Malmö strives to become an attractive and sustainable city by 2030. Continued population growth is a major reason for the need to densify within the existing urban structures. But more inhabitants will also increase pressure on usage and demand for green spaces in the city. Green space is of importance for human well-being and health, especially in urban environments. However the importance of green space is being marginalised in current debate and urban planning, due to the intensive focus on densification. The relevance of green space as an environmental quality has neither been recognised sufficiently in discussions on environmental justice. Previous policy and research has not integrated the socioeconomic dimension when assessing green space distribution. Hence this case study aimed to investigate the socio-spatial distribution of green areas in Malmö. A theoretical framework was compiled including concepts on environmental justice, i.e. the equal distribution of environmental qualities among different social groups. Moreover concepts regarding access (public/private), distance (walkability) and size (utilisation) of green areas were considered. A quantitative analysis was conducted with secondary data. As no comprehensive data set covered more recent years, census data and spatial data from 2005 was used for further analysis. The data was processed and analysed with the help of a geographic information system (GIS). With this approach green space and green areas could be identified. Green areas were categorised according to the level of public access, the size and the respective recommended distances to homes. In addition several socioeconomic factors were extracted from the census data and visualised in GIS. Thus the least advantaged neighbourhoods that lacked various public green areas could be located. On the city level it could be identified that only 13% of the total land area were covered with public green areas, resulting in 46 sq m per inhabitant in 2005. In April 2011 the population of Malmö passed the threshold of 300 000. Assuming that the amount of green areas had not changed since 2005 (unlikely), every inhabitant would have had 38 sq m of public green area in 2011. Considering these numbers in a Swedish context reveals that Malmö is on the bottom line of green area provision. On the neighbourhood level the greatest deficit was found in the eastern parts of central Malmö (e.g. Ostervärn), covering a network of neighbourhoods further south (Norra Sofielund, Södra Sofielund, Almhög, Gullviksborg). In total 32 neighbourhoods were characterised by above average percentage of children, elderly, foreign born or population density. Moreover almost all neighbourhoods lacking green areas were characterised by below average income. The results showed evidence for inequalities in the distribution of green areas between different social groups. This poses an incentive for further investigations in the field of environmental justice and sustainable urban development. Issues like actual walking distance, barriers and safety, qualities of green spaces and user experiences should be investigated in future research. Noting that the data used in this study was from 2005, it is crucial to update and determine shifts in socio-spatial distribution of green areas in the city today. Whilst the population is still increasing, it is likely that even more green space has vanished in the 7 years since 2005. All these issues are essential for a good knowledge based planning of the green and just future of Malmö.

Vad är egentligen hållbar stadsutveckling och kommer vi i framtiden att kunna planerastadsmiljöer som har en positiv inverkan, på både natur och människa, i stället för en negativ?En av de grundläggande principerna för designteorin Cradle to Cradle är att vi skaagera hållbart i stället för mindre ohållbart. Dock är teorin ännu relativt outforskad inomfysisk planering.Utöver att undersöka Cradle to Cradle som designteori för hållbar stadsutveckling är syftetmed uppsatsen att dess resultat och slutsatser ska kunna utgöra verktyg för hållbarfysisk planering. Uppsatsen syftar också till att inspirera med innovativa idéer och lösningari den byggda miljön.Uppsatsen inleds med en teoretiskt grundad diskussion kring vad som kan utgöra normativaprinciper för hållbar stadsutveckling. Efter en grundlig objektiv översikt av Cradle toCradle ställs designteorin i relation till de normer som ställts upp.Intentionerna med Cradle to Cradle är goda men designteorin är i dag främst inriktadmot ekologisk och ekonomisk hållbarhet och den viktiga sociala aspekten är inte utvecklad.För ett förverkligande av teorins visioner skulle en övergång till Cradle to Cradle,som står för det vi kallar ekologisk modernisering, behöva ske parallellt med beteendeförändringgenom ett ifrågasättande av de normer, för till exempel produktion och konsumtion,som vi lever efter i dag. Ekologisk modernisering i kombination med normativaprinciper för beteendeförändring kan således vara en väg till hållbar stadsutveckling.Uppsatsens analysresultat överförs sedan från teori till praktik i utvecklingsområdet Kileni Ronneby, Sverige. Den övergripande konceptuella gestaltning som uppsatsen presenterar,ger exempel på hur det är möjligt att fysiskt planera inom Ronneby kommuns olikafokusområden energi, vatten, biologisk mångfald i utemiljön och social mångfald.Samtidigt som det planeras hållbart är det essentiellt att också göra det enkelt och självklartför medborgaren att leva hållbart. Medborgardeltagande i planeringsprocessen är enviktig komponent för att ett område som Kilen ska ge det mervärde som kommunenönskar och spegla de goda intentioner som ligger till grund för utvecklingen. Att planeraett område enligt principerna för Cradle to Cradle kan vid rätt tillvägagångssätt utgöra ettviktigt steg i den hållbara stadsutvecklingen. Inte minst som en manifestation av godaintentioner, en plattform för innovation inom ekologisk modernisering, ett pedagogisktexempel samt en uppmaning till brukaren och betraktaren att också leva hållbart. / What is sustainable urban development and will it in the future be possible to plan urbanenvironments which have a positive impact on both nature and people, instead of negative?One of the basic principles of the design theory Cradle to Cradle is for us to actsustainable, rather than less unsustainable, but the theory is still relatively unexplored inspatial planning.In addition to examining Cradle to Cradle as a design theory for sustainable urban development,the purpose of this paper is that its findings and conclusions should serve astools for sustainable spatial planning. The paper also aims to inspire with innovative ideasand solutions in the built environment. The essay begins with a theoretically baseddiscussion of what may constitute normative principles for sustainable urban development.After an objective review of Cradle to Cradle Design, the theory is set in relationto these standards.The intentions of Cradle to Cradle are good but the main focus of the design theory todayis on ecological and economic sustainability and the important social aspect is notdeveloped. For realization of the visions of the theory, transferring to Cradle to Cradle,which stands for what we call ecological modernization, need to be accompanied by behavioralchange. A comprehensive behavior change requires a questioning of the standards,regarding for example production and consumption, that we live by today. Ecologicalmodernization in combination with normative principles of behavior change can thusbe a path to sustainable urban development.The analytical results of the essay are then transferred from theory to practice in the developmentarea Kilen in Ronneby, Sweden. The overall conceptual design the essay presents,gives examples of how it is possible to physically plan within the municipality ofRonneby's various focus areas - energy, water, biodiversity in the outdoor environmentand social diversity.While planning sustainable, it is also essential to make it easy and natural for people tolive sustainable. Civic participation in the planning process is an important component tomake an area like Kilen provide the added value that the municipality wishes, and to let itreflect the good intentions underlying the development. Designing an area using theprinciples of Cradle to Cradle may, at the right approach, represent an important step inthe sustainable urban development. Not least as a manifestation of good intentions, aplatform for innovation in ecological modernization, a pedagogical example, and a call tothe user and the viewer to also live sustainable.

I detta arbete undersöks möjligheterna att använda mikroalger som råvara för produktion avbiogas, både genom en litteraturstudie och genom en förstudie för hur en pilotanläggning förhållbar odling av mikroalger för biogasproduktion skulle kunna initieras. Utgångspunkten ärhållbarhet, vilket innebär att odlingen av mikroalgerna baseras på befintliga, outnyttjadesamhällsflöden. Avloppsvatten och koldioxidutsläpp är exempel på flöden som kan orsakanegativ miljöpåverkan i form av klimatförändringar, övergödning och försurning. Om dessaresurser istället får utgöra närings- och kolkällor vid odling av mikroalger för produktion avbiogas utnyttjas dessa resurser istället till att generera hållbart producerad energi. Närbiogasen ersätter fossila bränslen ökar miljövinsten ytterligare. Det är dock grundläggande attproduktionen är ekonomiskt hållbar, och litteraturstudien visar att detta inte är fallet vidmikroalgbaserad produktion av endast biogas. Därför krävs tillämpning av ettbioraffineringskoncept, där inte bara biogas produceras av mikroalgerna utan även andraprodukter som till exempel vätgas, enzymer, värme och elektricitet. I förstudien beskrivs hurett projekt kan planeras för att utreda om ett sådant system kan bli hållbart. Det delas upp ifyra delprojekt: 1) systemdesign och hållbarhetsanalys; 2) en projektplan för delprojekt 3 och4; 3) laboratorietester; och 4) tester i pilotskala. Endast det första delprojektet, där systemetsom beskrivs i litteraturstudien definieras och hållbarhetsanalyseras, diskuteras i detalj iförstudien. Genomförandet av delprojekten ingår inte i detta arbete. / This paper examines the possibility of using microalgae as raw material for the production ofbiogas. This was achieved through studies of relevant literature as well as through a basicproject plan regarding the initiation of a pilot plant. The theory of sustainable microalgaecultivation is based on the utilization of existing resource flows that are currently unutilized insociety, such as waste water and flue gas emissions. These resources can cause environmentalissues such as climate change, eutrophication and acidification. However, they can alsoprovide the nutrients necessary for effective microalgal growth, and the microalgae can inturn be utilized as a sustainable energy source for production of biogas. Replacing fossil fuelswith microalgal biogas may lead to environmental benefits. A review of literature, however,shows that when biogas alone is produced from the microalgae the process is noteconomically sustainable. Hence, a biorefinery concept is suggested where products such ashydrogen, enzymes, heat and power make the system sustainable. A basic project plandiscribes one possible scenario for the initiation of sustainable cultivation of microalgae andthe subsequent biorefining process for the production of biogas. The project is divided intofour phases: 1) system design and sustainability analysis; 2) a feasibility study for phase 3 and4; 3) laboratory tests; and 4) pilot scale tests. Only the initial phase of the project, whichdefines the system design described in the literature study and provides a sustainabilityanalysis over the defined system, is discussed in detail. None of the project phases will beimplemented as part of this study.

How people in a city should be governed has been discussed since ancient philosophy. The complexity of today's society can no longer be govern without the co-operations of actors. In recent years the shift from government to governance has created new governance spaces. These spaces in which citizens are invited by the state open up opportunities for actors in communities to participate. But at the same time, research on community-focused initiatives suggests that these spaces are created and defined by the state and therefore have little room for citizens to influence over revitalize plans of their areas. This thesis investigates a new tool and approach in the governance of urban development, which includes networks of actors and citizens' involvement, to see results of citizens' participation in the partnership and case BID Sofielund. The thesis wants to find out whether BID Sofielund allows the residents to have any influence, focusing on the network's professional actors views of citizens participation. To answer the study's research aim, the theoretical framework is largely based on a model called “Arnstein's ladder”, that describes gradations of citizen participation. The theory about citizen participation in the context of power and powerlessness between authorities and citizens helps us to understand what levels of participation there are in the BID model. BID Sofielund is an example of a challenge in urban development when it explains that it wants to involve all parties in the process. BID is committed to give the community greater influence over policy making. However, the case study enables us to identify that there is a consultancy model in BID Sofielund according to Arnstein's ladder. It concludes that current policies in the BID model will need to address a number of important obstacles to community involvement in order to find ways of reconciling BIDs intention to give local people greater influence. The findings of this research, however, show that residents through the BID process can be able to influence and it indicates that it may be an opening for the residents to gain more power and "climbing on the ladder".

There is an abundance of ready-made tools for assessing the economic value of green infrastructure. Each with more or less unique design components and method approaches concerning quantifying and monetizing green infrastructure. Use of a single ready-made tool to support decisions and justify funding of inclusion of multifunctional green infrastructure in urban development may, due to different tools’ various designs and method approaches, risk excluding acknowledgement of relevant ecosystem services. This literature study embodies the logic of comparison by using content analysis method to explore possibilities of producing more comprehensive economic assessments of green infrastructure. This through contrasting content and design features of two such tools: Benefits Estimation Tool, and Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit. In addition, it analyses and discusses potential problems and opportunities that may arise when complementing tool A with methods or design features from tool B, and vice versa. Findings suggest that some few methods are similar enough not to constitute a complementary foundation between the tools, but that a combined use of some specific quantification and valuation methods may increase an assessments’ comprehensiveness. Findings also suggest that in combining the tools’ methods inaccuracy and uncertainty of an assessment are likely to increase. The study discusses tool-related problems regarding uncertainty, assessment of social benefits, and perception of value. It concludes that even though mutual complementarity is possible to achieve and in doing so more aspects of GI will be addressed, combining valuation tools in the pursuit of increased assessment comprehensiveness will likely generate problems in terms of assessment inaccuracy. The study may provide aid for developers of green infrastructure valuation tools and for practitioners conducting economic green infrastructure assessments or cost-benefit analyses. / Det finns en uppsjö färdigdesignade verktyg syftade till att bedöma det ekonomiska värdet av grön infrastruktur. Varje med mer eller mindre unika designkomponenter och metodsammansättningar gällande kvantifiering och värdeuppskattning av grön infrastruktur. Användandet av enbart ett sådant verktyg för att skapa beslutsgrund och rättfärdiga investering för multifunktionell grön infrastruktur i en stadsmiljö kan, på grund av olika verktygs varierande design och metodsammansättningar, riskera utesluta relevanta ekosystemtjänster. Den här litteraturstudien tar avstamp i en så kallad jämförande logik genom att använda den vetenskapliga metoden innehållsanalys för att undersöka möjligheterna att skapa mer omfattande ekonomisk bedömning av grön infrastruktur. Detta genom att kontrastera innehåll och design av två sådana verktyg: Benefits Esitmation Tool och Green Infrastructure Valuation Toolkit. Dessutom analyserar och diskuterar studien potentiella problem och möjligheter som kan uppstå när verktyg A kompletteras med metoder eller designkomponenter från verktyg B, eller vice versa. Undersökningsresultaten antyder att mellan de två verktygen är vissa metoder så lika att ingen komplimenterande grund kan utrönas, men att ett kombinerat användande av några specifika kvantifierings- och värdeuppskattningsmetoder kan öka omfattningen av en ekonomisk bedömning av grön infrastrukturs värde. Resultaten antyder också att genom att öka omfattningen av den sådan bedömning brister bedömningens precision och rimligen ökar även dess osäkerhet gällande uttryck av ekonomiskt värde. Studien diskuterar verktygsrelaterade problem gällande osäkerhet, bedömning av sociala fördelar, och förnimmelse av värde. Den drar slutsatsen att ömsesidig komplettering av verktygen och flertalet nya aspekter av grön infrastruktur till trots är det sannolikt att ett kompletterande av verktyg skapar problem gällande bedömningens precision. Studien kan bistå med hjälp till utvecklare av bedömningsverktyg för grön infrastruktur och för tjänstemän som genomför en ekonomisk bedömning eller lönsamhetsanalys av gröninfrastruktur.

Urbanisering och förtätning i stadsmiljön medför miljörelaterade utmaningar som väntas förvärras av klimatförändringar. Urban grön infrastruktur är metoder för att hantera dessa utmaningar, men det implementeras inte i den utsträckning som krävs. Undersökningens syfte var att genom en fallstudie i en nyutvecklad stadsdel i Ronneby kommun där grön infrastruktur implementerats, bidra med kunskap om de mekanismer som är viktiga för implementeringen av grön infrastruktur, samt hur förutsättningarna för dessa kan främjas. Vi applicerade transition management med syfte att förstå dessa mekanismer i ett bredare perspektiv, samt green inside activism för att förklara agensen bakom implementeringen. Genom en kombination av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tjänstepersoner och privata aktörer involverade i stadsdelsprojektet och en analys av offentliga dokument kom vi fram till att sex mekanismer är av vikt för implementeringen; ett långsiktigt tänkande; ett fokus på flexibilitet; ett gränsöverskridande samarbete; att skapa utrymme för praktisk tillämpning; involvering av allmänheten; samt ett fokus på multifunktionalitet. För att främja förutsättningarna för dessa mekanismer att ta plats visar resultatet att det är av vikt att mobilisera kring en brett förankrad gemensam ambition. Vidare betonar vi betydelsen av miljöengagerade tjänstepersoner för att uppnå en sådan bred förankring, men också att yttre faktorer kan ha betydelse för processen. / Urbanization, densification, and climate change cause multiple challenges to the urban environment. To address these challenges, green infrastructure are recognized measures, however not implemented to the extent required. The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of the mechanisms important for the implementation of green infrastructure and how these mechanisms can be promoted. Therefore, we conducted a case study of a newly developed urban area in Ronneby, Sweden, where green infrastructure has been implemented. We applied transition management with the aim of understanding these mechanisms in a broader perspective, as well as green inside activism to add an element of agency for the implementation process. We combined qualitative semi structured interviews with public officials and private actors involved, as well as a content analysis of official documents related to the development of the investigated area. We found that six mechanisms are important for the implementation; long term thinking; a focus on flexibility; interdisciplinary collaboration; creating space for practical application; public involvement; and a focus on multifunctionality. To promote these mechanisms, the results show an importance in the mobilization of a widely shared ambition. Further, in order to achieve such a broad ambition, we emphasize that public officials with an environmental engagement can play an important role, however, external factors may also impact the process.

Våra städer behöver bli mer hållbara och resilienta för att kunna hantera olika typer av kriser som kan uppstå i samhället. Urban odling framställs vara ett verktyg för att skapa en ökad hållbarhet och resiliens i städer. Denna uppsats syftar därför till att undersöka hur urban odling beskrivs kunna vara ett verktyg för att främja hållbar stadsutveckling och resiliens i New York City. Studien genomfördes genom en tematisk dokumentanalys av sju dokument som behandlar urban odling i New York City. Empirin har vidare analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning och det teoretiska ramverket resiliensteori. Resultatet visar på att urban odling framställs kunna bidra till att minska livsmedelsystemets klimatpåverkan, skapa en ökad resiliens mot klimatförändringar, förbättra människors hälsa och bidra till ekonomisk hållbarhet. Trots att urban odling erkänns som ett effektivt verktyg för att främja hållbar utveckling, finns det utmaningar med att mäta dess exakta effekter. Detta pekar på behovet av ytterligare forskning inom området för att bättre förstå dess verkliga påverkan och potential. / Our cities need to become more sustainable and resilient in order to handle various types of crises that may arise in society. Urban farming is presented as a tool for creating increased sustainability and resilience in cities. Therefore, this thesis aims to examine how urban farming is described as a tool for promoting sustainable urban development and resilience in New York City. The study was conducted through a thematic document analysis of seven documents addressing urban farming in New York City. The empirical data was further analyzed using previous research and the theoretical framework of resilience theory. The results show that urban farming is presented as being able to contribute to reducing the climate impact of the food system, creating increased resilience to climate change, improving human health, and contributing to economic sustainability. Although urban farming is recognized as an effective tool for promoting sustainable development, there are challenges in measuring its exact effects. This points to the need for further research in the field to better understand its real impact and potential.

Urban development planning efforts are challenged to enhance coevolving spatial and socioeconomic systems that exist and interact at multiple scales. While network and simulation sciences have created new tools and theories suitable for urban studies, models of development are not yet suitable for local and regional development planning. A case study of the City of Roanoke, Virginia, grounded network development theories of scaling, engagement, and collective perception function, as well as network forms. By advancing urban development network theory, frameworks for urban simulation like agent-based models take more coherent shape. This in turn better positions decision-making and planning practitioners to adapt, transform, or renew local network-oriented development systems, and conceptualize a framework for computational urban development planning for regions and localities. / Ph. D.

El paisaje intermedio es una zona que se encuentra en transición, el cual combina elementos naturales y construidos, como áreas agrícolas, pequeños asentamientos y paisajes culturales. Sin embargo, este paisaje se ve constantemente afectado por la expansión urbana dispersa, lo que lleva a la pérdida de las características distintivas del territorio y a una disminución en los servicios ambientales clave, como la regulación del clima, la protección del suelo y la conservación del agua. Además, este tipo de desarrollo informal conlleva a una infraestructura de servicios urbanos deficiente, lo que tiene un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los habitantes. La costa norte del Perú es una región que experimenta estas problemáticas, ya que el crecimiento demográfico no planificado ha sobrecargado las áreas periféricas, lo cual afecta negativamente al paisaje en constante transformación. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es generar estrategias de diseño basadas en una simbiosis urbano-rural para mitigar la degradación del paisaje intermedio. Se seleccionó como caso de estudio la periferia de José Leonardo Ortiz, un distrito de la ciudad de Chiclayo, con el fin de analizar y proponer soluciones para estas problemáticas específicas. / The intermediate landscape is a zone that is in transition, combining natural and built elements, such as agricultural areas, small settlements and cultural landscapes. However, this landscape is constantly affected by sparse urban sprawl, leading to the loss of distinctive features of the territory and a decline in key environmental services, such as climate regulation, soil protection, and land conservation. water. In addition, this type of informal development leads to a deficient infrastructure of urban services, which has a negative impact on the quality of life of the inhabitants. The northern coast of Peru is a region that experiences these problems, since unplanned demographic growth has overloaded the peripheral areas, negatively affecting the landscape in constant transformation. Therefore, the objective of this research is to generate design strategies based on an urban-rural symbiosis to mitigate the degradation of the intermediate landscape. The periphery of José Leonardo Ortiz, a district of the city of Chiclayo, was selected as a case study in order to analyze and propose solutions for these specific problems.

Biblioteksgatan-Birger Jarlsgatan-Stureplan, known for its luxurious high density of luxury stores and historical architecture, is an extreme case in the built environment in a Swedish context. This thesis examines how private property developers shape the urban landscape and change dynamics within Stockholm's luxurious shopping district and its surroundings. Luxury brands create attractive urban environments that draw elite businesses and individuals, driving economic growth and urban regeneration. The study explores the role of urban partnerships and identity creation in contemporary city development, emphasising the collaboration between private property developers and public authorities in addressing urban challenges. By clustering luxury retail in prime locations, developers enhance the area's attractive perception, attract affluent residents and tourists, and contribute to the city's competitiveness. The thesis adopts a political-economic perspective, integrating theories from David Harvey, Michael Porter, and Richard Florida to understand the influence of private property developers on urban development. It employs a case study approach, using semi-structured interviews and existing literature to provide comprehensive insights into the strategies and impacts of private property developers in Stockholm. Luxury research is largely missing in a North European context, and this thesis aims to contribute to the research gap.