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Students’ learning processes can be affected negatively by long waiting times to get assistance on lesson- and lab-sessions. Studies show that digital queuing systems decrease the waiting time. Thus, the purpose of this report is to investigate how to design a web-based queuing application to achieve a high perceived usability for students and tutors. Especially based on navigability and design which in accordance with research in the area has a direct impact on the usability. To achieve a high perceived usability the application was developed iteratively. In the first version the implemented functionality was built upon the result from the feasibility study combined with research in the area. After a set of user evaluations, changes from the first version were implemented to further improve the perceived usability. Lastly, another set of evaluations were performed to confirm the improvement in the final version. The results showed that the first version of the system was perceived as 84 out of 100 on the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the final version as 88 out of 100, an improvement by four units. Uniform design, no irrelevant functionality, placing buttons in conspicuous positions and having double checks to “dangerous actions” all seem to be factors contributing to the navigability, desirability and thus the usability on a queuing-application. / Studenters lärandeprocess kan påverkas negativt av långa väntetider för att få hjälp under lektions- och laborationspass. Studier visar att digitala kösystem reducerar väntetiden. Följaktligen är syftet med arbetet att undersöka hur en webb-baserad köapplikation kan designas för att uppnå en hög upplevd användbarhet hos studenter och handledare. Speciellt med avseende på navigerbarhet och design vilket enligt tidigare forskning har en direkt påverkan på användbarheten. För att uppnå en hög upplevd användbarhet utvecklades applikationen iterativt. I den första versionen implementerades funktionalitet som byggde på resultatet från förstudien i kombination med tidigare forskning. Efter användartester implementerades ändringar från den första versionen för att ytterlige förbättra användbarheten. Slutligen genomfördes ytterligare användartester för att bekräfta förbättringen i den slutgiltiga versionen. Resultatet visade att den första versionen av systemet uppfattades som 84 av 100 på systemanvändbarhetsskalan SUS och den slutgiltiga som 88 av 100, en förbättring med fyra enheter. Enhetlig design, ingen irrelevant funktionalitet, placering av knappar i iögonfallande positioner och att ha kontroller vid “farliga klick” verkar alla vara faktorer som bidrar till navigerbarheten, åtråvärdheten och där med användbarheten för en kö-applikation.

The purpose of this project was to determine how the experienced navigability of a web application affects its usability. In order to further investigate this, a web application called Sprouty was created, an easy-to-use web application that promotes individuals to buy and sell pre-owned plants and cuttings. The reasons for choosing this business concept are rooted in the marketing surveys that were first conducted before the webpage was developed. The results from this survey showed that there was a high demand among individuals to be able to buy plants online. This segment had previously been trading and selling plants through online social platforms such as Tradera, Blocket and Facebook Marketplace and sought a more structured platform to conduct these activities. Throughout the development of the web application, theories have been applied from peer reviewed articles regarding subjects such as layout, design, navigability and consumer behavior. To later test the efficiency of these theories and tools, two iterations of user tests were conducted by using the methods Lostness and Think aloud. In addition to this, a questionnaire was used for both tests. After the first iteration of user tests had been conducted, changes were made according to the feedback received in order to improve the user experience and the applications over- all functionality. To test the impact of these improvements, another round of user tests were conducted in order to measure how the changes impacted the navigability and experienced usability. The results showed that having a search engine, filter function and theory based layout improved the navigability of the "Shop" page of the web application. Lastly, the re- sults showed that having an intuitive design similar to other known websites is important to minimize confusion when performing tasks. This lead to the conclusion that the overall web application’s layout, design and filter functions all are important aspects impacting the experienced navigability and therefore the usability of the web application. / Syftet med detta projekt var att avgöra hur den upplevda navigerbarheten av en web- bapplikation påverkar sidans användarvänlighet. För att undersöka detta skapades en hemsida som heter Sprouty, en sida där privatpersoner enkelt kan köpa och sälja plantor och sticklingar. Affärsidén grundar sig i en marknadsundersökning som gjordes innan webbapplikationen utvecklades. Resultaten från undersökningen visade att det fanns en hög efterfrågan hos individer att ville köpa och sälja växter och sticklingar online. Mål- gruppen inom detta marknadssegment har tidigare använt plattformar såsom Tradera, Blocket och Facebook Marketplace och har därför efterfrågat en mer strukturerad plattform för att tillgodose dessa behov. Genom hela utvecklandet av webbapplikationen, har teorier från vetenskapliga artik- lar applicerats, vars innehåll berör ämnen såsom layout, design, navigerbarhet och kon- sumentbeteende online. För att senare testa effektiviteten hos dessa teorier och verktyg ut- fördes två iterationer av användartester med metoderna lostness och think aloud. Utöver detta fick testpersonerna från båda undersökningarna svara på en enkät efter att testen utförts. Efter första iterationen av testernagjordes förbättringar kopplat till de resultat som hämtades från användartesterna. För att undersöka vilken påverkan förbättringarna hade gjordes sedan en till omgång användartester för att mäta vilken effekt förbättringarna hade på navigerbarheten och den upplevda användarvänligheten. Resultaten visade på att en sökmotor, filterfunktion och en väl genomtänkt layout förbättrade navigerbarheten hos webbapplikationens köpsida. Avslutningsvis visade resultaten även att en intuitiv design som liknande andra hemsidor var viktigt för att minimera förvirringen vid genomförandet av en uppgift. Detta resulterade i slutsatsen att webbapplikationens övergripande layout, design och filtreringsfunktioner alla är viktiga aspekter som påverkar den upplevda nav- igerbarheten och därmed användarvänligheten hos webbapplikationen.

The growth of e-commerce, accelerated by the covid-19 pandemic, have fundamentally changed how companies commercialize their products. To remain competitive, many retail companies must transition parts of, or their entire, selling process to the internet. This poses the challenge of creating a website which satisfies as many of the needs of the consumer as possible, whilst still being accessible and easy to use. The usability of a website, which essentially is the perceived quality of a user experience, affects both to what extent customers experience satisfaction and to what extent they perform purchases.The purpose of this study was both to examine the relationship between selling strategies, such as the decoy effect and the compromise effect, and perceived usability of an e-commercewebsite, as well as determining how effective said selling strategies are for increasing purchase amount.By creating a high usability e-commerce website for phone cases and related products and then performing user tests in which 42 individuals were asked to perform purchase scenarios in which they were or were not exposed to selling strategies, the correlation between the perceived usability and the effectiveness of selling strategies were investigated. The 42 user tests showed no correlation between the effectiveness of the selling strategies and the perceived usability of the website. An increase in the perceived usability did however correlate to an increase in average purchase amount, and the selling strategies did increase the average purchase amount when applied. The lack of correlation between perceived usability and the effectiveness of selling strategies were inconsistent with the initial hypothesis. The discussion of this paper addresses potential explanations to the result. Several parts of the study can be altered to eliminate or mitigate identified error sources in the method. The extent to which these error sources affected the results of this study is not conclusively established, but several future improvements can be made to continue this academic inquiry, which is considered both relevant and of increasing importance.

The technology and telecommunication industries have made significant progress in the past few decades leading to several inventions and designs that have significantly improved efficiency in all aspects of human life. These innovations in science and technology improve our quality of life. Modern technology enables us to access vast amounts of information and services through a network of interconnected computers and machines. Recently, various technologies have been proposed to incorporate the human body into this incorporated network. One of these proposed technologies are chip implants meant to be inserted into the human body at various suitable body parts, such as the human brain or wrist. As they are a relatively recent technological innovation, chip implants are neither popular nor common yet (Caldera, 2020; Michael et al., 2017). Previous research on chip implants has produced limited information regarding the motivation aspects of using this technology. So, this study uses a self-determination theory to see which motivational factors lead to the use and trust of chip implants. This thesis discusses how implantable technology works, to explore which factors affect an individual's willingness to get a chip implant, personality traits associated with implant adoption, motivational factors affecting adoptions, and other user-centered perspectives of the technology.

Background: Electronic prescribing systems are designed to aid in the complex process of prescribing by providing patient information and decision support at the point of care. Successful implementation and effectiveness depend on a variety of factors, including usability and user interface design, which influence how the information and decision support are relayed to users. Poorly designed systems have been found to be associated with medication errors. Methods: We conducted a factorial design study to investigate the impact of screen density, highlighting, and placement of information, on the accuracy of prescribing when using an e-prescribing system. Study sessions were held during clinical pharmacology educational rounds, where residents and medical students answered simulated prescribing scenarios presented on various e-prescribing system interface configurations. Assignment of prescribing scenarios to interface configurations and presentation order were randomized between study sessions. Participants were also asked about their preferences for specific user interface configurations. Results: A total of 66 participants completed 844 prescribing cases, with 583 (69%) cases answered correctly. The presence of highlighting was associated with correct prescribing decisions (p-value = 0.001), with 181 out of 250 (72.4%) prescribing scenarios answered correctly on interfaces with highlighting of key clinical information, as opposed to 156 out of 242 (64.5%) on interface configurations without. Low screen density and central placement of information were not found to be statistically significant predictors of prescribing accuracy. The presence of highlighting was the only factor that the majority of participants (80.3%) preferred, but no effect was found when comparing prescribing accuracy on preferred versus non-preferred interface configurations. Conclusions: The factorial design methodology developed is a novel approach for efficient and objective evaluation of multiple user interface design factors in one study. Evidence-based design and usability principles are needed to enhance the design and appropriate use of e-prescribing systems as usability problems continue to be one of the primary reasons for dissatisfaction and poor levels of adoption. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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Usability and User Experience are two important factors that play a big role in user interaction and design. A poorly designed website can drive users away in frustration, costing a company money. A well-designed website will create a positive user experience, which will help attract new customers. These users will remain the company's customers. The study is looking into whether there is a difference in usability and user experience between two types of webpages. One uses different design principles while the other does not apply to any design principles. This study uses six methods of data collection to investigate the usability and user experience of the astrastad.se website and even find out what actions should be taken to help the company with a usability deficiency. These methods have been implemented to address user problems with using the website. In the study, it was found that there are a great variety of results between the tests.

Passwords continue to dominate the authentication landscape in spite of numerous proposals to replace them. Even though usability is a key factor in replacing passwords, very few alternatives have been subjected to formal usability studies and even fewer have been analyzed using a standard metric. We report the results of four within-subjects usability studies for seven web authentication systems. These systems span federated, smartphone, paper tokens, and email-based approaches. Our results indicate that participants prefer single sign-on systems. We utilize the Systems Usability Scale (SUS) as a standard metric for empirical analysis and find that it produces reliable, replicable results. SUS proves to be an accurate measure of baseline usability and we recommend that going forward all new authentication proposals be required to meet a minimum SUS score before being accepted by the security community. Our usability studies also gather insightful information from participants' qualitative responses: we find that transparency increases usability but also leads to confusion and a lack of trust, participants prefer single sign-on but wish to augment it with site-specific low-entropy passwords, and participants are intrigued by biometrics and phone-based authentication.

A market survey conducted at Linköping University showed that there is a great need for an online marketplace for used course literature. A majority of the survey participants found it difficult to find a counterparty when purchasing or selling used course literature and found the process complicated and time consuming. This laid the foundation for the work in this report which aim is to develop an online marketplace for used course literature with good usability and navigability for student course literature. Usability was evaluated with respect to number of clicks and subjective experience. Navigability was evaluated with respect to time and page views. The result of the study showed that the navigation bar is a critical component for navigability. The navigation bar should be placed at the top of the website and be visible from every subsite. Furthermore, the links with the highest impact were placed as high up as possible and they changed colour when the user hovered over them. The web application’s links and their placement, semantics and design were shown to have a large effect on usability and navigability. The links together with the navigation bar forms a global navigation system which facilitated the navigation for the user. The results also showed that notifications and feedback should be minimal and relevant to the user. / En marknadsundersökning vid Linköpings Universitet visade på att det finns ett stort behov av en marknadsplats online för begagnad kurslitteratur. En majoritet av respondenterna upplevde att de hade svårt att hitta en motpart vid köp och försäljning av begagnad kurslitteratur samt att det är krångligt och tidskrävande. Detta lade grunden till arbetet i denna rapport med syftet att utveckla en digital marknadsplats för begagnad studentlitteratur med god användbarhet och navigerbarhet. Användbarhet undersöktes med avseende på antal klick och subjektivupplevelse. Navigerbarhet utvärderades med hänsyn till tid och sidvisningar. Studiens resultat visade bland annat på att navigationsbaren är en kritisk komponent för navigerbarhet. Navigationsbaren ska placeras högt upp och ska vara synlig på varje undersida. Vidare placerades de viktigaste länkarna högt upp och de ändrade färg när användaren hovrade över dem. Länkarna med dess placering, semantik och design visade sig vara av betydelse för användbarhet och navigerbarhet. Länkarna tillsammans med navigationsbaren bildade ett globalt navigationsystem som underlättade navigeringen för användaren. Resultatet visade ̈aven att notifikationer och feedback ska vara minimal och relevant för användaren.