Under år 2015 sökte 162 877 personer asyl i Sverige. Större delen av de asylsökande kom från det krigshärjade Syrien, det var 51 338 asylsökande (Migrationsverket, 2016). Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka socialsekreterares upplevelse av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön, samt upplevd kompetens i arbetet, på en kommunal enhet för ensamkommande barn till följd av ökad arbetsbelastning som en konsekvens av flyktingkrisen. Syftet besvarades genom följande frågeställningar: Hur upplever socialsekreterare sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö? Hur upplevs kompetensen i det dagliga arbetet hos berörda socialsekreterare? Metoden för studien var kvalitativ. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes med socialsekreterare på en kommunal enhet för ensamkommande barn. Resultatet visade att socialsekreterarna upplever att deras psykosociala arbetsmiljö är stressfylld till följd av hög arbetsbelastning som uppkommit till följd av flyktingkrisen. Resultatet visade också att socialsekreterarnas upplevda kompetens i arbete var varierande, det som var gemensamt var att samtliga upplevde att de utökar sin kompetens i arbetet och mötet med de ensamkommande barnen. / In 2015, 162,877 people sought asylum in Sweden. Most of the asylum seekers came from wartorn Syria, there were 51,338 asylum seekers (Immigration Service, 2016). The main purpose of the paper was to examine the social workers experience of the psychosocial work environment, and perceived competence at work, at a municipal unit for unaccompanied minors as a result of the increased workload as a result of the refugee crisis. The purpose was answered by the following questions: How do social workers their psychosocial work? How perceived competence in the daily work of the social workers? The method of the study was qualitative. Five semi-structured interviews were conducted with social workers at a municipal unit for unaccompanied minors. The results showed that social workers feel that their psychosocial work is stressful due to the heavy workload arising in consequence of the refugee crisis. The results also showed that social workers perceived competence at work was varied, all experienced that they expand their skills at work through meeting with the unaccompanied minors.

There has been a high influx of unaccompanied refugee children who have come to Sweden, the number increased particularly in 2015 compared with previous years. It is the municipalities, and therefor the social services, responsibility to provide adequate care for this children. The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of the social services work and opportunities to meet the needs of unaccompanied children in accordance with the child's best, in relation to the convention on the rights of the child. The study is based on a qualitative approach and the method is semi-structured interviews with three managers in the field and three social workers. According to the results, social services has faced a challenge in meeting the needs of unaccompanied children in both a lack of resources such as accommodations and lack of social workers. The results also show that there are some difficulties to consider the child's best in the work with the unaccompanied children, partly to the lack of resources wich inhibits the ability to meet the child's wishes and because of differences of opinion about what is best for the child. The organisation has faced a change in order to cope with the large influx of unaccompanied children and therefore organization theory is used in the analysis. Theoretical concepts that is used in the study is discretion and street level bureaucracy due the social workers is street level bureaucracies whose work with unaccompanied children is affected by their discretion given by the organization.

Under de senaste åren har ett ökande antal ensamkommande barn kommit till Sverige för att söka asyl. Majoriteten av barnen blir placerade på hem för vård eller boende (HVB). Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att få en djupare förståelse för hur arbetet på tre HVB-hem i en medelstor kommun kan se ut och vara organiserat. Data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex anställda vid HVB-hem; tre sektionschefer och tre personal. Organisationskultur har använts som huvudsakligt analysinstrument med organisationsstruktur som komplement. Resultatet visar att fyra organisatoriska faktorer som är viktiga för personal i arbetet med ensamkommande barn är enhet, meningsfullhet, struktur och flexibilitet samt kompetens. Dessa faktorer kan ses som viktiga i arbetet med att utveckla verksamheterna. En välorganiserad verksamhet kan bättre leda till den stabilitet som de ensamkommande barnen behöver. / During the past years, an increasing amount of unaccompanied children have come to Sweden to apply for asylum. The majority are placed in residential care units. This qualitative study aims to get a deeper understanding of how the work in three residential care units in a medium-large municipality can look and be organized. Data has been collected through interviews with six employees at residential care units; three executives and three staff members. Organizational culture has been used as the main analysis instrument with organizational structure as complement. The findings show that four organizational factors that are important for staff when working with unaccompanied children are unity, meaningfulness, structure and flexibility, and competence. These factors can be viewed as important in developing the establishments. A well-organized establishment is superior in the way that it can lead to the stability that the unaccompanied children need.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka ensamkommande flyktingungdomars sociala nätverk i Sverige, samt vad de upplever kan försvåra respektive främja upprättande av sociala nätverk. I studien användes kvalitativ metod och semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem ensamkommande flyktingungdomar i åldrarna 17-18. Under intervjuerna använde vi oss av visuell elicitering i form av en nätverkskarta. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med social nätverksteori, socialantropologisk nätverksteori, Robert Putnams distinktion i överbryggande respektive sammanbindande socialt kapital samt rasifieringsteori.   Resultatet pekar på att samtliga ungdomar i föreliggande undersökning har ett socialt nätverk i Sverige som de kan vända sig till för såväl känslomässigt som praktiskt stöd. Deras sociala nätverk består främst av professionella vuxna samt ungdomar av samma etnicitet som dem själva, alternativt annan etnicitet än svensk. Samtliga ungdomar beskrev vad som kan främja respektive försvåra upprättande av sociala nätverk. Intervjupersonerna framhöll bland annat vikten av språk, gemensamma intressen och aktiviteter samt kultur och bakgrund. Svenska ungdomar är enligt intervjupersonerna svårast att lära känna i Sverige. Skälet till detta angavs främst vara svenska ungdomars återhållsamhet gentemot intervjupersonerna. / The aim of this study was to investigate unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents’ social networks in Sweden, and what they believe aggravate or facilitate the forging of social networks. In the study a qualitative method was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted with five unaccompanied asylum-seeking adolescents in the ages of 17-18. During the interviews we used visual elicitation in the form of a network map. The empirical material was analysed with social network theory, anthropological network theory, Robert Putnam’s distinction in bonding capital and bridging capital, and racialization theory.   The result suggests that all of the adolescents, in this study, have a social network in Sweden to which they can turn for both emotional and practical support. Their social networks consist primarily of professional adults and adolescents of the same ethnicity as themselves, alternatively other ethnicity than Swedish. All of the interviewees described what might facilitate or aggravate the forging of social networks. The interviewees stressed for instance the significance of language, common interests and activities, culture and background. Swedish adolescents are, according to the interviewees, the most difficult people to get to know in Sweden. The reason for this was primarily stated to be the Swedish adolescents’ restraint against the interviewees.

De senaste åren har antalet människor som tvingats på flykt från sina hemländer ökat markant med cirka 17 miljoner jämfört med 2011. Ett antal av dessa flyktingar är barn under 18 år som skiljts från sina föräldrar och som sökt sig till Sverige i hopp om att få en tryggare tillvaro samt ett bättre liv. Sveriges kommuner har ansvaret för det praktiska mottagandet och socialnämnden har det yttersta ansvaret för de ungas hälsa, vilket innebär att personal runt de ensamkommande unga måste kunna identifiera om de unga far illa. Tidigare forskning har uppmärksammat att ensamkommande unga utestängs och utsätts för rasistiska fördomar samt bristande tolerans för deras kultur och språk. Tidigare forskningsstudier har dock gett en delad bild av hur ensamkommande unga reagerar när de möts med diskriminering och vardagsrasism och därför har denna studies syfte varit att undersöka de ensamkommande ungas upplevelser och reaktioner i sådana situationer. Studien har haft en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och induktivt angreppssätt. Åtta ensamkommande unga, mellan 17 till 18 år, deltog i studien och som datainsamlingsmetod användes semistrukturerade intervjuer. De två övergripande teman som genererades var de ungas tankar om det svenska samhället och de ungas tankar om hur omgivningen bemöter dem. Vid analysen användes hermeneutisk meningstolkning och teorier om rasifiering och vardagsrasism. Slutsatserna från studien var att ensamkommande unga bemöts med uteslutslutning och samhälleliga negativa föreställningar om deras kultur och identitet samt att de i viss mån utsätts för olika former av rasistiskt motstånd. Studien visar även att de ensamkommande unga har reagerat med känslor av frustration, besvikelse, maktlöshet, utanförskap och rädslor i kontakt med svenskar. / The number of people forced to be refugees have increased tremendously in the last few years. Some of these refugees are minors under the age of 18 who are separated from their parents and families and come to Sweden in the hope of getting safer and better life. Sweden has municipalities and social welfare boards which are responsible for the reception of the minors and the minors’ health respectively. For these units to give proper help to the unaccompanied minors, they must be able to identify if the minors are exposed to bad situations. Previous researches have shown that unaccompanied children are exposed to discrimination and racial stereotyping in addition to less tolerance to their culture and language. These researches, however, have different picture of how the unaccompanied minors react when they face discrimination and daily-racism. Therefore, this research studied unaccompanied children with the purpose of finding out their experience and reaction related to discrimination. The study has followed a qualitative research strategy with inductive approach. Eight unaccompanied minors between 17–18 years old participated in the study and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The two overall themes generated were the minors thought about the Swedish society and their though about how this society meets them. The collected data was analyzed using hermeneutic interpretation and theories of racialization and daily-racism. The study reached to the conclusion that the unaccompanied children faced exclusions, societal misconception about their culture and identity and to some extent exposure to different forms of racial resistance. The study also showed that the unaccompanied minors have reacted with feelings of frustration, disappointment, powerlessness, alienation and fear towards the Swedish society.

The aim of this study was to examine how staff at homes for care or residence (HVB-homes) work towards helping unaccompanied children to become self-sufficient. The study is based on a qualitative approach and we have done eight semi-structured interviews with staff from different HVB-homes. The study shows how staff in different HVB-homes uses different strategies to create opportunities for the children to integrate into Swedish society as well as the conditions that are necessary for the children to cope on their own. Our results have shown that routines help the unaccompanied children to manage their time efficiently and maintain a functional life with school, health and extra-curricular activities. By executing different tasks on their own such as cooking or doing their own laundry, the children learn to manage on their own. Staff shows the unaccompanied children how Swedish society works as well as the values and norms that exist to aid them in getting accustomed to their new environment. The staff motivates the children to go to school in order for them to acknowledge the beneficial aspects of education and to help develop their language. Trust, security and healthy relations have shown to be a prerequisite to maintain a functional relationship between the unaccompanied children and staff at the HVB-homes. Creating a network for the children by having them join different associations and extra-curricular activities such as soccer has also come to help the children integrate into Swedish society.

The aim of this study is to create understanding for how employees perceive their skills at HVB in relation to their work with unaccompanied minors.The study is based on a qualitative method and were carried out with nine semi-structured interviews with staff from three different HVB. With the help of Bourdieu’s theoretical frame field, capital, and habitus we analyzed our materials.The study shows us among others that there is a lack of knowledge with the staff within the areas mental health and the pedagogic field. Furthermore, the result showed us that the staff experienced difficulties in how to refute the children’s needs. We find that the staff creates different strategies to cope with the children’s needs. Two prominent strategies emerged in our result. The staff contacted external help and took great support in the strength of the working group.

I denna uppsats är syftet att skapa en fördjupad förståelse för unga afghanska ensamkommande mäns livssituation genom intervjuer som analyserats utifrån begreppen habitus, kapital och fält. De flesta av respondenterna har visat sig vara beredda att slita hårt för att förverkliga sina ambitioner och strävan mot ett liv med stabila levnadsförhållanden. Vad denna strävan gett för resultat skiljer sig åt i gruppen. De som lyckas med att förvärva det kapital som fungerar som inträdesbiljett på arbetsmarknaden eller till högre utbildning, hyser ett stort mått av framtidstro. För ett par av de unga männen har inte stödet från samhället varit tillräckligt och de upplever en osäkerhet inför framtiden. I flera av de unga männens berättelser framträder tecken på solidaritet, i första hand mot familjen, men även gentemot samhället samt den egna gruppen landsmän. Det verkar som om flera av de unga männen finner en livsstil utifrån habitus som fungerar både i det svenska samhället och i det afghanska även om det traditionella livsmönstret i hög grad består. En högre grad av interaktion med andra i samhället utifrån gemensamma intressen skulle kunna bidra till förändring av traditionella mönster och en ökad integration. / In this paper the aim is to create an indepth understanding of young Afghan unaccompanied men's life situations through interviews analysed with the concepts of habitus, capital and field. Most of the respondents have shown a willingness to toil hard to realize their ambitions and aspirations towards a life with stable living conditions. What results this endeavour has given differ within the group. Those who have manage to acquire capital that serves as the admission ticket to the labour market or to higher education, have a high degree of hope for the future. For a few of the young men the support from society has not been sufficient and they experience an uncertainty about the future. In several of the young men's stories signs of solidarity emerge, primarily towards family, but also towards society and their own compatriots. It appears that several of the young men find a lifestyle based on habitus that works both in the Swedish society and amongst Afghans although the traditional pattern of life to a great extent is maintained. A higher degree of interaction with others in the community on the basis of shared interests could lead to a change in traditional patterns and more integration.

of the thesis This thesis deals with the institute of administrative detention according to the Czech legal system. The term administrative detention is used to designate deprivations of liberty under administrative law for the reasons that are directly linked to the immigration policies of the state. In the context of migration law the detention may be basically used for two purposes. First purpose is to ensure the realization of administrative deportation of the foreigner. Second purpose is to prevent the foreigner from an unauthorized entry into the country. Both irregular migrants and asylum seekers fall under the scope of this work. Although different norms are applicable to each of these categories, both of them are subject to detention on the same ground - the lack of state authorization for their presence on national territory. The purpose of this paper is to detail the legal framework with which deprivation of liberty of migrants must comply in particular for what concerns the fundamental principle of international law that no one should be subjected to arbitrary detention. International human rights norms, principles and standards define the content of that principle. Such norms, principles and standards apply both to criminal and administrative proceedings including migrants and asylum...

Author: Hanna Wennerhov Title: The construction of “unaccompanied children” in regional media – a discourse analysis of representation, in the light of the “refugee crisis” 2015 [Translated title] Supervisor: Barzoo Eliassi Assessor: Ulf Drugge The purpose of this study was to problematize how unaccompanied children were depicted in news articles in regional media, in the light of the so called “refugee crisis” of 2015. 18 news articles concerning unaccompanied children have been analysed from a social constructive perspective, using discourse theory, the concept of representation and Michel Foucault’s perspective on power. Through this analysis, I have been able to identify two main discourses, where unaccompanied children were represented mostly by individuals in power position. The category was thus represented in two diverse ways, on the one hand as exposed and in need of help and protection, on the other hand as encumbering to the society. They were at the same time depicted as a homogenous group, passive in relation to the surrounding society. I have further been able to illustrate how unaccompanied children were being excluded from the discourses, through their limited participation and opportunity to represent themselves through the articles. When given this opportunity in one of the articles, four young people categorised as “unaccompanied children” represented the category as active, responsible individuals, thus presenting an alternative portrayal of unaccompanied children. With this study, I aimed to gain a deeper understanding of what kind of portrayals of unaccompanied children that may have become a premise from which people think of and treat these young people. I also aimed to raise awareness of how the power of medias portrayal of diverse groups of people can affect the conception of individuals that are categorised into these groups, as well as those individuals’ conception of themselves.   Keywords: Unaccompanied children, construction, representation, media, discourse analysis Nyckelord: Ensamkommande barn, konstruktion, representation, media, diskursanalys