About 20 to 25 % of psychiatric patients treated with typical antipsychotics may develop an important movement disorder named tardive dyskinesia, with complex etiology and no effective treatment. Cognitive loss is also associated with antipsychotic treatment being harmful and often difficult to identify. Some studies have shown beneficial effects of Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on tardive dyskinesia and on cognition. Considering the available evidences, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, which evaluated the effect of fish oil supplementation rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (3 g/dia) or placebo (3 capsules / day), for 12 weeks, on motor and cognitive disturbances of patients on use of neuroleptics. Two evaluations were performed, one before supplementation (baseline) and another at the end of it. For this, were used the following evaluation tools: Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale for tardive dyskinesia and Mini-Mental State Examination for cognition. Peripheral blood samples were collected before supplementation (baseline) and 4, 8 and 12 weeks after, in order to monitor the supplementation effects on biochemical parameters- triglycerides (TG), fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and on parameters of blood clotting- prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time. The biological material collected was also used to run the Comet Assay in leukocytes with the aim of investigate the treatment effect on the DNA damage index. After 3 months of supplementation, we observed that fish oil caused an improvement of 18.5 % in tardive dyskinesia, while cognitive performance did not change when compared with the baseline assessment. Furthermore, lipid profile of the patients was not modified, fasting glucose was reduced in all assessments and prothrombin time increased in the last evaluation. In addition, fish oil did not show genotoxic effect (DNA damage index did not change). Therefore, we have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of fish oil rich in Omega 3 on tardive dyskinesia of patients treated with neuroleptics and its low risk of side effects. The increase of prothrombin time suggests a possible anticoagulant effect, requiring its monitoring during chronic treatment. / Cerca de 20 a 25 % dos pacientes psiquiátricos tratados com antipsicóticos típicos podem desenvolver uma importante síndrome motora denominada discinesia tardia (DT), de etiologia complexa e ainda sem tratamento efetivo. Perdas cognitivas também estão associadas ao uso desses medicamentos, sendo muitas vezes de difícil identificação e igualmente prejudiciais. Alguns estudos têm demonstrado efeitos benéficos dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3 (AGPI n-3) sobre a DT e sobre a cognição. Considerando as evidências disponíveis, realizamos este trabalho que consistiu de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo. Avaliamos os efeitos da suplementação com de óleo de peixe rico em AGPI n-3 (3 g/dia) ou placebo (3 cápsulas/dia) sobre distúrbios motores e cognitivos de pacientes sob uso de neurolépticos, por um período de 12 semanas. Foram efetuadas duas avaliações, uma antes da suplementação (basal) e outra ao final da mesma. Para isso utilizamos as seguintes ferramentas de avaliação: Escala de Movimentos Involuntários Anormais (EMIA), para a DT e Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), para a cognição. Amostras de sangue periférico foram colhidas antes da suplementação (basal) e 4, 8 e 12 semanas após, com o propósito de acompanhar seus os efeitos sobre parâmetros bioquímicos- triglicerídeos (TG), glicemia de jejum, colesterol total, colesterol ligado à lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C) e colesterol ligado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C), bem como sobre parâmetros de coagulação sanguínea- tempo de protrombina (TP) e tempo de tromboplastina parcial (TTP). Com o material biológico colhido, também executamos o Ensaio Cometa em leucócitos, para investigar a influência do tratamento sobre o índice de dano no DNA. Após 3 meses de suplementação, observamos que o óleo de peixe produziu uma melhora de 18,5 % na DT, enquanto o desempenho cognitivo não sofreu alteração em relação à avaliação basal. Por sua vez, o perfil lipídico dos pacientes não foi modificado, a glicemia de jejum foi reduzida em todas as avaliações e o TP aumentou na última avaliação. Ainda, o índice de dano no DNA não foi alterado, mostrando que o óleo de peixe não apresentou efeito genotóxico. Com isso, demonstramos o potencial terapêutico do óleo de peixe rico em Omega 3 sobre a DT de pacientes tratados com neurolépticos e seu baixo risco de efeitos colaterais. O aumento do TP sugere um possível efeito anticoagulante, necessitando de acompanhamento durante tratamentos crônicos.

This dissertation Far East Motifs in the Works of Selected Authors at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Century deals with works written by Julius Zeyer, Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic and Josef (Joe) Hloucha. The thesis analyses selected works from the viewpoint of typical motifs and themes. It pursues to depict different authorial images of Far East and to find out why are these authors so fascinated by this region. Some motifs are characteristic for all the authors: love; art and beauty; fairy tale and dream. Spirituality is characteristic for Julius Zeyer - his "renewed pictures" direct the reader to think about the values that are worth searching - regardless where or when we live. Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic uses Far East surrounding to run away from monotonous reality. In his play Dream of the Empire of Beauty he wants to create a symbol depicting his own soul. His typical motifs are secret and individuality. Hloucha's Far East image is based on real facts. Cognitive function is many times more significant than aesthetic. His typical motif is Europeanism. Among others he is the only one who confronts the Asian surrounding with the European. In his works he often uses the techniques of lowbrow literature - especially love novel - that possibly caused his enormous popularity among female readers of his time....

L’étude de la Régulation Emotionnelle (RE) et du tempérament chez l’enfant d’âge scolaire est au cœur de ce travail de thèse. En raison du manque d’outils satisfaisants, un premier questionnaire a été développé pour évaluer les compétences de RE et une seconde échelle a été traduite pour permettre la caractérisation du tempérament. D’après les rapports parentaux, il semble qu’avec l’âge, l'enfant sollicite de moins en moins son parent lors de situations émotionnelles et devienne apte à user de stratégies de RE intrapersonnelle pour contrôler l'émotion négative ou positive. Ceci suggère que la RE est un ensemble de compétences se développant encore en fin d’enfance. Au contraire, une stabilité de l’expression du tempérament entre 7 et 10 ans est rapportée, donnée en accord avec les données de la littérature. Enfin, l’étude de l’expression de la RE et du tempérament a été initiée chez l’enfant porteur d’un Trouble du Spectre Autistique (TSA). Selon les rapports parentaux, les enfants porteurs d’un TSA sont décrits comme usant moins de la RE interpersonnelle et comme présentant plus de difficultés de contrôle des émotions fortes (A-RE) que les enfants typiques. En outre, l’analyse intragroupe fait émerger 2 profils de RE, profils divergeant sur le plan de la RE intrapersonnelle et de l’A-RE. En couplant ces profils de RE aux 3 profils de tempérament isolés, il semble que la dimension tempéramentale contrôle volontaire soit associée aux difficultés de contrôle de l’émotion forte. Ces résultats ont une portée théorique et pratique intéressante car jusque-là les difficultés émotionnelles rencontrées chez l’enfant porteur d’un TSA n’ont jamais été évoqué en termes de tempérament. / At the heart of this thesis is the study of the expression of Emotion Regulation (ER) and temperament during middle childhood. Unfortunately, few satisfactory scales are available in French. Thus, a first questionnaire has been developed for assessing skills of ER and a second scale has been translated to provide a characterization of temperament in children. Parental reports indicate decreased use of interpersonal ER, which suggests that with age, children learn to regulate their emotions, and to use intrapersonal strategies in order to cope with positive as well as negative emotions. On the contrary, expression of temperament appears to be stable during middle childhood, and these results are in agreement with literature. Finally, in a pilot research, we have compared the expression of ER and temperament of 8 boys with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) matched on chronological age with 8 boys with typical development. According to parental reports, children with ASD use less interpersonal ER and present more difficulties to regulate intense emotions (A-RE) in comparison to typical children. Intragroup analysis revealed two patterns of ER in children with ASD. These patterns differ precisely in regards to the intrapersonal ER and A-ER. Association between profiles of ER and different profiles of temperament highlight that temperamental dimension of effortful control is linked to the level of A-ER. As until now the emotional difficulties frequently encountered/reported in children with ASD have never been mentioned in terms of temperament, the results of this thesis present new innovative theoretical and practical perspectives.

Les paradigmes expérimentaux de l'initiation de la marche (IM) et du rattrapage de l'équilibre (RE) consécutif à une chute-avant ont été choisis pour identifier les adaptations motrices éventuelles chez les enfants souffrant de lésions cérébrales (PC) bilatérales et unilatérales vs. les enfants avec un développement normal (DN). Les enfants PC et DN étaient âgés entre 5 et 16 ans. Les enfants PC avaient une marche autonome sans aide technique. Les résultats montraient que, dans l'IM, les différents groupes d'enfants présentent des patterns biomécaniques et d'activités EMG comparables lorsque l'appui est sain. Plus particulièrement, la présence d'un freinage de la chute pendant la phase pendulaire, qui est l'indice qui caractérise la maturation du processus de la marche, chez les plus jeunes PC indique l'absence de retard. Lorsque l'appui est sur le côté lésé, le freinage est absent voire faible. Cette absence de freinage peut être imputée à la modification de l'appui en équin. De même, les tracés biomécaniques et EMG dans RE montraient des patterns comparables entre les différents groupes d'enfants. Toutefois une différence remarquable peut être distinguée par rapport à l'activité EMG des muscles fléchisseurs plantaires et dorsaux des adultes. Chez les adultes, la chute provoque une réponse précoce bilatérale des Soleus accompagnée parallèlement d'une activité de faible amplitude des TA. Chez les enfants, les TA montraient une importante bouffée EMG en même temps que la bouffée du Soleus. La suppression de cette bouffée précoce lorsque la chute est rapidement arrêtée annihilant l'exécution du pas suggère que les enfants DN et PC déclencheraient en même temps la réaction à la chute et le programme d'initiation du pas. Si les enfants PC pouvaient réalisés les deux tâches motrices, exécution du pas normal et exécution du pas provoqué, c'est semble-t-il grâce à la toxine botulique qui avait permis à l'enfant PC de se mettre debout libre, apprendre à contrôler son équilibre postural et la marche. / Experimental paradigms of gait initiation (GI) and balance recovery (BR) following a forward-fall were chosen to study motor adaptation in cerebral palsy (CP) children as compared to typical development children (TD). Children age ranged between 5 and 16 y.o. PC children walked independently. Results in GI showed that biomechanical and EMG pattern are comparable between the different groups when stance foot was on sound side. More particularly, the presence of fall braking during swing phase, which is a maturation index of gait process, in young CP indicates that there is no delay. When stance foot is on affected side, fall braking is absent that can be explained by equines foot. In BR, biomechanical and EMG traces are comparable between the different groups. However, if compare to adults, there is a striking difference in the EMG patterns. In adults, the fall elicited a bilateral burst of EMG in Soleus muscle, in parallel Tibialis anterior (TA) showed concomitant EMG activity but with lower amplitude. In children, TA showed a burst of EMG activity in parallel to SOL. This TA EMG burst was suppressed whether the fall was arrested annihilating the stepping. This result suggests that children trigger at the time the fall reaction program and the stepping program. If CP children can carry out both motor tasks, normal stepping and provoked stepping, this was thanks to use of botulinum toxin which help children standing up. Then, the mechanism of balance control can operate, and supporting gait acquisition.

No description available.

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Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso

In modern times of globalisation, most countries no longer consist of a homogeneous population. People from different backgrounds, with different stories, religion and culture live together in the same community. Unfortunately, this creates challenges and a modern state needs to have a plan for integration so that all these groups and individuals may live together peacefully, which is important in aspects of universal human rights and human dignity, but also for the function of a society. In this Master's thesis in Human Rights, questions about integration are discussed in a European context through four ideal-typical integration policy options from a model by Karin Borevi; together with perspectives from Seyla Benhabib, Abdelmalek Sayad and Charles Taylor. The four ideal-typical options for integration that are used in this thesis are: 1: Assimilaion to an ethnic community 2: Politics for ethnic exclusion 3: Assimilation to a civil community 4: Multicultural politics. Integration in Sweden, Great Britain and France during the 90's are used as illustrative examples of integration in order to be able to discuss the ideal-typical policy options in relation to real examples for demonstrating which political ideas and values that are built into different models of integration. In the end a normative discussion results in a solution of which values that should be prioritised and which strategy that is the best to accomplish these values. I conclude amongst other things that different forms of integration value culture, groups or individuals differently and that many different types of strategies and politics can be put into the same ideal-typical option for integration. People tend to treat cultures as unchangeable and well-defined units, even though they in reality seem to be of a changeable nature. The modern state should in my opinion work more with the principles around which type of society that would be the best for all its citizens and not so much how we should preserve what cannot be preserved in the first place, like cultures. We should create societies where cultures can mix and change. The global world is here to stay and so is the heterogeneous society, the state should focus on creating a society built on this fact, where society and people as individuals may grow.

ZIEL Als Ursache für die sporadische Creutzfeldt-Jakob Krankheit wird eine spontane Konfigurationsänderung des Prionproteins diskutiert. Die Annahme der Beeinflussung fehlgefaltete Proteinketten, welche bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie der Alzheimer Demenz oder Parkinson vorliegen, auf die Entwicklung einer zweiten Proteinfehlfaltung stellen eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen dem Auftreten neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen und Prionerkrankungen her. Das Ziel dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung ist es, die klinischen und diagnostischen Eigenschaften von sCJD-Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson oder Demenz in der Familienanamnese zu analysieren um die Diagnostik verbessern zu können. METHODEN Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurde ein Kollektiv aus 133 Patienten mit sicherer oder wahrscheinliche sCJD mit bekannter Ausprägung am Codon-129 rekrutiert. Bei den Geschwistern, den Eltern oder den Großeltern mütterlicher- oder väterlicherseits lag ein Parkinsonsyndrom oder eine dementielle Erkrankung vor. Gegenüber gestellt wurde diesem eine Kontrollgruppe nach Zuordnung nach Geschlecht, Alter (+/- 5 Jahre) sowie PRnP-Codon 129-Genotyp. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf der klinischen Symptomatik, den Liquorparametern und den Ergebnissen aus bildgebenden Verfahren wie Elektroenzephalographie, zerebraler Computertomographie und Magnetresonanztomographie. ERGEBNISSE Erstes neurologisches Symptom waren zerebelläre Störungen (Ataxie), psychiatrische und visuelle Störungen, während eine dementielle Entwicklung erst im Verlauf hinzutrat. Beim Fortschreiten der Erkrankung wurden Pyramidenbahnzeichen häufiger und extrapyramidale Störungen deutlich seltener diagnostiziert. Insgesamt fiel vom klinischen Erscheinungsbild häufiger die Gruppe FA-Parkinson auf (beispielsweise häufiges Vorkommen von Antriebsstörungen), während FA-Demenz meist der Kontrollgruppe glich. Mit dem Nachweis von PSWC im EEG in 53 % bei FA-Demenz und 61 % bei FA-Parkinson übertrifft die Sensitivität der EEG-Untersuchung nicht die für die sCJD geltende von 64 % (Steinhoff et al. 2004). Mit einem Nachweis der Proteine 14-3-3 im Liquor in 96 % (FA-Demenz) und 100 % (FA-Parkinson) ergibt sich eine ebenso hohe Sensitivität wie für die sCJD bereits postuliert (94 %, Zerr et al. 2000a). Auch die Sensitivität der NSE ist bei den Patienten dieser Arbeit sehr hoch, während der Liquormarker S100b-Protein bei FA-Parkinson-Patienten deutlich seltener den cut-off-Wert erreicht. Ein CJD-typischer MRT-Befund (hyperintense Basalganglien oder kortikale Signalsteigerung) wurde nur in 52 % bei FA-Demenz und bei 49 % bei FA-Parkinson festgestellt. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG Schließlich lässt sich festhalten, dass bei diesen Patienten nicht vorwiegend eine Demenz wegweisend zur Diagnose ist, sondern auf das Vorliegen zerebellärer oder psychiatrischer Symptome geachtet werden muss. In der Diagnostik kommt dem EEG mit einer hohen Sensitivität eine große Bedeutung zu, während die MRTUntersuchung weniger wegweisend ist. Bei Morbus Parkinson in der Familie unterstützt die Liquoruntersuchung die Diagnostik nicht so stark, während gerade pathologische Werte des Tau-Proteins und des Amyloid-ß 1-42 bei Patienten mit Demenz in der Familie auf eine sCJD hindeuten.

產業結構轉變，使得勞動保護法原所預想的勞工圖像造成變化， 及該保護設計漸不相吻合。知識經濟對於產業勞動關係之影響，產 生如行、職業分類標準，勞動基準法一體適用性，勞動關係從屬性 等衝擊；工作時間彈性化，工作壓力與工作滿足，工會發展之衝擊， 移動自由引起之問題等議題。今日，於知識工作者之定義仍眾說分 歧下，筆者從現行職場已出現非典型之勞動者這一塊，探究該知識工作者其勞動法制面如何因應，然為使焦點集中，故以個別勞動關係、集體個別勞動關係、工作環境權等勞動法制為核心進行探討。 就知識經濟下及多元社會發展下，立法者未來對於該勞動法制 之釐訂，或更須多加審視立法對象之個別情形。知識經濟下，非典 型勞動者中，知識工作者之工作型態已不同以往，由於其工作投入 源自於智力，完成工作之時間，已非傳統之計算方式可加以適用。 因此，管理者對於該知識工作者，已有對其工作時間採彈性規定， 對其工作成果採責任制導向等。故於時間規範，宜由勞資雙方自行協商。於勞工職業安全方面，知識工作者可能因工作產生精神壓力並造成心理方面之疾病，對此，國際組織及我國主管機關未來對於此種新興疾病，除瞭解其形成原因外，更須加以有效防範與採取解決之道，以謀勞動者之心理健康。 關於知識工作者其團體勞動意識之凝聚力如何加強的問題，或 應先探究勞動者成立工會之主要本質，即其須有明確之團體利益導向。因此，該組織之各知識工作者，因某事件而形成明確團體利益之意識下，則工會組織才會對其發揮作用，接續談及的團體協商、 爭議權之行使才有意義。而對於無工會之企業，應強調該企業健全 人力資源發展之重要，因為在人力資源發展良好的企業裡，其相對 會為員工設立健全內部申訴管道，如此或應可相當地解決員工之困 擾，消弭問題之滋衍。對於知識工作者因移動自由，不管是人權、團體勞動權利，皆有可類推適用之保障規範，然當該知識工作者因涉及涉外要素之民事事件時，則產生國際裁判管轄權之問題。而按法律行為發生涉外關係時，有關當事人自主原則，此時應判定其為「國際私法之當事人意思自主原則」，抑或「實體法上之當事人意思自主原則」，因為適時區別對該知識工作者權益會有所助益。 關鍵字：知識經濟、勞動關係、知識工作者、非典型勞動者 / Abstract Because of industrial structure transformation, it causes to change that the laborer image which the labour protection law originally expected to, and then the protection design gradually does not tally. Knowledge economy has its influence regarding industrial labour relations on the impacts of the occupation classification standard, labour standards law applying to all, the subservience of labour relations, and so on; the issues of the working time flexibly, working pressure and work satisfies, the impact of the trade union development, the causing problems of moving freely, etc. Nowadays, there are still different definitions to the knowledge workers, the author inquires into the labour laws how to built in about the knowledge workers that belong to the non－typical labours from the present duty field, however, for the point to be centralized, I focus on the individual labor relations, collective individual labor relations, and working environment rights, etc. Under the knowledge economy and a great diversity of social development, the legislators designing the labour laws in the future have to carefully examine the legislation object about the individual situation. On the knowledge economy，for the knowledge workers of non- typical workers, their working patterns have been differently than ever, as a result of their work investment source from to intelligence, the time about completing the work, it is not suitable for computing by traditional mode. Regarding this kind of knowledge workers, superintendents take flexible working time, pick the responsibility system guidance to their work achievement, etc. So to the code of conduct about time standard, it suitably voluntarily consults by labor both sides. To labour professional safety aspect, the knowledge workers possibly have the spiritual pressure and creating the psychological disease, the International organization and the government in Taiwan for this kind of emerging disease in the future, should understand its the reason of forming, also have to perform effectively and adopt ways of the solution, and seek for psychologically healthy of the workers. The question about the cohesive force of association consciousness for the knowledge workers how to strengthen , perhaps we should first inquire into the main essence about the labours why they set up the trade union, namely they must have the association benefit guidance. Therefore, the organization of various knowledge workers forms the association benefit consciousness under some event, then the labor union can display its function, continues the association which refers to consult, the dispute power enable significance. But regarding the enterprise that has no trade union founded, it should emphasize the sound human resources development, because of doing so, it relatively can set up the perfect internal appeal pipeline for the staff, and perhaps be possible to solve staff puzzle , extinguishes the question to incite spreads out. Regarding the moving freedom of knowledge workers, no matter what the human rights, the association right to labour, All the knowledge workers could be suitable the safeguard standards, however, when they involve in the foreign affairs about the essential factor of the civil event, thus causing the question of the international umpire jurisdiction. But according to the legal act which touches on foreign affairs, concerned independent principle of litigant, this should determine it is “The meaning independent principle of Litigant at the international private law”, or “In substantive law, the meaning independent principle of litigant”, for it is helpful to distinguish them at the right moment for these knowledge workers’rights. Keywords：Knowledge economy, Labour Relations, Knowledge worker, Non- typical worker