessment and monitoring (indicators) of risk of desertification, according to its interactive determinants on a territory scale. The landscape, as a source of information and the tool, is at the core of this work which led to i) the construction of explanatory models broken down by type of landscape (based on multidisciplinary characterization of landscapes), ii) the development of indexes of desertification risk (based on spatial integration of biophysical and socio-economic functioning through modeling), iii) the understanding and comparison of risks and their respective causes in the landscape types, and iv) the proposal of three new approaches / methods / tools to better assess the actions already implemented to combat desertification, to better target future actions and to better monitor desertification. The results have all been developed in interdisciplinarity and involve the mobilization of actors / decision makers in the sustainable management of territories to increase their usefulness in programs to combat desertification, to value environmental observatories and give them a role to support public policies.

Notre objectif dans cette thèse est de suivre l’évolution du paradigme éducatif et du modèle de citoyenneté véhiculé par l’école tunisienne entre 1958 et 2002 selon les différentes approches adoptées en matière d’éducation civique et islamique à travers les réformes qu’a connu le système éducatif. Des réformes qui ont pris une actualité aiguë premièrement avec la Réforme de 1958 puis après les inévitables examens de conscience provoqués d’abord par la montée de la mouvance islamiste et la crise politique de la fin des années quatre-vingt (Réforme de 1991) et ensuite par rapport aux nouveaux défis liés à la mondialisation et les exigences du vivre ensemble mondial (Réforme de 2002). Dans ce travail, nous analyserons un parcours de plus d’un demi-siècle concernant l’éducation civique et islamique à l’école publique tunisienne. Un parcours qui remet en situation les choix qui ont été faits et les manières dont les principes et les valeurs étaient traduits en contenu éducatif. Il s’agit d’une réflexion sur ce contenu, en adoptant une approche comparative entre continuité et opposition. Notre approche se base sur l’analyse d’un corpus constitué de manuels scolaires et de programmes officiels d’éducation civique et islamique destinés à l’école publique tunisienne. / In this thesis is to follow the evolution of the educational paradigm and model of citizenship conveyed by Tunisian schools between 1958 and 2002 for different approaches in the field of civic and islamic education and through the reforms experienced by the education system. Reforms that have taken a first acute events with the 1958 reform and after the inevitable self-examination caused primarily by the rise of the Islamist movement and the political crisis of the late eighties (Reform 1991) and then compared to the new challenges of globalization and the demands of living together world (Reform 2002). We analyze a course of more than half a century for civic and Islamic education in public school in Tunisia. A course that challenges the status choices was made and the ways in which principles and values were translated into educational content. This is a reflection on the content, adopting a comparative approach between continuity and opposition. Our approach is based on the analysis of a corpus consists of textbooks and official programs of civic and Islamic education in public tunisian school.

Ressource naturelle aussi précieuse qu’indispensable à nos sociétés contemporaines que pendant l’Antiquité, l’eau est le point central de ce sujet de doctorat, que nous avons décidé d’aborder sous l’angle de sa gestion par les différents échelons du pouvoir au sein de l’Empire romain mais également au niveau individuel et privé, et cela à travers l’exemple de la ville romaine de Dougga, située en Afrique Proconsulaire, l’actuelle Tunisie. Cette problématique propose ainsi de s’intéresser aux moyens mis en œuvre par les différents niveaux de responsabilités dans le but d’approvisionner et de gérer les besoins en eau d’une importante ville romaine d’Afrique, en se consacrant à l’étude des différents types d’installations hydrauliques. Cette recherche permet de distinguer les techniques de construction et d’identifier les savoir-faire locaux et les influences romaines. Enfin, la confrontation des équipements hydrauliques entre les différents types d’édifices, permet d’évaluer le mode de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle de la ville. / Natural resource as precious and indispensable to contemporary society during ancient times, water is the central topic of this thesis. We decided to address in terms of its management by different levels of power within the Roman Empire but also at individual and private, through the example of the provincial city of Thugga, in Africa Proconsularis, now Tunisia. This issue proposes to focus the resources used by the different levels of responsibilities in order to supply and manage the water needs of an important Roman city of Africa, dedicated to the study of different types of hydraulic structures.