Este trabalho tem como objetivo efetuar uma investigação acerca das repercussões morfológicas decorrentes do processo de construção e transformação do espaço urbano representado pelo crescimento urbano por extensão, ou seja, pelo acréscimo de novos loteamentos junto à estruturas urbanas preexistentes. A escala de análise das conseqüências do fenômeno investigado situa-se tanto em âmbito local, bem como de modo global de toda a estrutura urbana. Como objeto de estudo, será abordado o processo de formação territorial da cidade de Santa Maria – RS, verificando as alterações na estrutura urbana da cidade ao longo do tempo. Para tal operação investigativa, será empregado o instrumental de análise do ambiente construído disponibilizado pela Teoria da Sintaxe Espacial, na qual será possível realizar uma leitura do fenômeno do crescimento urbano sob o viés morfológico e verificar como as variáveis: localização, conectividade, layout do anexo e o porte das estruturas anexadas influem na abrangência e relevância do fenômeno no contexto urbano. / This work has as objective to make an investigation concerning the current morphologic repercussions of the construction process and transformation of the urban space represented by the urban growth by extension, that is to say, for the increment of new settlements close to structure it urban. The scale of analysis of the consequences of the investigated phenomenon locates so much in local ambit, as well as in global way of the whole urban structure. As study object, the process of territorial formation of Santa Maria's city will be approached - RS, verifying the alterations in the urban structure of the city along the time. For such an investigative operation, the instrumental of analysis of the atmosphere built available will be used by the Theory of the Space Syntax, in which will be possible to accomplish a reading of the phenomenon of the urban growth under the morphologic inclination and to verify as the variables: location, connectivity, layout of the annex and the load of the enclosed structures influence in the inclusion and relevance of the phenomenon in the urban context.

Essa dissertação tem por objetivo discutir as formas de apropriação vigentes nos espaços públicos de centros urbanos de cidades de médio ou grande porte e suas relações com a morfologia urbana. Trata-se do estudo de caso da praça Dante Alighieri e do parque Getúlio Vargas, na cidade de Caxias do Sul. O método utilizado para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi o dedutivo, de aproximação ao problema através de coleta de dados no arquivo histórico, levantamentos físicos, de técnicas de observação, entrevistas e memória oral. Foi realizado o estudo evolutivo do centro urbano da cidade, desde a efetiva implantação da praça até a atualidade, em períodos definidos de acordo com os fatos que marcaram os dois espaços públicos em questão, tendo como base os relatos de cinco atores sociais que participaram dessa construção. A partir desse embasamento foi elaborada a análise morfológica dos entornos imediatos dos espaços públicos, e para o entendimento das formas de apropriação na atualidade foram realizadas entrevistas com os usuários e não usuários desses espaços públicos. Através da análise qualitativa dos dados foi possível chegar a resultados que confirmam as formas de apropriação que se fazem na praça e o parque. A evolução da centralidade relacionada com as formas de apossamento dos espaços público demonstrou que fatos e trocas sociais do cotidiano foram se perdendo com o alargamento das fronteiras da cidade. A desagregação do conjunto arquitetônico e a verticalização interferiram nas condições de apropriação especialmente da praça, mas os elementos que apresentam maior interferência na utilização dos espaços públicos se relacionam a componente vegetal por sua possibilidade de alterar a paisagem, proporcionar conforto e envolvimento. A utilização dos espaços públicos também se refere às funções disponíveis, e a ordenação espacial especialmente dos locais de contemplação, que através de sua diversidade compositiva poderá imprimir maior qualidade e possibilitar contatos entre os usuários. Outros fatores que apontam para as formas de apropriação dos espaços se referem ao comportamento dos usuários, com relação à individualização do homem contemporâneo e aos hábitos explícitos de possessão de grupos ou individualidades que demarcam espaços e criam limites simbólicos, intimidando a utilização em diferentes graus de intensidade de parte, ou da totalidade dos espaços públicos. / This paper aims to discuss the forms of appropriation of public spaces in existing urban centers in cities of medium or large size and its relationship to urban morphology. This is the case study of the square Dante Alighieri and the park Getúlio Vargas in the city of Caxias do Sul. The method used to study the development of the deductive approach to the problem by collecting data in the historical, surveys physical, observation techniques, interviews and oral memory. We conducted the study of the evolutionary center of the city, since the effective implementation of the square to the present time periods according to the events that marked the two public spaces in question, based on reports of five social actors who participated in this construction. From that foundation was established morphological analysis of the immediate surroundings of public spaces, and to understand the forms of appropriation at present interviews with users and non users of these public spaces. Through qualitative data analysis was possible to reach results that confirm the forms of appropriation that is done in the square and the park. The centrality evolution of related forms of seizure of the facts showed that public spaces and everyday social exchanges were being lost with the extension of city boundaries. The breakdown of the architectural and vertical interfered especially in conditions of appropriation of the square, but the elements that have greater interference in the use of public spaces relate to plant compound for its ability to change the landscape, providing comfort and involvement. The use of public spaces also refers to the functions available, and especially the local spatial ordering of contemplation, that through his compositional diversity can print higher quality and allow contacts between users. Other factors that point towards the forms of appropriation of spaces relate to the behaviour of users, with respect to the individualization of the contemporary man and explicit habits of groups or individuals that possession hold spaces and create symbolic boundaries, intimidating to use in varying degrees of intensity of part or all of the public spaces.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ianna Silveira Raposo.pdf: 25044228 bytes, checksum: 38a9f6e6d3c2ab0ac9a45d062177fb49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This study aims to examine concepts and ideas of design and the Place MarechalDeodoro Scott, located in Teresina, Piauí, starting with the restoration and understanding of the evolutionary process of urban areas in the context of the city from its foundation to today.With this we intend to contribute to the final guidelines for the reclassification of projective squares and its surroundings, thus contributing, in the spatial quality of the city and a better ownership by the population of that territory. To this end, the research is based mainly on the concept of Urban Landscape Morphology, and the dialectic between design, ownership and accessibility of public open spaces. / O presente trabalho busca analisar conceitos e reflexões de projeto das Praças Marechal Deodoro e Saraiva, localizadas em Teresina-PI, partindo da recomposição e entendimento do processo de evolução urbana das áreas no contexto da cidade desde suas fundações aos dias de hoje. Com isso pretende-se ao final contribuir com um diagnóstico para a requalificação das praças e seu entorno, colaborando, assim, na qualidade espacial da cidade e numa melhor apropriação desse território pela população. Para tal, a pesquisa baseia-se, principalmente, no conceito de Morfologia da Paisagem Urbana, e na dialética entre projeto, apropriação e acessibilidade dos espaços livres públicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Padia de Souza.pdf: 6900256 bytes, checksum: 8d85c2a093f1ecfbd955ce0d9f0bc508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This research discusses the slums urban forms and the impact of the public interventions. It seeks to understand the morphological elements that differentiate the precarious settlements, in this case the slums peculiarity in São Paulo. Taking Heliopolis community as a study case the discussion goes through since its origin in 1972, traversing the various public interventions at different political moments. It has the issue to comprehend the transformation process on its morphology and the impacts that occurs. The analysis of three projects Delamare Condominium (1989); Cingapura Heliopolis Sector A (1996); Social Housing 115 (2005) provides an understanding regarding breaks and contiguities of the slums urban form and what are the prospects that enable the integration and recognition of large settlements, as an inherent part of the city. / Esta pesquisa discute a forma urbana das favelas e o impacto das intervenções públicas. Busca- se compreender os elementos morfológicos que diferenciam os assentamentos precários, neste caso as especificidades das favelas em São Paulo. Toma-se como objeto de estudo a comunidade de Heliópolis, desde sua origem em 1972, percorrendo as diversas intervenções públicas, em momentos políticos distintos. Procura-se compreender o processo de transformação e os impactos em sua morfologia. A análise de três projetos Condomínio Delamare (1989); Cingapura Heliópolis Gleba A (1996); Conjunto Habitacional 115 (2005) propiciaram o entendimento referente às rupturas e contiguidades da forma urbana da favela e quais as perspectivas que possibilitam a integração e o reconhecimento dos assentamentos, como parte inerente à cidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Carolina Ferreira Mendes.pdf: 33413193 bytes, checksum: 5573da88c8a5035b1bb94206fa2b23fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-01 / The research aims to survey, analyze and criticize the recent transformations taking place in São Paulo urban landscape, specifically in a selected axis located in the southwestern area of the city, historically it's most valued location. The selected axis connects Downtown and Marginal Pinheiros, starting in Martins Fontes St., continuing through Augusta St., Colômbia St., Europa Avenue and, finally, reaches Cidade Jardim Avenue. Several urban morphologies take place all over this axis, formed and consolidated during the 20th century, and important mutations are happening in this pre-existing urban fabric. Such transformations reveal themselves as a result of the constructive laws, and also of the society action which in several ways happens to encourage, through the products of the real estate market or the way of life citizens chose. The built landscape throughout the Augusta St. axis is now changing, specifically in sections Baixo Augusta and Cidade Jardim, through intense verticalization and homogenization of architectural language and products offered, compared to the pre-existing landscape. / A pesquisa tem por objetivo o levantamento, análise e crítica das transformações recentes na paisagem construída pelas quais São Paulo tem passado, especificamente em um eixo selecionado de seu quadrante sudoeste, historicamente dos mais valorizados da cidade. O eixo selecionado para estudo liga a região central à Marginal Pinheiros, iniciando-se na Rua Martins Fontes, continuando pela Rua Augusta, Rua Colômbia, Avenida Europa e finalmente culminando na Avenida Cidade Jardim. Diversas são as morfologias urbanas presentes ao longo desse eixo, que se formou e se consolidou ao longo do século XX, e importantes são as mutações que as transformações recentes têm trazido a esses tecidos préexistentes. Tais transformações revelam-se resultado da legislação construtiva que as viabiliza, bem como da ação da sociedade que de diversos modos as incentiva, seja através da incorporação de determinado produto imobiliário, ou do modo de vida escolhido pelos cidadãos. A paisagem construída tem passado por mutações em todo o eixo da Rua Augusta, especificamente nos trechos Baixo Augusta e Cidade Jardim, através de intensa verticalização e homogeneização da linguagem e produtos arquitetônicos oferecidos, quando comparada à paisagem pré-existente.

<p>Disert acija je usmerena na ist raživ anje urbanist ičkih rešenja v ažećih<br />planov a naselja u Vojv odini, sa t ežnjom da se prouči način, logika, s misao<br />i ideje planiranja buduće fizičke st rukt ure gradov a, odnos prema njenim<br />brojnim element ima i njihov im kompleksnim i živ im odnosima.<br />Analizirano je ukupno dv anaest planov a det aljne regulacije koji se bav e<br />t ransformacijom, rev it alizacijom fizičkih st rukt ura fragmenat a<br />naselja. Rezult at i ist raživ anja pot v rđuju post avljene hipot eze, odnosno<br />različit ost i prist upa planiranju t ransformacija fizičkih st rukt ura<br />v ojv ođanskih naselja, nedost at ke, mane i kv alit et e i u zaključnom delu su<br />dat e određene smernice koje t reba da doprinesu prev azilaženju uočenih<br />problema kao i dopune post ojeća naučna saznanja iz oblast i urbanizma.</p> / <p>Dissertation is focused on the research of urban solutions current plans for<br />settlements in Vojvodina, with the aim to study the way the logic, sense and<br />ideas of planning the future physical structure of cities, the relationship to its<br />many elements and their complex and vibrant relationships. A total of twelve<br />zoning plans that deal with the transformation, revitalization of the physical<br />structure of the fragments of the towns are studied. The research results<br />confirm the hypotheses and diversity approach to planning the transformation<br />of the physical structure of Vojvodina settlements, defects, flaws and<br />qualities and in the concluding section are given some guidelines that should<br />contribute to overcoming the identified problems as well as amendments to<br />existing scientific knowledge in the field of urban planning.</p>

Cette thèse analyse les modalités contemporaines de production des lotissements résidentiels en France ainsi que la qualité morphologique des espaces urbains produits dans ce cadre opérationnel. Elle interroge le paradoxe entre la critique presque unanime dont font l’objet les lotissements d’une part et l’observation d’opérations de lotissement exemplaires d’autre part. Elle explore les conditions selon lesquelles ce mode opératoire est en capacité de fabriquer des espaces urbains de qualité au niveau de leur forme physique. Les lotissements sont appréhendés selon une double entrée : en tant qu’espaces matériels, c’est la qualité de leur tissu qui est étudiée ; en tant que processus d’action, c’est le fonctionnement des systèmes d’action collective qui les composent qui est analysé. D’un point de vue théorique, le travail mobilise les outils de la sociologie des organisations en croisant les apports de l’analyse stratégique avec ceux de l’économie des ordres de grandeur. L’appréhension de la matérialité des lotissements s’appuie sur l’approche par trames développée autour de la notion de tissu urbain par l’école française de morphologie urbaine. La thèse repose sur l’analyse qualitative et comparative de quatre opérations-études de cas situées dans l’agglomération lyonnaise. Elle montre tout d’abord qu’il n’y a pas de fatalité morphologique. L’analyse du tissu des quatre lotissements prouve ainsi que ce mode opératoire n’est pas condamné à fabriquer des espaces urbains médiocres. Cette démonstration est issue d’un travail préalable de conceptualisation de la notion de qualité morphologique, envisagée comme une convention sociale. L’analyse de l’évolution du droit de lotir, dans le cadre plus global des changements réglementaires en matière d’urbanisme et d’aménagement en France, montre ensuite que l’injonction réglementaire au développement urbain durable impacte au moins indirectement le lotissement dans le sens de sa qualification. Les changements législatifs récents ont en effet conduit à l’instauration d’un contexte d’action qui pousse les maîtres d’ouvrage à une plus grande réflexion en termes de localisation des opérations, et sans doute aussi à une plus grande densité bâtie. Seulement le droit n’explique pas tout. Les arbitrages en matière de morphologie s’opèrent ainsi à trois moments clés : lors de la définition du droit des sols, au moment de la délivrance des autorisations d’urbanisme et lors de la conception et de la programmation des opérations. L’analyse révèle alors que l’acteur communal possède potentiellement une grande force de régulation de la forme urbaine. La planification locale a ainsi un impact significatif sur le tissu des opérations, même si l’expérience montre que c’est le plus souvent dans un sens négatif. Dans l’interaction avec les acteurs privés, que ce soient les lotisseurs et leurs concepteurs ou les habitants-maîtres d’ouvrage et leur constructeur, la commune dispose de multiples ressources pour influencer les projets dans le sens de leur qualification. La thèse montre à ce propos le rôle central des institutions partenaires dans ce rapport de pouvoir, notamment pour les plus petites communes. À ces différents moments, l’aptitude qualifiante de la régulation publique dépend d’une variable essentielle : l’engagement politique des acteurs. La qualité des lotissements est enfin conditionnée par un deuxième élément : la responsabilité morphologique dont se sentent ou non investis les lotisseurs. Ces derniers conservent en effet une certaine marge de manœuvre en matière morphologique. Leur comportement en termes de conception est donc lui aussi déterminant pour la qualité du tissu des lotissements. / This thesis analyses the contemporary modalities of the production of residential allotments (lotissements) in France, as well as the morphological quality of urban spaces produced in this operational framework. It questions the paradox between the almost unanimous criticism directed at these residential developments, on the one hand, and the observation of exemplary developmentoperations on the other hand. It explores the conditions under which this modus operandi can produce urban spaces with morphological qualities. The residential allotments are considered from a dual perspective: as a material space, by studying the quality of the urban fabric; and as a process, by analysing the functioning of the collective action systems composing it.From a theoretical perspective, this work makes use organisational sociology tools (sociologie des organisations) by crossing of the Strategic Analysis inputs (Crozier and Friedberg) with those of the Economies of Worth (Boltanski and Thévenot). The understanding of the development’s materiality draws on the “frames” approach (approche par trames) developed around the notion of urban fabric by the French school of urban morphology. The thesis relies on qualitative and comparative analysis of four case studies located in urban agglomeration of Lyon.Firstly, it shows that there is no morphological fatality. The fabric analysis of these four projects proves that this modus operandi is not doomed to produce mediocre urban spaces. This demonstration draws on a prior conceptualisation of the notion of morphological quality, considered as a social convention.The analysis of subdivision laws (droit de lotir), in the broader context of regulatory changes in the field of urbanism and town planning in France, then shows that the impact of sustainable development regulations is, at least indirectly, to increase the quality of the residential allotment. Legal changes have indeed created a context that encourages a stronger reflection on development location by the project manager (maître d’ouvrage) and probably also a greater building density.Nevertheless, laws cannot provide a full explanation. The decisions regarding morphology are made at three key moments: when the planning laws (droit des sols) are defined, when the planning approvals (autorisations d’urbanisme) are delivered and when developments are designed and programmed. The analysis so reveals that the municipal stakeholder potentially holds an important power over the regulation of the urban form. Local planning therefore has a significant impact on the developments’ fabric, although experience shows that this impact is most often negative. In the interaction with private stakeholders, whether they are the developers (lotisseurs) and their designers (concepteurs), or the inhabitants-project managers (habitants-maître d’ouvrage) and their builder (constructeurs), the municipality has many resources at his disposal to influence the projects quality. In this respect, this thesis highlights the central role that partner institutions play in this power relation, particularly for smaller municipalities. At these different moments, the aptitude of public regulation for improving quality depends on one essential variable: the political commitment of the stakeholders. Finally, the quality of the residential allotments also depends on a further element; whether or not the developers have a sense of morphological responsibility. Developers indeed maintain a room for manoeuver regarding morphology. Their behaviour at the conception level is consequently also decisive for the quality of the developments’ fabric.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar os parâmetros urbanísticos que influenciam a forma urbana e, consequentemente, maximizam a geração de energia fotovoltaica, no município de São Paulo, tomando por estudo de caso o bairro Belenzinho, em processo de adensamento e verticalização. A avaliação dos parâmetros urbanísticos foi realizada por meio do software de modelagem tridimensional Rhinoceros®, utilizando dois vértices: inicialmente, foi modelada a variação isolada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, utilizando Rhinoceros® associado aos plug-ins Grasshopper® e Diva®, com a finalidade de identificar os valores dos parâmetros urbanísticos que maximizam as respostas da forma urbana em relação à incidência de radiação solar na cobertura das edificações; em seguida, adicionou-se o algoritmo genético Galapagos, identificando-se a melhor combinação dos valores dos parâmetros urbanísticos quanto à maximização da incidência de radiação solar na cobertura das edificações. As análises mostraram que no cenário morfológico atual, 86% da cobertura das edificações existentes recebem entre 1840 e 1879 kWh/m2.ano de incidência de radiação solar, porém, algumas edificações são prejudicadas com sombreamento causada pelas edificações vizinhas. Quando se objetiva otimizar a geração de energia solar fotovoltaica na cobertura de empreendimentos distribuídos no tecido urbano, valores de coeficiente de aproveitamento 3, quando o máximo permitido é 4, ou valores de coeficiente de aproveitamento 2, quando o máximo permitido é 2, associados a taxas de ocupação de 0,70, mostram-se apropriados. A aplicação do Galapagos indica que o ganho da radiação solar incidente por área total de cobertura, através da simulação da variação combinada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, é, em média, 60% maior quando comparado com o pior cenário da variação isolada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, no cenário com empreendimentos distribuídos. Porém, quando se objetiva otimizar a geração de energia solar fotovoltaica na cobertura de empreendimentos concentrados no tecido urbano, valores de coeficiente de aproveitamento 3 e 4, quando o máximo permitido é 4, associados a taxas de ocupação de 0,40, mostram-se apropriados. O uso do Galapagos indica que o ganho da radiação solar incidente por área total de cobertura, através da simulação da variação combinada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, é, em média, 40% maior quando comparado com o pior cenário da variação isolada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, no cenário com empreendimentos concentrados. Assim, a pesquisa indica que a definição de uma política energética municipal para aproveitamento fotovoltaico na cobertura de edificações passa pela análise da viabilidade de soluções de geração concentradas ou distribuídas no território urbano, o que impacta em diferentes formas de apropriação dessa variável na regulação da ocupação do solo, no que tange à definição de intervalos de valores dos parâmetros urbanísticos, gabarito de altura, assim como no uso do solo. / The present study analyses the parameters of the urban form that conditions the PV power generation capacity in a neighbourhood in São Paulo: Belenzinho, which is in verticalization and densification processes. The urban analysis was modeled with Rhinoceros® 3D software, with two vertices. Initially, the case-study area was modeled based on the isolated variation of the urban parameters, with Rhinoceros® software associated with Grasshopper® and Diva® plug-ins, in order to identify the best and worse urban parameter values, considering the solar radiation incidence on the rooftops of isolated buildings. Then, Galapagos genetic algorithm was applied for the purpose of combining the urban parameters, and identified the most suitable values for better exploitation of solar radiation. The analysis showed that in the current morphological scenario, 86% of the existing buildings rooftops have values of solar radiation between 1840 and 1879 kWh/m2.year, withal, some buildings are affected by shading caused by neighboring buildings. When optimizing the generation of photovoltaic solar energy in the rooftops of buildings distributed in area of this case study, values 3 for floor area ratio, when the maximum allowed is 4, or values 2 for floor area ratio, when the maximum allowed is 2, associated to values 0.70 of building coverage ratio to be appropriate. The study indicates that the gain of incident solar radiation by total coverage area through the simulation of the Galapagos genetic algorithm, represents on average 60% more when compared to the worst scenario of the isolated variation of the urban parameters, in isolated buildings. However, when the objective is to optimize the generation of photovoltaic solar energy in the rooftops of concentrated buildings in area of case study, values 3 and 4 for floor area ratio, when the maximum allowed is 4, associated to values 0.40 of building coverage ratio to be appropriate. The study indicates that the gain of incident solar radiation by total coverage area through the simulation of the Galapagos genetic algorithm, represents on average 40% more when compared to the worst scenario of the isolated variation of the urban parameters, in concentrated buildings. Thus, the definition of a municipal energy policy for photovoltaic application on the top of buildings involves the analysis of the feasibility of more concentrated or distributed generation solutions in the urban territory, and its appropriation of this variable in the land use regulation, in relation to the definition of ranges of values of urban planning parameters, building\'s height and land use.

Tesis para optar al Grado de Magíster en Dirección y Administración de Proyectos Inmobiliarios / Se trata de intereses ejercidos hacia el mismo espacio urbano. Tanto patrimonio como mercado inmobiliario corresponden a áreas de estudio confrontadas, situación bastante lógica si piensa en ciertos grupos patrimoniales que preservan sus construcciones, versus aquellos preocupados por la búsqueda de oportunidades de desarrollo. Al aplicar una protección normativa a un determinado barrio, esto conlleva a que exista una serie de restricciones a la producción de obras nuevas, aspecto que complejiza -y muchas veces ahuyenta- los ánimos de ciertos desarrolladores. Sus efectos se reflejaron desde el 3º trimestre del 2016 al revisar una reducción de un 58% de los montos de inversión en la zona frente al mismo periodo en el 2017; y una notoria reducción de permisos ligados a patentes comerciales que ha relegado aquellos emprendimientos de tipo residencial, oficinas y educación. Frente a este comportamiento, el municipio santiaguino propuso no eliminar este tipo de acciones, sino regular la conformación de estas basándose en que este esfuerzo, significa a todas luces un aporte al contexto urbano histórico con el cual dialogar. Esta discusión escala en un contexto en el cual la demanda por vivir en áreas centrales va al alza, pero que reconoce desde el eje MATTA al sur un “territorio de especulación”. A simple vista se piensa en un desincentivo generalizado, toda vez existan tantas restricciones a la edificación continua en 18 metros como restricciones morfológicas en adyacencia a inmuebles de conservación histórica (ICH) que generan saltos en las rentabilidades resultantes. Sin embargo, esto puede ser reconocido como una oportunidad al aplicar estratégicamente los parámetros contenidos en la Zona de Conservación Histórica – E7 (ZCHE7) aprobada el 16 de agosto 2016 por el MINEDUC. La justificación final de esta tesis pretende desmitificar la postura que indica que la protección de los barrios congela su desarrollo inmobiliario, premisa que finalmente, modeló la hipótesis al buscar sus oportunidades dentro de radios acotados. Repensar más acuciosamente los nuevos productos para la zona se convierte en una oportunidad que brinda lineamientos con miras a generar nuevas tipologías y morfologías adaptadas al desarrollo local de barrio. / It’s all about interests exercised to the same urban space. Both heritage and real estate development correspond to study areas that are confronted nowadays, a logical situation if we think about certain heritage groups that preserve their constructions, versus those concerned in searching development opportunities. By applying a regulatory protection to a specific neighborhood, this regulatories lead to a series of restrictions applyed to the production of new urban pieces, an aspect that complicates – and oftently drives away - the spirits of certain developers. Its effects were reflected from the third quarter of 2016, when reviewing a reduction of 58% in investment amounts in the area compared to the same period in 2017; and a notable reduction in permits linked to commercial patents that has relegated residential, office and education ventures. Faced with this behavior, the city council of Santiago proposed not to eliminate this type of actions, but otherwise to regulate the conformation of these inititives, based on the fact that this effort, clearly means a contribution to the historical urban context with which to dialogue. This discussion escalates in a context in which, the demand for living in central areas of Santiago is constinously increasing, but which recognizes from MATTA axis to the south a “territory of speculation”. At first glance we think of a general disincentive, there are both restrictions on continuous building in 18 meters and morphological restrictions in adjacency to historical preservation buildings that generate leaps in the resulting returns. However, this can be recognized as an opportunity to strategically apply the parameters contained in the Historic Conservation Zone - E7 (ZCHE7 in spanish) approved on August 16, 2016 by MINEDUC. The final justification of this thesis aims to demystify the position that indicates that the protection of neighborhoods freezes their real estate development, a premise that finally modeled the hypothesis when looking for opportunities within limited radius. Rethinking new products more acutely for this area becomes an opportunity that provides guidelines that direct the generation of new typologies and morphologies adapted to local neighborhood development.

Le sous-sol de Paris est reconnu et topographié depuis environ deux siècles par plusieurs disciplines. Dans cette thèse, nous avons retenu et analysé depuis leur genèses, souvent intimement liées sur le territoire urbain, ces disciplines de l’épaisseur : la géologie, l’hydrogéologie, l’archéologie, la topographie, puis ce que nous nommons actuellement le génie urbain. L’urbanisme, accepté comme « science de l’organisation spatiale des villes », possède peu de méthodes d’appréhension à même de synthétiser dans le temps et l'espace la diversité de ces approches. La méthode proposée par la thèse rend représentables et quantifiables plusieurs évolutions longues issues des « mesures de ville » étalées dans le temps, à travers un Système d’Information Géographique construit dans une perspective diachronique. Il concerne ici spécifiquement la verticalité. Plusieurs cartographies originales concernant le mouvement du sol et de la nappe phréatique en sont issues.Sur la base de ce support, intégrant la topographie historique, environnementale et tridimensionnelle de plusieurs disciplines urbaines, nous développons deux pistes d’analyse.La première est la compréhension de la construction du projet urbain au XIXe siècle jusqu’aux « grands travaux » à la lumière de la mesure de l’espace et des représentations disponibles. Une chronologie spécifique est proposée.La seconde est une proposition pour un récolement urbaniste souterrain appréhendant le temps long et l'épaisseur de la ville. Elle peut contribuer aux bases de données urbaines, actuellement en majorité construites sur un espace conçu comme parcellaire.Le modèle vise donc à fournir une contribution et de nouvelles pistes de recherches à la fois pour la morphologie préindustrielle de Paris, pour l’archéologie industrielle et plus généralement pour l'approche urbaniste de la couche, désormais connue dans un cadre géologique et environnemental, mais encore non définie du point de vue stratigraphique, sous le nom d'anthropocène. / For more than two centuries now, researchers from different backgrounds and disciplines have started studying and making topographical surveys of the Parisian underground.These different ways of studying urban thickness all inform this thesis. They are all analyzed from their very origins, which are often closely linked in an urban context. These methods include: geology, hydrology, archeology, topography, and what is currently called urban engineering. Urbanism, although it is often described as “the science of spatial organization in cities”, can seldom yield as much temporal and spatial information as these various approaches can when put together. This thesis proposes to present and quantify several long-term evolutions, traced through a series of “urban measurements” performed over time by a Geographical Information System, which was designed for the purposes of a diachronic study. The system here specifically targets urban verticality. It has resulted in the creation of many original maps of ground and ground-water movement.Based on these maps, which include historical, environmental and tridimensional topography, two analyses are then conducted.The first deals with understanding the construction of an urban project in the 19th century - up until the “grands travaux” - by looking at space measurement and available representations. A specific chronology is then proposed.The second analysis offers to compile information concerning the thickness of the urban underground and its evolution through time. This could then dispense information to urban databases, many of which are currently based on an urban space fragmented by plots.The model thus built serves to contribute and to give new research perspectives, to the study of Parisian preindustrial morphology, and industrial archeology, and more generally the urban approach of the layer - known in geological and environmental contexts, but which has yet to be defined from a statigraphic point of view - under the name anthropocene.