E-scooters are a rather new mode of transport. Nevertheless, in recent years lots of studies have been published. Replaced modes and consequential environmental impacts as well as specific injury pattern are important topics. Regarding shape, speed and usage, e-scooters are most similar to bikes. As a consequence, by law e-scooters use the same road space or infrastructure than bikes do. Concurrently, in recent years we experience a boom of cycling in cities and a significant expansion of the bike infrastructure. Requirements and frequency of usage on the bike infrastructure are growing in cities caused by increasingly diverse cyclists. At the same time, the bike infrastructure is subject new requirements and additional pressure due to the implementation of e-scooters. In Germany, allowing e-scooters on bike infrastructure can be seen as a paradigm shift since for the first time a motorized vehicle is allowed to use the infrastructure. On this background, interrelation between e-scooters and active mobility (walking and cycling) are very important for the future use of the infrastructure and the ongoing transformation of urban mobility. Hence, we use a multi-method approach to investigate these potential conflicts and draw conclusions for regulation as well as improvement in the system.

Through over forty-five years of development, bike sharing is not a fangle in Europe. But it becomes a popular topic in China in recent two years. The Chinese startups exert IoT technologies and GPS modular in shared bikes and launched the world’s first station-less bike sharing system. This new bike sharing system gains in popularity and develops dramatically all across China. In addition, the leading bike sharing service providers such as Mobike, got over $300 million investment since the start of 2017, which caught the attention of the public. More and more venture capitalists want to touch this new tempting pie. This paper mainly focuses on investigating what are the roles of this new bike sharing system in urban mobility in China especially in Shanghai and its influences in the society. Meanwhile, the socio-technological innovations of the new bike sharing are explored together with the application of different theoretical frameworks, such as Porter’s Five Forces and system thinking. This paper also tempted to fill up the gap in the literature that describing the missing part of smart bike sharing business - using the station less bike sharing business model, involving a discussion of its pros and cons. In order to give more detailed insights about the new bike sharing industry, we choose the world’s first station-less bike sharing service company - Mobike, as our case study object to investigate the revolutionary bike sharing system in Chinese major cities, specifically in Shanghai - the representative megacity of China. Conclusions and future development suggestions are provided at the end of this paper so that the stakeholders could have some references for further development of bike sharing industry.

[pt] O conceito de cidades inteligentes é frequentemente associado a avanços tecnológicos, porém também abrange aspectos do bem-estar dos cidadãos e a sustentabilidade. A crescente disponibilidade de dados digitais resulta em um foco excessivo na tecnologia, negligenciando a participação cidadã e subutilizado consequentemente o potencial dessas informações. A nossa hipótese é que o design pode facilitar o acesso a dados urbanos complexos por meio de narrativas baseadas em dados e de processos participativos com a população. Logo, testamos um processo de co-design utilizando métodos mistos para analisar o comportamento de mobilidade. Estruturada em duas fases, a pesquisa inicialmente explorou projetos de mobilidade, analisando relatórios da iniciativa Civitas e entrevistando profissionais atuantes na área. Os desafios e soluções identificados foram testados na segunda fase, usando métodos como coleta de dados abertos municipais, diário de uso e análise de sentimentos em redes sociais. Por fim, foi realizado um workshop de co-design usando ferramentas de visualização de dados para co-analisar a relação dos efeitos meteorológicos na mobilidade urbana. Os resultados destacam o potencial do designer como mediador, com participantes relatando facilidade para analisar volumes substanciais de dados e considerando a proposta inovadora e agradável. Pesquisas futuras poderiam avaliar a compreensão dos dados pelos participantes. A contribuição desta tese reside em um processo de co-design que pode incluir diversos atores, como governo, setor privado e cidadãos, utilizando ferramentas de narrativas baseadas em dados, aplicáveis a quaisquer projetos com vasto volume de informação. / [en] The concept of smart cities is often associated with technological advancement, but it also encompasses aspects of citizen well-being and sustainability. The growing availability of digital data results in an excessive focus on technology, neglecting citizen participation and consequently underutilizing the potential of this information. Our hypothesis is that design can facilitate access to complex urban data through data storytelling and participatory processes. Therefore, we tested a co-design process using mixed methods to analyze mobility behavior. Structured in two phases, the study initially explored mobility projects by analyzing reports from the Civitas initiative and interviewing professionals in the field. The identified challenges and solutions were then tested in the second phase, employing data collection methods such as city open data analysis, diary studies, and sentiment analysis on social media. Finally, a co-design workshop was conducted incorporating data visualization tools to co-analyze the weather effects on urban mobility. The results highlight the significant potential of the designer as a facilitator, with participants reporting ease in analyzing substantial data volumes and considering the proposal innovative and enjoyable. Future research may evaluate participants understanding of the data. The contribution of this thesis lies in a co-design process that can involve various stakeholders, including government, private enterprises, and citizens, using data storytelling tools applicable to any project dealing with large data volumes.

This paper examines how selected measures from Ghent's mobility plan can be achievable in Visby's inner city. Gotland has the highest car density and the shortest driving distance in Sweden per person per year (Energicentrum, n.d). Most of the short journeys occur in Visby's inner city (Telia, 2023). This is a problem as short car journeys are often more polluting as carbon dioxide emissions are higher in the first 5km (Energicentrum, n.d). This is a case study with data collected from a document analysis and an interview with an official at Region Gotland to enhance scientific knowledge and understand the limitations and potential for selected measures in Visby.  The selected measures that are evaluated are a Low Emissions Zone, Push and Pull parking strategies and increasing pedestrian and bike mobility through Living Streets and bike parking. These three measures from Ghent were found to be achievable in Visby’s inner city. These measures could be achieved by a long planning process and changed to scale and adapt to Visby's unique inner city. Support from politicians to increase acceptance and allow for better conditions for the implementation would also be beneficial in achieving the measures. Additionally, introducing the measures to Visby could help Gotland reach its 2040 regional development goals and increase sustainable mobility in the inner city.

Nos travaux de recherche s’inscrivent dans le cadre des représentations sociales comme prisme analytique de l’acceptation des politiques publiques appliquées aux problématiques de mobilité urbaine durable. Face à la mise en place du 30km/h par la Ville d’Angers, nous cherchons à saisir les déterminants psychosociaux en jeu dans les pratiques des usagers. Nous nous intéressons notamment au lien que la mobilité urbaine entretient avec l’amélioration de la qualité de vie et la construction de quartiers idéaux.Dans un premier temps, nous étudions la structure de la représentation sociale du quartier idéal et celle de la zone30 à l’aide d’une approche pluriméthodologique. Nous analysons ensuite les motivations qui permettent d’expliquer les pratiques tout en nous focalisant sur les effets de masquage et démasquage de certains aspects normatifs en jeu dans la représentation des zones 30.Dans un troisième temps, nous étudions les processus communicationnels afin d’optimiser les messages des campagnes de communication. Enfin, nous proposons l’étude de deux outils. Le premier a pour objectif de permettre aux collectivités d’analyser de façon pertinente la manière de mettre en place le 30km/h sur son territoire à partir d’indicateurs objectifs. Le second s’intéresse à la valence des représentations et à la dimension motivationnelle des individus, permettant d’orienter la mise en place d’actions pertinentes afin d’en optimiser l’implantation.Nos résultats révèlent l’importance de la communication dans les processus de restructuration des représentations sociales et supposent la nécessité d’un changement de paradigme nécessaire dans la présentation des problématiques de mobilité. / Our research fits into the social representations’framework as an analytic prism of public policies’acceptance related to the sustainable urban mobility issue.With regard to the implementation of the 20mph (30kph) by the City of Angers, we study the psychosocial determinants towards the users’ practices. We are interested in the relationship that urban mobility maintains with the quality of life improvement and the construction ofideal neighbourhoods.In the first step, we study the social representation structure of the ideal neighbourhood and the one of 20mph zone (or 30kph zone) with a pluri-methodological approach. In the second step, we are interested in the individuals' motivations for explaining social practices. We focus on the masking and unmasking effects of normative aspects existing in the social representation. In the third step, we study communicational processes in order tooptimize awareness campaigns messages. Finally, we consider two tools. The first one allows public administrations to analyse and build a relevant strategy toimplement the generalization of 20mph zones on their territory through objectives indicators. The second onefocuses on the social representation valence and theindividuals’ motivational dimension. This information appears to be very important for orienting the elaboration of relevant actions in order to optimize its implementation.Our results reveal the importance of communication in restructuration processes of social representations. They also suggest the necessity of a paradigm change in the presentation of urban mobility issues.

La finalité de notre thèse est d'interroger la relation entre la planification urbaine et le développement durable en regard des politiques publiques urbaines de développement et plus particulièrement du management territorial. Dans notre conception de la démarche, nous mettons l'accent sur les différentes dynamiques (déplacements et mobilité) et mutations morphologiques et structurelles (occupations du sol) à l'échelle de l'agglomération afin de singulariser la décision publique en matière du développement urbain durable. Nos choix se sont inscrits volontairement dans une logique transdisciplinaire qui s'est révélée particulièrement adaptée à nos différents recours théoriques, méthodologiques et empiriques.Traitant le contexte tunisien en pleine transition, ce travail propose un modèle de décision publique hybride permettant de déterminer les traits d'une planification urbaine adaptée aux différents contextes actuels et aux exigences de la durabilité. Le recours à la fois aux techniques de la prospective, aux modèles intégrés de déplacements et d'occupation du sol, à la simulation et aux techniques d'analyse multicritère nous a permis une construction intégrée et itérative de plusieurs niveaux d'évaluation partielle et d'un niveau d'évaluation globale. Le modèle conçu et testé pour la ville de Sousse permettra aux décideurs publics de disposer d'une grille synthétique d'informations issues d'une prise en compte aussi complète que possible de la réalité urbaine. Il offre différents niveaux d'évaluation thématique et un niveau global intégrant l'ensemble. La démarche pourra servir de référent à d'autres villes tunisiennes et aura par conséquent un impact réel sur la qualité de leur développement. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between urban planning and sustainable development in relation to urban development policy and in particular the territorial management. In our design approach, we focus on the different dynamics (travel and mobility) moreover, morphological and structural changes (land uses) on the scale of the urban area in order to single public decision in urban development long lasting. Our choices were enrolled voluntarily in a trans-disciplinary logic has proved to be particularly suited to our different theoretical, methodological and empirical appeal.Treat the Tunisian context in transition; this research proposes a hybrid public decision model to determine the features of an adapted urban planning to different contexts and current requirements of sustainability. Using both foresight technics, integrated land use-transportation models, simulation and multi-criteria analysis technics allowed us an integrated and iterative construction of several levels of partial evaluation and a level of overall evaluation. The model designed and tested for the town of Sousse will allow policy makers to have a synthetic grid information from a decision as complete as possible account of urban reality. It offers different levels of thematic evaluation and a global level integrating all. The approach can be used as reference to other Tunisian cities and will therefore have a real impact on the quality of their development.

A modalidade de contratação via parceria público-privada (PPP) vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada no mundo todo. No Brasil, foi criada pela Lei nº 11.079 e vem crescendo impulsionada pelos megaeventos esportivos como a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e as Olimpíadas em 2016, especialmente na área de infraestrutura em mobilidade urbana. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo fazer uma avaliação por value for money (VfM) da contratação e mérito de um projeto de PPP em um protótipo de uma linha de metrô na cidade de São Paulo baseado na atual Linha 6-Laranja. Após a avaliação, também será verificado o mérito pela escolha de um projeto de PPP de um segundo protótipo similar a Linha 4-Amarela do metrô de São Paulo, o que possibilitará a análise de qual o maior VfM entre dois protótipos de PPP de linhas de metrô, com escopo e divisão de riscos distintos, sendo um similar à Linha 6-Laranja e outro similar à Linha 4-Amarela, permitindo verificar qual a opção de melhor eficiência e retorno exigido pelo ente privado em projetos dessa magnitude, além de identificar as principais dificuldades e propor recomendações e melhorias. A metodologia do estudo é baseada na construção de um modelo de estimativa de custo e receita de linha-protótipo na cidade de São Paulo, tendo como base projetos similares no Brasil e no exterior, fundamentação teórica especializada do setor bem como avaliação de aspectos jurídicos e econômico-financeiros. Dentre as conclusões, observou-se a existência de mérito pela escolha por projetos de PPP em futuras linhas de metrô e, em razão das dificuldades do setor público em tocar grandes obras, com a falta de investimento e expertise em planejamento, da necessidade de melhoria no regime de contratação, com a criação de câmaras especializadas para discutir a viabilidade e a adequada transferência dos riscos entre o ente privado e o Estado em projetos de PPP verificados por meio da comparação do VfM entre os dois protótipos propostos. / The contracting mode public-private partnership (PPP) has been increasingly used in the world, and in Brazil, created by Law No. 11,079, is growing driven by mega sporting events like the World Cup 2014 and the Olympics in 2016, especially in infrastructure of urban mobility area. This thesis aims to make a value for money analysis for a PPP model contracting and therefore the credit through the contractual mode (PPP) of a prototype subway line in the city of Sao Paulo based on current Line 6 - Orange. After such an evaluation, it will also be verified through another prototype like Line 4 - Yellow which will enable the analysis of the higher value for money between the two prototypes of PPP existing in São Paulo with different scopes, one based on subway Line 4 - Yellow and other as the Line 6 - Orange, allowing to check the returns required by private entity in projects of this magnitude, in addition to predict the main difficulties and make recommendations and improvements. The study methodology is based on building a model to estimates costs and revenues of a prototype subway line in Sao Paulo city through a PPP model, based on Brazilian and international similar projects, specialized literature of the sector as well the assessment of legal, economic and financial aspects. Among conclusions, it was found that, given the difficulties of the public sector in leading major projects, such as lack of investment and expertise in planning, there is need for improvement in the procurement regime, such as the creation of specialized chambers to discuss the feasibility and appropriate division of risks between the private entity and the State in PPP projects through the comparison of both prototypes value for money proposed.

O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar uma estratégia para avaliação da resiliência na mobilidade urbana, focando-se na restrição ao transporte motorizado. Assim, assumiu-se hipoteticamente que as viagens poderiam ser feitas apenas a pé ou de bicicleta. As viagens foram classificadas como persistentes, adaptáveis e transformáveis. As viagens persistentes e adaptáveis foram consideradas resilientes, enquanto as viagens transformáveis foram consideradas vulneráveis. Uma nova segmentação precisou ser criada para este trabalho: a excepcionalidade, que engloba viagens por modo a pé ou bicicleta além dos limites das Distâncias Máximas Possíveis (DMP). Os estudos de caso foram feitos na cidade de São Carlos e em um conjunto de três municípios da Região Metropolitana de Maceió (RMM): Maceió, Rio Largo e Satuba. No estudo em São Carlos, o pior cenário teve 40,4% de resiliência, e atingiu 100% com 11 km de DMP de bicicleta. Na RMM, o cenário mais pessimista apresentou uma resiliência de 43,0%, e atingiu o seu máximo aos 28 km. Os resultados também revelaram diferentes padrões espaciais de viagens para cada condição da resiliência. Em São Carlos, viagens persistentes apresentaram um padrão pontual. Viagens adaptáveis mostraram um padrão radial. As viagens transformáveis exibiam um padrão mais diametral, de um extremo ao outro da cidade. A análise por zona mostrou que as viagens transformáveis têm maior frequência em zonas afastadas do centro da cidade. Em RMM, os padrões encontrados foram semelhantes. As viagens persistentes, por exemplo, também eram predominantemente intrazonais. Além disso, as viagens adaptáveis tornaram-se mais concentradas em partes específicas da área urbanizada (por exemplo, ao norte da região), a medida que os valores de DMP aumentaram. O trabalho mostra a necessidade da adoção de políticas de incentivo aos modos ativos de transporte, no intuito de diminuir a dependência da sociedade de veículos motorizados. / The objective of this study was the development of a strategy to evaluate how urban mobility resilience would be affected by constraints imposed to motorized transport modes. The analysis was based on the hypothetical assumption that only walking and cycling trips would be possible. The trips were initially classified as persistent, adaptable and transformable. Trips in the first two groups were considered resilient trips, whereas the trips in the third group were vulnerable trips. A fourth category was created to accommodate walking and cycling trips that went beyond the Maximum Distances (MD) per mode that were also defined as part of the method. Case studies were conducted in the city of São Carlos and in Maceió Metropolitan Region (MMR), which contains three municipalities: Maceió, Rio Largo and Satuba. In the case of São Carlos, we found a resilience value of 40.4% in the worst scenario. Resilience values would increase for larger MD values, reaching a maximum resilience of 100% for a MD of 11 km. In MMR, the minimum resilience value found was 43.0%, and the maximum resilience value corresponded to a MD of 28 km. The results also indicated different spatial patterns for each group of trips. In São Carlos, persistent trips were mainly intrazonal trips, adaptable trips had a radial pattern, and transformable trips crossed the urban area. The analysis per zone have shown a concentration of transformable trips in zones far from the city center. In MMR, the patterns were similar. Persistent trips, for example, were also mostly intrazonal trips. In addition, adaptable trips became more concentrated in specific parts of the urbanized area (e.g. the northern part of the region) as MD values increased. This study indicate the need for policies that encourage the use of active modes of transportation, in order to decrease the dependence of society in motorized vehicles.

Neste trabalho é proposto um modelo para estimar a geração e a distribuição de viagens intraurbanas baseado em agentes, denominado Modelo GDA. Neste modelo foram aplicadas simulações em Sistemas Multiagentes (SMA), nas quais foram usadas, como dados de entrada, informações relativas ao morador e ao uso do solo. Na estimativa da geração de viagens, a simulação SMA foi usada para estimar uma população sintética baseada nas informações sociodemográficas dos moradores e para obter um plano de atividades associado a cada morador. Na estimativa da distribuição de viagens, a simulação SMA foi usada para obter uma matriz Origem-Destino (OD) com base no plano de atividades dos moradores e nos atributos do uso do solo. Para definir os critérios da distribuição de viagens, foram testadas teorias alternativas à força gravitacional, como a teoria das redes livres de escala e o conceito de path dependence. Foi feita uma aplicação do Modelo GDA na cidade de São Carlos (SP), cujos resultados estimados foram comparados aos resultados observados, provenientes da pesquisa Origem-Destino (OD), e aos resultados estimados obtidos pela aplicação de modelos gravitacionais nesta cidade. Os resultados mostraram que os resultados estimados obtidos pelo Modelo GDA são tão acurados quanto aos do modelo gravitacional. Conclui-se que o Modelo GDA, comparativamente ao modelo gravitacional, possui vantagens quanto à sua aplicabilidade, pois em vez de serem utilizados pelo modelo dados provenientes de pesquisas de tráfego, geralmente onerosos e de difícil aquisição; são empregados dados acerca do morador e do uso do solo, de fácil coleta e atualização periódica. / In this work, an agent-based model in order to estimate trip generation and trip distribution in an intra-urban context (GDA model) is proposed. Simulations using Multiagent Systems (MAS), with input data concerning dwellers and land use were applied in this model. To estimate the trip generation, the MAS simulation was used to elaborate a synthetic population based on sociodemographic information of the dwellers and to obtain an activity plan of each dweller. To estimate the trip distribution, the MAS simulation was used to obtain an Origin-Destiny (OD) matrix based on the dwellers activity plans and the land use characteristics. To define the trip distribution rules, alternative theories to gravitational force like free scale networks and path dependence theories were tested. The GDA model was applied in the urban area of São Carlos (Brazil), whose estimates was compared to the observed data from the OD survey and the estimate data from the Gravity model applied in this same area. The results showed that the estimates from the GDA Model are as accurate as from the Gravity Model. It was observed that the GDA Model presents advantages in relation to the Gravity Model because instead of using traffic survey data, which often is expensive and difficult to get, it uses dwellers and land use information, which is periodically collected from government researches, making it easy for government agencies to obtain this information.

As pessoas com deficiência compreendem uma parcela da população as quais as formas de planejamento dos espaços urbanos causam impacto direto em sua qualidade de vida, sendo a incapacidade visual a mais abrangente entre as deficiências, acometendo mais de 35 milhões de pessoas no Brasil. Nas últimas décadas, as normas e leis brasileiras de promoção da acessibilidade buscam criar condições para que as pessoas com deficiências possam ter uma vida social e econômica mais ativa, por meio do uso dos preceitos do design universal nos projetos de acessibilidade para espaços públicos e meios de transporte. No entanto, definir regulamentos e normas tem se mostrado insuficiente, pois a simples padronização de recursos físicos, como pisos táteis, não garantem a autonomia para o deslocamento das pessoas com deficiência visual. Paralelo às adequações dos espaços públicos para a acessibilidade, algumas tecnologias eletrônicas têm sido desenvolvidas de forma efetiva para o design universal, dentre elas as atuais formas de audiodescrição de programas de TV, cinemas e teatros, assim como o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de voz sintetizada para quepessoas com deficiência visual possam fazer uso dos portáteis smartphones. Neste estudo, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e experimentos em ambientes controlados e ambientes públicos, utilizando-se de técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa para o levantamento, registro e análise de informações, por meio da observação de voluntários com deficiência visual, enquanto utilizavam um modelo primordial de equipamento com voz digital para orientá-los em três ambientes públicos na cidade de São Paulo, compreendendo uma movimentada estação de metrô, uma calçada a céu aberto e uma instituição pública de cultura. Os experimentos demonstraram que os voluntários com deficiência visual podem utilizar um formato adequado de audiodescrição para a orientação e mobilidade, contanto que sejam consideradas peculiaridades que relacionem a velocidade de marcha de pessoas com deficiência visual com os processos cognitivos pertinentes à audição e à percepção ambiental. Por consequência, esta pesquisa oferece princípios para o design de audionavegação, por meio de readequações na audiodescrição para abranger os conceitos de orientação e mobilidade, de modo a possibilitar sua aplicação em projetos de interfaces eletrônicas portáteis com voz sintetizada para orientar pessoas com deficiência visual, buscando assim um incrementando na autonomia dessas pessoas para seu wayfinding em ambientes públicos e transportes de massa. / The people with disabilities comprise a portion of the population whose forms of planning in urban spaces have a direct impact on their quality of life, with visual impairment being the most comprehensive among disabilities, affecting more than35 million individuals in Brazil. In the last decades, the Brazilian norms and laws to promote accessibility seek to create conditions for people with disabilities to have a more active social and economic life, through the use of universal design precepts in the projects of accessibility for public spaces and mass transports. However, setting regulations and norms has proved insufficient, since the simple standardization of physical resources, such as tactile floors, do not guarantee autonomy for the displacement of visually impaired people. Parallel to the adaptations of public spaces for accessibility, some electronic technologies have been effectively developed for the universal design, amongst them the present forms of audiodescription of TV programs, cinemas and theaters, as well as the development of synthesized voice technologies so that people with visual disabilities can make use of portable smartphones. In this study, in addition to relevant bibliographical research, practical experiments were carried out in controlled and public environments, applying qualitative research techniques for the collection, recording and analysis of information through the observation of volunteers with visual impairment, using a primordial model of equipment with digital voice technology to guide them in three public spaces in the city of São Paulo, comprising a busy subway station, a sidewalk and a public cultural institution. The experiments have shown that visually impaired volunteers can use an appropriate format of audiodescription for orientation and mobility, as long as they are considered peculiarities that relate the visually impaired people walking speed to cognitive processes relevant to hearing and for environmental perception. As a result, this research offers principles for the audionavigation design, through adjustments in audiodescription to include the orientation and mobility concepts, enabling its application in projects of portable electronic interfaces with synthesized voice to guide visually impaired people, seeking an increase in wayfinding autonomy for these people when in public environments and mass transports.