The aim of the study is to describe and analyze how LSS-administrators talkabout user involvement in investigations based on their profession in anorganizational context. Eight LSS administrators have been interviewed.LSS-administrators work in a paradox where they are supposed to be theextended arm of the welfare state, at the same time as they are supposed togive voice to vulnerable individuals and their needs and wishes. The resultsof this study show that five administrators use the word participation whentalking about user involvement. All of them also talk about image support ininvestigations, but in varying degrees. There are also signs in the interviewsthat adaptation and focusing on the best interests of the user are ways ofdoing user involvement. Similar signs can also be seen in that theadministrators may experience difficulties communicating with users andthat it is not always possible to rely on what the representative says withoutchecking with the user. The results also show that there is a varyingperception of how much can be done as an LSS-administrator in relation tohow controlled the work is.

Dagens sjukvård blir allt mer digitaliserad, detta innebär att företag inom medicinteknik frekvent konfronteras med förändringar på grund av ny teknik och innovationer. För att hitta nya och kreativa lösningar blir det vanligare att företag väljer att involvera användare i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Den digitala omställningen kan skapa stora möjligheter för personer som använder sig av digitala hjälpmedel för medicinska ändamål i vardagen. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka hur slutanvändaren kan integreras i produktutvecklingsprocessen av ett digitalt hjälpmedel för personer med diabetes. Avsikten är även att öka förståelsen för användarens upplevelse av ett digitalt hjälpmedel samt dess påverkan på den psykiska och fysiska hälsan.Arbetet inleddes med att skapa en teoretisk grund genom en litteraturstudie. Detta gjordes för att fåkunskap om produktutveckling, användarinvolvering, diabetes samt den koppling psykisk ohälsa hartill diabetes. Därefter genomfördes sju semistrukturerade intervjuer. Två respondenter från två olika företag intervjuades, ena utvecklar ett digitalt hjälpmedel och det andra har tillverkat ett som finns tillgängligt på marknaden. En person från en diabetesförening intervjuades, fyra personer med diabetes samt en överläkare med specialistutbildning inom diabetes. Baserat på intervjuerna identifierades teman som resultatet är utformat efter; produktutveckling, användarinvolvering, psykisk ohälsa samt fördelar respektive utmaningar med ett digitalt hjälpmedel. Resultatet analyserades och jämfördes mot teorin, därefter kunde slutsatser kring respektive tema dras. En slutsats gällande användarinvolvering är att båda företagen anser att det finns fler för- än nackdelar. Företagen har valt att involvera användare i olika stadier under produktutvecklingsprocessen, i olika syften och grad. Kontakten med användare fås med hjälp av kontaktnät, digitala plattformar samt direkt feedback på produkten väl ute på marknaden. Studien påvisar även att ett digital hjälpmedel gett möjlighet att undvika stora förändringar i blodsockernivåer eftersom metoderna är allt mer självstyrande. De digitala hjälpmedel som berörts i studien har många positiva effekter där den främsta är frihetskänslan. Prestationen vid fysisk aktivitet påverkas av varierande nivåer och detta kan undvikas till viss grad med ett mer utvecklat hjälpmedel. Den psykiska hälsan stöds även med ett digitalt hjälpmedel då personer med diabetes inte konstant behöver tänka på sina blodsockernivåer, vilket underlättar vardagen. / Today's healthcare is becoming increasingly digital, indicating that companies in medical technology are frequently confronted with changes due to new technology and innovations. To find new and creative solutions, it is becoming increasingly common for companies to choose to involve users in the product development process. The digital transition can create great opportunities for people who use digital aids for medical purposes. The purpose of the report is to investigate how the end user can be integrated into the product development process of a digital aid for diabetics. The intention is also to increase the understanding of the user's experience of a digital treatment method and its impact on mental and physical health. The work began with creating a theoretical basis through a literature study. This was done to gain knowledge about product development, user involvement, diabetes, and the connection mental illness has to diabetes. Then seven semi-structured interviews were conducted. Two respondents from two different companies were interviewed, one is developing a digital aid and the other had manufacture done that is available on the market. One person from a diabetes association was interviewed, four people with diabetes and a senior consultant physician who is a specialist in diabetes. Based on the interviews, themes were identified according to which the results are designed; product development, user involvement, mental illness and the benefits and challenges of a digital aid. The results were analyzed and compared against the theory, after which conclusions could be drawn about each theme. Conclusions regarding user involvement is that both companies believe that there are more advantages than disadvantages. The companies have chosen to involve users at different stages during the product development process, for different purposes and degrees. The contact with users is obtained with the help of their social network, digital platforms and direct feedback on the product when it’s on the market. The study also shows that a digital aid has made it possible to avoid large changes in blood sugar levels because the methods are increasingly automatic. Digital aids have many positive effects, the most important one is the feeling of freedom. Performance in physical activity is affected by varying levels and this can be avoided to some extent with a more developed aid. Mental health is also supported with a digital aid as people with diabetes don’t have to constantly think about their blood sugar levels, which makes everyday life easier.

Yes / The mental health benefits of physical activity and exercise are well-documented and asylum seekers who may have poor mental health could benefit from undertaking recommended levels of physical activity or exercise. Digital mobile applications are increasingly seen as feasible to precipitate behaviour change and could be a means to encourage asylum seekers to increase their levels of physical activity and exercise. This paper reports on a study that aimed to assess the feasibility of asylum seekers using the digital animation as a tool to change behaviour and increase their physical activity and exercise levels. A feasibility study underpinned by the principles of the COM-B behaviour change model was undertaken in West Yorkshire, UK, in 2019. Thirty participants were purposively recruited and interviewed. Peer interpreters were used as necessary. Deductive thematic analysis was undertaken to analyse the data. Overall, participants were positive about the feasibility of asylum seekers using the application as a behaviour change intervention. All expressed the view that it was easy to follow and would motivate them to increase their physical activity levels. Participants identified facilitators to this as the simplicity of the key messages, the cultural neutrality of the graphics and the availability of the mobile application in different languages. Identified barriers related to the dialect and accents in the translations and the over-simplicity of the application. This study has identified that a targeted digital animation intervention could help asylum seekers change their behaviour and hence improve their health and well-being. In designing such interventions, however, researchers must strongly consider co-design from an early stage as this is an important way to ensure that the development of an intervention is fit for purpose for different groups. / University of Bradford Research Development Fund

This study aims to describe and analyse the ideas behind and the function of the NGO Maskrosbarn’s advocate services for children (barnombud) during child welfare investigations. The main focus is the advocate services relation to children’s participation. The study has a qualitative case-study approach and contains documents from the local authorities and interviews with eight representatives in six different positions such as child advocates, youth and social workers. An analysis has been made using Shier’ (2001) and Hart’s (1992) theories of child participation and theories about human service organisations (Hasenfeldt, 1983), the New Institutional Theory (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) and the street-level bureaucrat theory (Lipsky, 1980). One main obstacle for child participation in child welfare investigation, shown in the study, is organisational conditions and social workers’ position in public authority. By creating a relationship built on trust, the child advocate supports the child in the investigation process and has the ability to increase the child’s participation and thereby overcome the gap between the social worker and the child. This study highlights the importance of an active cooperation between the child advocate services and the social services, and also of a shared view on the meaning of participation.

This thesis explores the barriers to effective tenant involvement at an organisational level in housing associations by tracking, over a long period of time, the experience of tenants who get involved in the forums, panels and boards of housing associations. The focus of the research is the relationship between the tenants and the professional staff, in corporate environments where delivery of a user-focused service is purported to be the shared goal. The aim has been to explore with tenants and staff their experiences of trying to make tenant involvement work at a strategic level within the organisation. My research seeks (a) to unravel the methods used by the different actors to influence activities and outcomes, and (b) to examine their effects on the power balance in and between the groups of people in question. Clegg’s 1989 ‘Circuits of power’ theory is used to plot and analyse the processes involved in the transformation (or not) of power within the culture and practice of tenant involvement and the empowerment (or not) of the tenants who work with staff at the heart of these corporate cultures. In addition I use Somerville’s 1998 typology of empowerment to illustrate the potential for organisational change. I gather a wide range of material, using a detailed questionnaire, 17 case studies plus a further three of national level involvement initiatives, and an analysis of 112 Housing Corporation and Audit Commission inspection reports (from 2003 and 2008). To this I add my own experience as a participant observer in a range of settings over the period. This thesis is intended to shed some light on why the same barriers continue to exist and why so many involved tenants and their housing associations are still struggling to make involvement really make a difference at this level, despite a decade of intensive regulations and inspection of involvement activities.

Denna studie har undersökt hur lärare involveras i utvecklingen av IT-system som de förväntas använda i sitt arbete samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar de finner i ämnet. Sveriges regering har satt som mål att bli det ledande landet i världen inom digitalisering i skolan. Detta har haft till följd att kommuner runtom i Sverige köpt in IT-system från Edtech-företag för att nå dessa mål. Följande har lett till starka reaktioner från lärare då dessa IT-system inte medför enbart positiva ting. Studien har utförts utifrån lärarnas perspektiv. För att göra detta arrangerades fem interjuver med lärare i varierande undervisningsnivåer, skolor och kommuner vilka ansågs kunna ge riklig och god information. Resultatet har för avsikt att lyfta fram den nuvarande situationen för involvering av lärare i utvecklingen av IT-system samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar detta för med sig. Studien förväntas ge värde till lärare, skolor, kommuner och Edtech-företag. Vidare anses den även vara relevant för investerare, entreprenörer och politiker som även dem arbetar för att på ett bättre sätt digitalisera den svenska skolan. Resultatet visar att användarinvolvering i utvecklingen av IT-systemen är undermålig. Det finns dock goda möjligheter att involvera lärare i form av vilja att involveras, även genom att upprätta en stadigare och rakare kommunikation från Edtech-företagen. Vidare visar resultatet på att det finns utmaningar i form av att ett större deltagande från lärare i utvecklingen av IT-systemen kan krävas, eftersom läraryrket är brett och komplext. Slutligen talar även studien för att tid behöver avsättas i syfte att involvera lärare mer, och att kommuner behöver se över sin roll i att göra vägen mellan lärare och utvecklare kortare. / This study has researched how teachers are involved in the development of IT systems they expect to use in their work and what opportunities and challenges they find in the subject. The Swedish government has set a goal to becoming the leading country in the world within digitalization in school. This has resulted in municipalities around Sweden have bought IT-systems from Edtech companies to be able to reach those goals. Which has led to strong reactions from teachers since these IT systems does not always entail positive things. The study has been carried out from the teachers’ perspective. To achieve this, 5 interviews were arranged with 5 teachers in varying level of education, schools and municipalities which were considered to provide rich and good information. The result of the study is intended to highlight the current situation for the involvement of teachers in the development of IT systems and what opportunities and challenges the situation presents. The study is expected to give value to teachers, schools, municipalities and Edtech companies. Furthermore, it is considered relevant to investors, entrepreneurs and politicians who also work to digitize the Swedish school in a better way. The result shows that the involvement of teachers in developing IT systems is poor. But there are good opportunities in involving teachers in the form of willingness to be involved, also opportunities by establish a firmer and more straightforward communication from Edtech companies. The result shows that greater participation in developing the IT systems is needed, since the teacher profession is broad and complex. The study also shows that more time needs to be set aside with purpose to involve the teachers more, and that municipalities needs to look over their role in the situation and make the path between teachers and developers shorter.

Le processus de conception des interfaces homme-machine poids-lourd a été adapté afin de répondre aux enjeux humains et sécuritaires. Il est désormais largement admis que la participation des utilisateurs dans le processus de conception est un apport précieux. Actuellement dans l'industrie, les utilisateurs sont principalement impliqués lors des étapes d'analyse et d'évaluation des concepts, ces derniers étant définis par des professionnels. Cependant, la littérature dans d'autres domaines rapporte des bénéfices d’une autre forme d’implication des utilisateurs : la conception participative. Dans ce processus de conception, les utilisateurs sont impliqués tout au long du développement des produits, et en particulier lors de la définition des concepts. La conception participative permettrait un meilleur accès aux besoins des utilisateurs, à leurs attentes, et à leurs connaissances tacites. Ce projet a pour objectif d’étudier comment le niveau d’implication des conducteurs dans le processus de conception impacte l’utilisabilité, la distraction et l'acceptation des interfaces homme-machine poids-lourd. Après une analyse préalable du contexte d'utilisation, trois processus de conception de tableaux de bord ont été menés en parallèle à l’aide d’un équipement tactile. Les résultats de ces trois processus, ayant des niveaux d’implication différents, ont été évalués et comparés dans une expérience sur simulateur de conduite. Les résultats ne permettent pas de démontrer qu’une conception participative a un impact significatif sur l’utilisabilité, la distraction et l’acceptation. Cette thèse se conclut par des recommandations aux praticiens et des perspectives de recherche. / The design process of trucks human-machine interfaces has been adapted to address human factors and road safety issues. It is now widely accepted that user involvement in the design process is valuable. Currently in industry, users are mainly involved in the stages of analysis and evaluation of concepts, the latter being defined by professionals. However, the literature in other fields reports benefits of a broader form of user involvement: participatory design. In this design process, users are involved all along products development, and particularly during concepts design. Participatory design would allow better access to users' needs, expectations, and tacit knowledge. The objective of this project is to study how the level of drivers’ involvement in the design process impacts the usability, distraction and acceptance of trucks human-machine interfaces. After a preliminary analysis of the context of use, three instrument cluster design processes were conducted in parallel using a tactile equipment. The outcomes of these three processes, differing in level of user involvement, were evaluated and compared in a driving simulator experiment. The results do not enable to demonstrate that participatory design has a significant impact on usability, distraction and acceptance. This thesis concludes with recommendations to practitioners and research perspectives.

The present study attempted to answer two questions: do academic library users have a distinctive and useful input to make to library strategic planning? If they do, what mechanisms will permit them to participate effectively in this planning process? To address these questions research was carried out in two stages at a single institutional site, the Canberra College of Advanced Education. The first of these utilised a structured group discussion process, Nominal Group Technique (NGT). This was used both as an indicator of user planning priorities and as a pilot research technique contributing to the design of a subsequent survey. This survey obtained a response rate of over 90 percent from a sample of 379. The study attempted to establish that academic staff and students do have a worthwhile input to make to planning by testing for congruence between the rankings of library planning priorities of these user groups and the rankings of planning priorities of Library staff. No strong positive correlations were established between the priorities of student groups and Library staff, although in the survey the priorities of academic staff and Library staff were found to be related. These results suggest users do have a worthwhile input to make to library strategic planning. Other tests for congruence were also applied between and within respondent groups, because if a group was found to have different priorities there would be a prima facie case for consulting members of that group as part of the planning process. Both mechanisms used in the present study were considered successful. User surveys have been employed for planning in previous studies with a future-oriented component. However, it appears that this may have been the first formally reported application of NGT to library management. Experience in the present study suggests it is a highly suitable technique for situations such as strategic planning, where generation of ideas or comment on priorities is required. However, an attempt to establish congruence between the results obtained using NGT and those obtained from the survey yielded inconclusive results. It is believed that major changes in the institutional environment were principally responsible for this, although a methodological limitation may also have contributed. The study concludes with suggestions for further research.

人類歷史上第一台商業電腦的使用至今不過四十餘年的時間，而電腦所帶來的影響已深入人類生活的每一個層面之中。資訊科技─尤其是電腦，已成為未來世界變遷的主要力量之一。 　　目前政府正積極推展行政管理資訊系（簡稱PMIS）。在六年國家建設計劃之中，即預定投資七百億元來發展PMIS。如何讓這項龐大的投資發揮預期的功能是個值得關切的議題。 　　然而，過去政府在推展PMIS時，往往只重視軟硬體設備的採購和技術因素，很少注意到操作新設備的「人」。根據以往的文獻，造成資訊系統沒有效率的原因，大都屬於人員方面的因素。因此，宜從「人」的角度來探究PMIS施行的成效。Richard Nolan於1974年率先以使用者滿足來衡量系統的績效。不過，使用者滿足研究發展至今，因缺乏完整的理論架構以致研究結論紛歧，研究結果無法累積。在問卷設計方面，因為對「滿足」的內涵未有明確的定義，導致影響因素與滿足內涵混淆不清。 　　本文試從相關領域綜合整理與使用者滿足有關的理論。結果發現，需求理論、過程理論與消費理論都含有豐富的素材可供援用。例如，作者發現，從需求理論與消費理論的觀點便能清楚地劃分影響因素與滿足內涵。更多更豐富的素材還有待後續研究慢慢發掘。 　　根據理論探討與實證研究的回顧，本研究提出終端使用者滿足整合模式，並依此設計實證調查。結果發現，資訊系絡因素（資訊人員的經驗、專業能力、溝通能力、資訊需求分析、系統開發方式、系統整合）、組織內外在因素（使用者參與、高階主管的支持、教育訓練、政治因素、經濟因素、組織規模、施行PMIS的歷史）和使用者個人因素（年齡及人格特質）對使用者滿足均有顯著的影響。 　　本文的重點不在於研究發現，而在於從研究的過程中發現許多疑問，並試著提出一個終端使用者滿足的整合模型，作為後續研究思考的素材。

<p>Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is a broad discipline that studies different concerns regarding interactive systems’ development. One of the major interest points within the discipline is the reasoning behind building specific functionality into computers and the long-term effects that usage of systems will have on humans.</p><p>Within Human Computer Interaction there are theories and frameworks how to involve a user in the process of developing new systems. In this paper focus is applied to the development process within developing applications for Enterprice Digital Assistants (EDA) and to what extent the end-users are involved in the process. Fazer Bageri AB has been choosen to represent a business corporation that uses handheld computers in their everyday tasks.</p><p>The method used to gather information for this study has been by performing interviews and observations with key stakeholders at Fazer Bageri AB and MobiOne AB. Fazer Bageri AB is the purchaser, customer and user of the handheld computer applications that MobiOne AB developed.</p><p>The result shows that the end-users were only involved in the end of the developing process. We found that one of the main reasons for this is that there are not any resources for supporting involvement of the end-users. Within user-centric design there are many aspects to consider, but one of the most prominently is to establish a mutual understanding by all persons involved in the project, from developers to end-users about the importance of involving users throughout the development. We also found that there is no routine established for securing that the information about different updates in the handheld computers reaches the end-users.</p><p>The development process demonstrates that Fazer Bageri AB uses a traditional system development philosophy rather than a user-centric system development philosophy.</p> / <p>Inom ämnet människa datorinteraktion handlar många metoder om hur man involverar användaren i framtagandet av nya system. I denna undersökning ville författarna ta reda på hur verksamhetsprocessen vid framtagande av systemapplikationer för handdatorer kan gå till och om användarna involveras i processen. Verksamhetsprocessen jämfördes sedan mot teorier inom området. Valet föll på att undersöka verksamhetsprocessen hos Fazer Bageri AB då vetskap fanns om att de har 350 chaufförer som använder handdatorer i sitt dagliga arbete. När man utvecklar för så många användare är det viktigt att ta med användaren tidigt i processen.</p><p>Metoderna som använts i undersökningen har varit strukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Respondenterna har varit nyckelpersoner inom Fazer Bageri AB och MobiOne AB. Fazer Bageri AB är beställare, kund och användare av de mobila applikationerna för handdatorer som MobiOne AB tillhandahåller och är experter på.</p><p>Resultatet visar att användarna i denna undersökning var involverade endast i slutet av processen, en orsak till detta tycks vara att det saknas resurser för att ersätta ytterligare involvering av användare. Med att ersätta menas i detta fall ekonomisk kompensation till chaufförerna för den extra arbetstid det skulle innebära att involveras i processen. En viktig aspekt inom användarcentrerad design är att säkerställa att samtliga involverade har samma uppfattning om det som skall göras eller vad som åstadkommits. Viktigt är därför att informationsflödet inom företagen fungerar för att samtliga skall ha möjlighet att ta del av arbetet. Informationsflödet mellan handdatoransvarig och slutanvändare hos Fazer Bageri AB kan verka tveksamt då det innefattar flera olika informationsled.</p><p>Verksamhetsprocessens olika faser som kartlagts skiljer sig delvis ifrån de teorier inom människa datorinteraktion som tagits del av inför denna undersökning. Detta beror till stor del på att Fazer Bageri AB har en traditionell systemutvecklingsfilosofi snarare än en användarcentrerad designfilosofi.</p>