In this thesis, the properties of the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in low dimensions are reviewed. Three dimensional weakly interacting Bose systems are examined by the variational method. The effects of both the attractive and the repulsive interatomic forces are studied. Thomas-Fermi approximation is applied to find the ground state energy and the chemical potential. The occurrence of the BEC in low dimensional systems, is studied for ideal gases confined by both harmonic and power-law potentials. The properties of BEC in highly anisotropic trap are investigated and the conditions for reduced dimensionality are derived.

Video editing and object recognition are two significant fields in computer vi- sion: the first has remarkably assisted digital production and post-production tasks of a digital video footage; the second is considered fundamental to image classification or image based search in large databases (e.g. the web). In this thesis, we address two problems, namely we present a novel formulation that tackles video editing tasks and we develop a mechanism that allows to generate more robust descriptors for objects in an image. Concerning the first problem, this thesis proposes two variational models to perform temporally coherent video editing. These models are applied to change an object’s (rigid or non-rigid) texture throughout a given video sequence. One model is based on propagating color information from a given frame (or be- tween two given frames) along the motion trajectories of the video; while the other is based on propagating gradient domain information. The models we present in this thesis require minimal user intervention and they automatically accommodate for illumination changes in the scene. Concerning the second problem, this thesis addresses the problem of affine invariance in object recognition. We introduce a way to generate geometric affine invariant quantities that are used in the construction of feature descrip- tors. We show that when these quantities are used they do indeed achieve a more robust recognition than the state of the art descriptors. i / La edición de vídeo y el reconocimiento de objetos son dos áreas fundamentales en el campo de la visión por computador: la primera es de gran utilidad en los procesos de producción y post-producción digital de vídeo; la segunda es esencial para la clasificación o búsqueda de imágenes en grandes bases de datos (por ejemplo, en la web). En esta tesis se acometen ambos problemas, en concreto, se presenta una nueva formulación que aborda las tareas de edición de vídeo y se desarrolla un mecanismo que permite generar descriptores más robustos para los objetos de la imagen. Con respecto al primer problema, en esta tesis se proponen dos modelos variacionales para llevar a cabo la edición de vídeo de forma coherente en el tiempo. Estos modelos se aplican para cambiar la textura de un objeto (rígido o no) a lo largo de una secuencia de vídeo dada. Uno de los modelos está basado en la propagación de la información de color desde un determinado cuadro de la secuencia de vídeo (o entre dos cuadros dados) a lo largo de las trayectorias de movimiento del vídeo. El otro modelo está basado en la propagación de la información en el dominio del gradiente. Ambos modelos requieren una intervención mínima por parte del usuario y se ajustan de manera automática a los cambios de iluminación de la escena. Con respecto al segundo problema, esta tesis aborda el problema de la invariancia afín en el reconocimiento de objetos. Se introduce un nuevo método para generar cantidades geométricas afines que se utilizan en la generación de descriptores de características. También se demuestra que el uso de dichas cantidades proporciona mayor robustez al reconocimiento que los descriptores existentes actualmente en el estado del arte.

Condensação de Bose-Einstein é um fenômeno quântico que pode ser observado macroscopicamente. Para a sua obtenção são necessários aprisionamentos externos, porém a presença desses leva ao colapso da função de onda. As interações de longo alcance são propostas como uma forma alternativa ao confinamento externo, um vez que podem prevenir o colapso da função de onda. Neste trabalho será apresentada uma revisão sobre os estudos de condensados de Bose-Einstein. Também, será buscada a solução aproximada da equação de Schrödinger não linear e não-local, a qual descreve condensados de Bose-Einstein com auto-interações de longo alcance. Para isso, será suposta uma forma espacial da função de onda, permitindo o tratamento analítico do sistema dinâmico resultante. Ao fim, por meio do método variacional dependente do tempo, será demonstrado que existem soluções estáveis para a função de onda sujeito a interações de longo alcance na forma gaussiana e gravitacional. / Bose-Einstein condensation is a quantum phenomenon that can be observed macroscopically. External trappings are required to obtain them, however the presence of these leads to the collapse of the wave function. Long-range interactions are proposed as an alternative to external confinement, since they can prevent the collapse of the wave function. In this work a review will be presented on the Bose-Einstein condensate studies. Also, we review the approximate solution of the non-linear and non-local Schrödinger equation, which describes Bose-Einstein condensates with long-range auto-interactions. For this, a spatial form of the wave function will be assumed, allowing the analytical treatment of the system. Finally, through the time-dependent variational method, it will be demonstrated that there are stable solutions for the wave function subject to long-range interactions in gaussian and gravitational form.

Dans le contexte industriel actuel, l'utilisation du modèle de forces cohésives en milieu solide revêt d'une importance capitale dans des nombreux domaines d'applications dont en particulier le domaine du transport, du nucléaire ou du génie-civil. En conséquence, la présente étude propose une modélisation numérique de la rupture fragile d'une plaque en acier en présence des forces cohésives. Le logiciel Cast3M est utilisé pour la mise en œuvre numérique. Le modèle de type Dugdale est utilisé et permet de calculer dans le cas d'une plaque élasto-plastique la distribution de contraintes à la pointe de fissure. Le modèle suppose, qu'à la pointe de fissure sur une longueur cohésive Lzc, les contraintes cohésives σc (x1), suivant l'axe Ox1 restent constante avec une amplitude égale à σc. Le domaine de rupture élastique et le domaine de ruine plastique a été prisent en compte. L'approche peut être considérée comme une extension de la mécanique linéaire de ruptures dans laquelle est introduite la notion de contrainte critique, ce qui permet en particulier de mieux rendre compte des effets d'échelle. A partir du principe de superposition des contraintes en mode I de rupture, les calcules dans la configuration déformée de la plaque fissurée a été étendue à d'autres géométries plus simples : une plaque avec fissure sans force cohésive, mais avec charge extérieure appliquée, une plaque avec une fissure purement cohésive et une plaque avec une fissure partiellement cohésive et sans charge extérieure. Ces différentes formes géométriques ont été prises en compte dans la modélisation numérique ainsi que la création de la fissure et le démarrage de la propagation. Le paramètre énergétique calculé selon la formule de l'intégrale J de Rice (1968) est également prise en compte et est comparé avec les résultats analytiques de Ferdjani et al. (2007). / In the context of industrial applications, the linear fracture mechanics theory is not sufficient to account for various aspects of the crack propagation and it becomes necessary to use more sophisticated models like cohesive force models. The goal of the present thesis is to develop such a model in order to account for all the process of the crack propagation, from the nucleation in a sound structure to the final failure of that structure. Specifically, we use Dugdale model which contains both the concept of critical stress and of internal length. The presence of a critical stress allows us to account for the nuckleation of a crack even if the body is initially sound, in contrast with Griffith theory which require the existence of preexisting cracks. The presence of an internal length allows us to account for pertinent scale effects, once again in contrast with Griffith theory in which the predicted scale effects are only correct for large specimen, not for small specimen. This approach is used to describe the full process of cracking in several cases, either by purely analytical methods when the geometry is simple enough, or by the finite element method with the code Cast3M in the case of complex geometry.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6098546 bytes, checksum: f3f577101600c726f33d527b14f716e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we will use the Mountain Pass Theorem for an even Functional, Genus Theory, Ekeland's variational principle and some properties involving Nehari manifolds to obtain existence and multiplicity of solutions for the following class of quasilinear problems involving variable exponents 8<: p(x)u + jujp(x)2u = f(x; u); x 2 u 2 W1;p(x) 0 ( ) n f0g where is a bounded domain in RN, not necessarily bounded, p(x) is the p(x)-Laplacian operator given by p(x)u = divjrujp(x)2ru; p: ! R and f : R ! R are continuous functions satisfying certain conditions, which will specified be later on. / Neste trabalho, usaremos o Teorema do Passo da Montanha para Funcionais Pares, Teoria do Gênero, Princípio Variacional de Ekeland e algumas propriedades envolvendo Variedades de Nehari para obtermos existência e multiplicidade de soluções para a seguinte classe de problemas quasilineares envolvendo expoentes variáveis 8<: p(x)u + jujp(x)2u = f(x; u); x 2 u 2 W1;p(x) 0 ( ) n f0g onde é um domínio em RN, não necessariamente limitado, p(x) é o operador p(x)-Laplaciano dado por p(x)u = divjrujp(x)2ru; p: ! R e f : R ! R são funções contínuas satisfazendo certas condições a serem apresentadas ao longo do trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-15T11:46:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 842217 bytes, checksum: 4549b711fa61f709fe2ff3b8c94c4bef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, we study the existence of positive solutions for a class of semilinear elliptic equations in a smooth bounded domain, with Dirichlet boundary condition and non-linear terms changing sign as well as with small perturbations. In order to obtain the positive solution, in the first case we use a version of the Mountain Pass Theorem in Ordered Banach spaces. In the second case, the main term is under assumptions that guarantee the application of the usual Mountain Pass Theorem and the perturbation term does not require any hypothesis. / Neste trabalho, estudamos existência de solução positiva para uma classe de equações elípticas semilineares em um domínio limitado suave, com condição de fronteira de Dirichlet, tanto com termos nao-lineares mudando de sinal, quanto com termos com pequenas perturbações. A fim de obtermos solução positiva, no primeiro caso, usamos uma versão do Teorema do Passo da Montanha para Espacos de Banach Ordenados. No segundo caso, o termo principal esta sob condições que garantem a aplicação do Teorema do Passo da Montanha usual e o termo de perturbação não requer nenhuma hipótese.

Condensação de Bose-Einstein é um fenômeno quântico que pode ser observado macroscopicamente. Para a sua obtenção são necessários aprisionamentos externos, porém a presença desses leva ao colapso da função de onda. As interações de longo alcance são propostas como uma forma alternativa ao confinamento externo, um vez que podem prevenir o colapso da função de onda. Neste trabalho será apresentada uma revisão sobre os estudos de condensados de Bose-Einstein. Também, será buscada a solução aproximada da equação de Schrödinger não linear e não-local, a qual descreve condensados de Bose-Einstein com auto-interações de longo alcance. Para isso, será suposta uma forma espacial da função de onda, permitindo o tratamento analítico do sistema dinâmico resultante. Ao fim, por meio do método variacional dependente do tempo, será demonstrado que existem soluções estáveis para a função de onda sujeito a interações de longo alcance na forma gaussiana e gravitacional. / Bose-Einstein condensation is a quantum phenomenon that can be observed macroscopically. External trappings are required to obtain them, however the presence of these leads to the collapse of the wave function. Long-range interactions are proposed as an alternative to external confinement, since they can prevent the collapse of the wave function. In this work a review will be presented on the Bose-Einstein condensate studies. Also, we review the approximate solution of the non-linear and non-local Schrödinger equation, which describes Bose-Einstein condensates with long-range auto-interactions. For this, a spatial form of the wave function will be assumed, allowing the analytical treatment of the system. Finally, through the time-dependent variational method, it will be demonstrated that there are stable solutions for the wave function subject to long-range interactions in gaussian and gravitational form.

Cette thèse est décomposée en deux parties. La première est consacrée à l'étude de la restauration d'image et la seconde partie est consacrée à l'étude d'un modèle de Frenkel-Kontorova par des méthodes issues du calcul variationnel et des équations aux dérivées partielles. Au chapitre 1, nous présentons les questions essentielles que nous traiterons dans cette thèse, puis on fait des rappels sur les définitions et quelques propriétés d'espace des fonctions à variations bornées BV , l'espace d'Orlicz et le modèle de Frenkel-Kontorova. Au chapitre 2, nous montrons que les problèmes de minimisation non convexe (restauration d'image) contenant des termes de régularisation sous-linéaires sont mal posés. Au chapitre 3, nous étudions un modèle de restauration avec un terme de régularisation à croissance non standard, proposé par Blomgren et al. : le module du gradient est élevé a une puissance qui dépend elle même du gradient. On montre qu'elle est semi-continue inférieurement pour la topologie faible d'un certain espace d'Orlicz-Sobolev qui lui est associé, ce qui permet un résultat d'existence de la solution. Au chapitre 4, nous étudions un modèle de Frenkel-Kontorova, dont on montre l'existence d'au moins une solution de type travelling wave, u. / This thesis is divided into two parts. The first is devoted to the study of image restorationand the second part is devoted to the study of a Frenkel-Kontorova model using methodsfrom the calculus of variations and partial differential equations. In chapter 1, we presentthe key issues we will discuss in this thesis, and recal the denitions and some properties ofspaces of functions of bounded variations BV , Orlicz Sobolev spaces and Frenkel-Kontorovamodel results on image analysis. In chapter 2, we show that the non-convex minimizationproblems (restoration image) involving sublinear regularizing terms are ill-posed. In chapter3, we study a model of restoration with nonstandard increasing regularizing terms,proposedby Blomgren. We show that is lower semi-continuous in the weak topologie of some Sobolev-Orlicz space associated with it, which allows existence result of the solution. In Chaptre 4, we study a Frenkel-Kontorova model, that we show existence of at least a traveling wave type solution, u.

La résonance paramagnétique électronique est une technologie permettant de localiser et de caractériser les radicaux libres, fondée sur la propriété de résonance des électrons libres lorsqu’ils sont placés dans un champ magnétique spécifique. Afin d’augmenter la qualité des reconstructions obtenues par des dispositifs d’imagerie de résonance paramagnétique électronique, ce travail propose l’utilisation de méthodes variationnelles pour inverser le modèle de formation des images, qui combine une convolution avec une transformée de Radon. La fonctionnelle proposée repose sur la norme L2 pour le terme d’attache aux données, et sur la variation totale et une seminorme de Besov pour le terme de régularisation. La seminorme de Besov est implémentée grâce à la transformée en curvelets et à la norme L1 qui permet d’appliquer un critère de parcimonie. Les propriétés de ces termes de régularisation permettent de reconstruire des images à la fois pertinentes dans les zones où l’acquisition des données est insuffisante, notamment sur les bords, et suffisamment détaillées dans les zones où l’échantillon est texturé. L’augmentation de la qualité des images reconstruites permet d’envisager des acquisitions sur des durées réduites, ouvrant la voie à des expériences in vivo ou cliniques actuellement limitées par des durées d’acquisition de l’ordre de plusieurs dizaines de minutes. Les algorithmes de minimisation primal-dual de Chambolle-Pock et FISTA sont utilisés pour résoudre les problèmes d’optimisation que pose l’utilisation de méthodes variationnelles. L’étude détaillée du modèle direct permet de mettre en évidence une structure de Toeplitz, dont les propriétés sont utilisées pour résoudre le problème inverse en évitant le recours à la rétroprojection filtrée ou aux transformées de Fourier non-uniformes. Des simulations numériques sont menées sur le fantôme de Shepp-Logan, et valident le modèle proposé qui surpasse à la fois visuellement et quantitativement les techniques de reconstruction couramment utilisées, combinant déconvolution et rétroprojection filtrée. Des reconstructions menées sur des acquisitions réelles, consistant en un échantillon papier d’une encre paramagnétique et en une phalange distale irradiée, valident par l’expérience le choix des fonctionnelles utilisées pour inverser le modèle direct. La grande souplesse de la méthode variationnelle proposée permet d’adapter la fonctionnelle au problème de la séparation de sources qui se pose lorsque deux molécules paramagnétiques différentes sont présentes au sein d’un même échantillon. La fonctionnelle proposée permet de séparer les deux molécules dans le cadre d’une acquisition classique d’imagerie de résonance paramagnétique électronique, ce qui n’était possible jusqu’alors que sur des acquisitions dites hyperspectrales beaucoup plus gourmandes en temps. / Spatial electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) is a recent method to localize and characterize free radicals in vivo or in vitro, leading to applications in material and biomedical sciences. To improve the quality of the reconstruction obtained by EPRI, a variational method is proposed to inverse the image formation model. It is based on a least-square data-fidelity term and the total variation and Besov seminorm for the regularization term. To fully comprehend the Besov seminorm, an implementation using the curvelet transform and the L1 norm enforcing the sparsity is proposed. It allows our model to reconstruct both image where acquisition information are missing and image with details in textured areas, thus opening possibilities to reduce acquisition times. To implement the minimization problem using the algorithm developed by Chambolle and Pock, a thorough analysis of the direct model is undertaken and the latter is inverted while avoiding the use of filtered backprojection (FBP) and of non-uniform Fourier transform. Numerical experiments are carried out on simulated data, where the proposed model outperforms both visually and quantitatively the classical model using deconvolution and FBP. Improved reconstructions on real data, acquired on an irradiated distal phalanx, were successfully obtained. Due to its great versatility, the variational approach is easily extended to the source separation problem which happens when two different paramagnetic species are present in the sample. The objective function is consequently modified, and a classic EPRI acquisition yields two images, one for each species. Until now, source separation could only be applied to hyperspectral EPRI data, much more costly in acquisition time.

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