In this thesis 9-12 % Cr steels, used for high-temperaturecomponents in fossil-fired power plants are considered. Thecreep strength of thees steels depend on their microstructurethat consists of a matrix of tempered lath martensite withdensely distributed precipitates. The mechanical properties arestrongly influenced by precipitates present in the matrix andthe more densely distributed they are the higher is thehardening effect. These particles nucleate, grow and coarsenduring use in power plants, leading to a degradation ofmechanical properties. In this thesis the nucleation andcoarsening behaviour of the precipitates in the Cr steels aresimulated by new models and the results are compared withtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of testedmaterials. A model of the nucleation of MX, which mainly isvanadium-nitrides, is presented. MX precipitates are assumed tonucleate on dislocations during annealing. The model takes intoaccount the full multicomponent thermodynamical behaviour ofthe system as well as the strain energy caused by a puredilatoric strain and the shape of the nucleus. The calculationsyield a critical size and shape represented by an oblatespheroid with a radius of a few nanometers and a thickness ofan atomic layer. This is in agreement with TEM observations ofsupercritical particles. A new coarsening model, which takes into account themulticomponent effects, is presented and it has been tested ondifferent systems to validate the model.     Four different carbides, Cr7C3, Mo6C, VC and NbC, in austenitic matrix as well asγ ' in ternary Ni-base super-alloy systems (Ni-Al-Mo)were compared with measurements from literature.     TiC-particles in austenitic stainless steel, ASTM 316Ti,were considered. The simulations were performed taking intoaccount iron and 7 alloying elements. The measurements wereperformed with TEM on samples that had been heat-treated at900° C.     MX and M23C6in a 9 % Cr steel were investigated with energyfiltering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) andcompared with simulations. The used samples had been heattreated for various periods of time at 600 and 650° Cfor up to 26 000 h. The agreement of the simulations with the experiments wasgood in all cases when reasonable values of the interfacialenergy, the only adjustable parameter, were chosen. Coarsening simulations were also performed to investigatethe influence of changes in composition on the coarsening rate.For MX, in a 9 % Cr steel, the coarsening rate is almostindependent of the V/Nb ratio but highly dependent on theN-content. Also the effect on the coarsening rate for M23C6by adding Co to a Cr steel was investigated bysimulation. Co is known to increase the resistance totempering. The results show that a final average radius of thecarbides after 30 000 h at 600° C decreases with 30 % witha Co addition of 10 mass %. <b>Keywords:</b>Cr steels, nucleation, coarsening, model,DICTRA, precipitates, carbides, carbo-nitrides, MX, VN, M23C6, TiC, TEM, EFTEM, Curie-temperature

<p>In this thesis 9-12 % Cr steels, used for high-temperaturecomponents in fossil-fired power plants are considered. Thecreep strength of thees steels depend on their microstructurethat consists of a matrix of tempered lath martensite withdensely distributed precipitates. The mechanical properties arestrongly influenced by precipitates present in the matrix andthe more densely distributed they are the higher is thehardening effect. These particles nucleate, grow and coarsenduring use in power plants, leading to a degradation ofmechanical properties. In this thesis the nucleation andcoarsening behaviour of the precipitates in the Cr steels aresimulated by new models and the results are compared withtransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of testedmaterials.</p><p>A model of the nucleation of MX, which mainly isvanadium-nitrides, is presented. MX precipitates are assumed tonucleate on dislocations during annealing. The model takes intoaccount the full multicomponent thermodynamical behaviour ofthe system as well as the strain energy caused by a puredilatoric strain and the shape of the nucleus. The calculationsyield a critical size and shape represented by an oblatespheroid with a radius of a few nanometers and a thickness ofan atomic layer. This is in agreement with TEM observations ofsupercritical particles.</p><p>A new coarsening model, which takes into account themulticomponent effects, is presented and it has been tested ondifferent systems to validate the model.</p><p>    Four different carbides, Cr₇C₃, Mo₆C, VC and NbC, in austenitic matrix as well asγ ' in ternary Ni-base super-alloy systems (Ni-Al-Mo)were compared with measurements from literature.</p><p>    TiC-particles in austenitic stainless steel, ASTM 316Ti,were considered. The simulations were performed taking intoaccount iron and 7 alloying elements. The measurements wereperformed with TEM on samples that had been heat-treated at900° C.</p><p>    MX and M₂₃C₆in a 9 % Cr steel were investigated with energyfiltering transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) andcompared with simulations. The used samples had been heattreated for various periods of time at 600 and 650° Cfor up to 26 000 h.</p><p>The agreement of the simulations with the experiments wasgood in all cases when reasonable values of the interfacialenergy, the only adjustable parameter, were chosen.</p><p>Coarsening simulations were also performed to investigatethe influence of changes in composition on the coarsening rate.For MX, in a 9 % Cr steel, the coarsening rate is almostindependent of the V/Nb ratio but highly dependent on theN-content. Also the effect on the coarsening rate for M₂₃C₆by adding Co to a Cr steel was investigated bysimulation. Co is known to increase the resistance totempering. The results show that a final average radius of thecarbides after 30 000 h at 600° C decreases with 30 % witha Co addition of 10 mass %.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Cr steels, nucleation, coarsening, model,DICTRA, precipitates, carbides, carbo-nitrides, MX, VN, M₂₃C₆, TiC, TEM, EFTEM, Curie-temperature</p>

Object of the master´s thesis is design of a high voltage power supply for testing insulation materials with output voltage 50 V - 2 kV at fixed frequency 50 Hz. The power supply is controlled by personal computer and measured data are sent back to the personal computer. The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is used for communication between the PC and the device.

Schnelltests sind eine weit verbreitete Analysemethode, um vor Ort schnelle analytische Aussagen treffen zu können. Ein möglicher Zugang zu Schnelltests für Analyten in geringer Konzentration könnten Messung von Oberflächenverstärkten Raman-Spektren sein. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird insbesondere auf drei Aspekte der SERS-Messungen (= Oberflächenverstärkte Raman-Streuung) eingegangen: die Reproduzierbarkeit der SERS-Signalintensität, die Interpretation der Konzentrationskurven und die Analyse von Probengemischen. Für die Untersuchung der Reproduzierbarkeit wurden verschiedene Auftragungsmethoden und Messsysteme getestet und es wurde untersucht, wie reproduzierbar die Signalintensitäten über einen längeren Zeitraum sind. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass die Kombination von einer homogenen Auftragung der Nanopartikelsuspensionen auf dem Papier und ein großer Durchmesser des Laser- und Detektionspunktes auf der Probe zu einer stabileren Signalintensität führen. Die bei einem Labormessaufbau eine Stabilität des Messsignals von ca. 20 % relativer Standardabweichung über einen Zeitraum von ca. 2,5 Monaten lieferte. Für die Analyse und Auswertung der Abhängigkeiten der SERS-Signalintensität von der Konzentration des Analyten wurden Konzentrationsreihen von verschiedenen Verbindungen aufgenommen. Die Messdaten konnten mit einer Langmuir-Isotherme beschrieben und mit dem Langmuir-SERS-Modell erklärt werden. Für die gemessenen Thiolverbindungen wurde zudem noch eine weitere Möglichkeit der quantitativen Analyse gefunden, die auf der Auswertung der Verschiebung von bestimmten SERS-Banden im Spektrum in Abhängigkeit von der Analytkonzentration beruht. Für die Analysen der Mehrkomponenten-Lösungen wurden die Papierbasierten Mikrofluidik-Analysesysteme (µPADs) eingesetzt. Hier konnte beobachtet werden, dass Analyten aus einer Lösung auf Grund ihrer hohen Affinität zu den Nanopartikeln abgetrennt werden können und es so möglich ist, diese zu analysieren. / Rapid tests are widely used analytical methods for obtaining analytical information immediately on site. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a possible detection method for compounds in diluted samples. This thesis focuses mainly on three aspects: reproducibility of SERS signal intensity, interpretation of concentration curves and analysis of sample mixtures. The signal reproducibility was investigated using different deposition methods and measurement systems and the reproducibility of measurements was tested over longer periods of time. It was found that the most stable signal intensity was obtained using a combination of homogeneous deposition of a nanoparticle suspension on paper and a detection configuration that involves large diameters of both, the laser and the detection spot on the sample. It was shown with a laboratory setup, that comparatively stable measurements are possible with a relative standard deviation of approx. 20 % over a period of approx. 2.5 months. For the analysis and interpretation of the dependence of the SERS signal intensity on the concentration of the analyte, concentration series of different compounds were measured. The measurement data could be fitted with a Langmuir isotherm and explained with the Langmuir SERS model. For the measured thiol compounds an alternative option for quantification was found: the shift of certain SERS bands in the Raman spectrum as a function of analyte concentration. For the analysis of compound mixture in solution microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) were used. It was observed that certain analytes which have a high affinity for the nanoparticles can be separated from the solution and thereby analyzed.

No description available.

A revascularização cardíaca utilizando a ponte de safena é um procedimento bastante comum usado para restabelecer o fluxo coronariano. O sucesso do implante depende da adaptação do vaso que estava em um regime hemodinâmico venoso, e passa subitamente para um regime arterial. Durante este processo adaptativo, ocorrem diversas alterações moleculares cujo conhecimento pode fornecer alternativas de melhoramento da patência dos enxertos venosos em leito arterial. Neste trabalho está sendo investigada a regulação da IL-1beta tanto em veia safena humana como em modelo animal de arterialização venosa. A IL-1beta mostrou-se aumentada em veia safena humana arterializada tanto in vivo como ex vivo. Interessantemente, este aumento observado nos dias iniciais (1-5 dias) parece diminuir em tempos mais tardios (1-4 anos). Em modelo de arterialização de rato foi observado aumento de 12 vezes na expressão da IL-1beta após o primeiro dia de arterialização com diminuição posterior, mantendo-se em torno de 2 vezes maior em comparação a veia jugular normal. Além da regulação temporal da IL-1beta, foram também acompanhadas as alterações morfológicas que ocorrem durante o processo de arterialização venosa. Observou-se uma redução gradual de células musculares lisas (SMC) que quase desaparecem 3 dias após a cirurgia. Esta perda celular pode estar relacionada ao pico de apoptose observado já no primeiro dia de arterialização. Após 7 dias as SMC reaparecem, porém, de maneira ainda desorganizada. Concomitante com o reaparecimento das SMC observou-se progressivo espessamento da camada média, assim como surgimento de uma camada neoíntima. A IL-1beta, devido ao seu padrão de regulação assim como sua localização durante o processo de arterialização, pode estar relacionada com as alterações estruturais verificadas na arterialização do enxerto. Estratégias de intervenção modulando a atividade da IL-1beta poderão fornecer indicativos da sua participação no remodelamento do enxerto venoso. Em conjunto, demonstramos que o modelo de arterialização de segmento venoso em rato reproduz várias das alterações morfológicas descritas na doença do enxerto venoso em humanos e por isso será útil na caracterização de genes candidatos que participam deste processo. A IL-1beta tem sua expressão aumentada em segmento venoso arterializado in vivo e ex vivo, podendo representar um interessante alvo para aplicação de metodologias de intervenção visando influenciar a adaptação de enxertos venosos com finalidade terapêutica / The vein graft is subjected to increased tensile stress and the complex adaptive vein response to the arterial hemodynamic condition may predispose to bypass failure in some individuals. The understanding of molecular changes underlying this process may be useful for the development of novel therapeutical interventions to increase the vein graft patency. In this work, we investigated the early effect of arterialization on the expression of IL-1beta gene in human saphenous vein and the time-course regulation in rat arterialization model. IL-1beta is upregulated in early stage of human saphenous vein arterialization in vivo and ex vivo. This increase is also observed in arterialized rat jugular vein which showed IL-1beta expression 12 times higher on day 1 compared to normal jugular vein. Later, the IL-1beta levels decreases and maintain the level about twice above normal jugular vein. Moreover, it is observed gradual reduction of smooth muscle cells (SMC), which almost disappeared on the 3rd day after surgery. Apoptosis, which is markedly increased on the 1st day, appears to be an important event during this process. At the 7th day, cellular density and SMC proliferation gradually increased till the 90th day. There was a gradual thickening of the medial layer and formation of neointima with deposition of SMC in the subendotelial layer from day 7 on. Initially the medial layer appeared disorganized, day 7 to 14, then by day 28 it became more organized and the presence of an intimal layer with SMCs was evident. The neointimal layer increased gradually from day 7 on. These results provide evidence that the modulation of IL-1beta activity may be an interesting target to be explored I the future to increase the vein graft patency. Altogether, we demonstrate that the model of arterialization of venous segment in rat reproduces several of the morphological changes described in the venous graft disease in humans and thus will be useful in characterization of candidate genes involved in this process and testing them as a potential therapeutic targets. The IL-1beta expression is increased after 1 day of arterialization of vein segment in vivo and ex vivo and shall be an interesting target to be tested to influence the adaptation of venous grafts for therapeutic purpose

In dieser Arbeit werden Strategien zur Entwicklung von biohybriden Photoelektroden, die Licht in elektrische Energie umwandeln, demonstriert und diskutiert. Der natürliche Photonen-transformierende Superkomplex der oxygenen Photosynthese aus Thermosynechococcus elongatus, das Photosystem I (PSI), kann durch die nicht-native Interaktion zum Redoxprotein Cytochrom c (Cyt c), erfolgreich funktional in Elektroden integriert werden. Hierfür wurden unterschiedliche Strategien entwickelt, z. B. bilden beide Biokomponenten unspezifische Komplexe in Lösung und assemblieren gemeinsam auf modifizierten Goldoberflächen. Aus der Kontaktierung des PSI mit einer thiol-modifizierten Goldelektrode via Cyt c ergeben sich unidirektionale kathodische Photoströme. DNA, als ein Polyelektrolytmatrixelement, kann zum Aufbau von 3D-Protein-Mehrschichtarchitekturen höherer Stabilität und Leistungsfähigkeit verwendet werden. Der Einsatz von mesoporösen Indium-Zinnoxid-Elektroden vergrößert die Photostromgenerierung um mehr als eine Größenordnung, wodurch sich hieraus skalierbare transparente Photobioelektroden mit hohen Quanteneffizienzen (bis zu 30%) erzeugen lassen. / In this thesis, strategies are demonstrated and discussed for the development of biohybrid photoelectrodes transforming light into electrical energy. The natural photon-to-charge carrier converting super-complex from oxygenic photosynthesis of Thermosynechococcus elongatus, photosystem I (PSI), can be functionally implemented into such electrodes, due to the non-native interaction with the small redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c). Different strategies have been developed, e. g. both biocomponents form complexes in solution and self-assemble on modified gold-surfaces. The electrical connection of PSI to thiol-modified gold electrodes via cyt c results in unidirectional cathodic photocurrents of high efficiency. DNA, as a polyelectrolyte matrix element, can be used to build up 3D protein multilayer architectures of higher stability and performance. The use of mesoporous indium tin oxide electrodes further enhances the photocurrent generation more than one order of magnitude, thus resulting in scalable transparent photobioelectrodes of high quantum efficiencies (up to 30 %).

A revascularização cardíaca utilizando a ponte de safena é um procedimento bastante comum usado para restabelecer o fluxo coronariano. O sucesso do implante depende da adaptação do vaso que estava em um regime hemodinâmico venoso, e passa subitamente para um regime arterial. Durante este processo adaptativo, ocorrem diversas alterações moleculares cujo conhecimento pode fornecer alternativas de melhoramento da patência dos enxertos venosos em leito arterial. Neste trabalho está sendo investigada a regulação da IL-1beta tanto em veia safena humana como em modelo animal de arterialização venosa. A IL-1beta mostrou-se aumentada em veia safena humana arterializada tanto in vivo como ex vivo. Interessantemente, este aumento observado nos dias iniciais (1-5 dias) parece diminuir em tempos mais tardios (1-4 anos). Em modelo de arterialização de rato foi observado aumento de 12 vezes na expressão da IL-1beta após o primeiro dia de arterialização com diminuição posterior, mantendo-se em torno de 2 vezes maior em comparação a veia jugular normal. Além da regulação temporal da IL-1beta, foram também acompanhadas as alterações morfológicas que ocorrem durante o processo de arterialização venosa. Observou-se uma redução gradual de células musculares lisas (SMC) que quase desaparecem 3 dias após a cirurgia. Esta perda celular pode estar relacionada ao pico de apoptose observado já no primeiro dia de arterialização. Após 7 dias as SMC reaparecem, porém, de maneira ainda desorganizada. Concomitante com o reaparecimento das SMC observou-se progressivo espessamento da camada média, assim como surgimento de uma camada neoíntima. A IL-1beta, devido ao seu padrão de regulação assim como sua localização durante o processo de arterialização, pode estar relacionada com as alterações estruturais verificadas na arterialização do enxerto. Estratégias de intervenção modulando a atividade da IL-1beta poderão fornecer indicativos da sua participação no remodelamento do enxerto venoso. Em conjunto, demonstramos que o modelo de arterialização de segmento venoso em rato reproduz várias das alterações morfológicas descritas na doença do enxerto venoso em humanos e por isso será útil na caracterização de genes candidatos que participam deste processo. A IL-1beta tem sua expressão aumentada em segmento venoso arterializado in vivo e ex vivo, podendo representar um interessante alvo para aplicação de metodologias de intervenção visando influenciar a adaptação de enxertos venosos com finalidade terapêutica / The vein graft is subjected to increased tensile stress and the complex adaptive vein response to the arterial hemodynamic condition may predispose to bypass failure in some individuals. The understanding of molecular changes underlying this process may be useful for the development of novel therapeutical interventions to increase the vein graft patency. In this work, we investigated the early effect of arterialization on the expression of IL-1beta gene in human saphenous vein and the time-course regulation in rat arterialization model. IL-1beta is upregulated in early stage of human saphenous vein arterialization in vivo and ex vivo. This increase is also observed in arterialized rat jugular vein which showed IL-1beta expression 12 times higher on day 1 compared to normal jugular vein. Later, the IL-1beta levels decreases and maintain the level about twice above normal jugular vein. Moreover, it is observed gradual reduction of smooth muscle cells (SMC), which almost disappeared on the 3rd day after surgery. Apoptosis, which is markedly increased on the 1st day, appears to be an important event during this process. At the 7th day, cellular density and SMC proliferation gradually increased till the 90th day. There was a gradual thickening of the medial layer and formation of neointima with deposition of SMC in the subendotelial layer from day 7 on. Initially the medial layer appeared disorganized, day 7 to 14, then by day 28 it became more organized and the presence of an intimal layer with SMCs was evident. The neointimal layer increased gradually from day 7 on. These results provide evidence that the modulation of IL-1beta activity may be an interesting target to be explored I the future to increase the vein graft patency. Altogether, we demonstrate that the model of arterialization of venous segment in rat reproduces several of the morphological changes described in the venous graft disease in humans and thus will be useful in characterization of candidate genes involved in this process and testing them as a potential therapeutic targets. The IL-1beta expression is increased after 1 day of arterialization of vein segment in vivo and ex vivo and shall be an interesting target to be tested to influence the adaptation of venous grafts for therapeutic purpose

The Master Thesis deals with a proposal of algorithm of a protective function for assymetric faults location in resistance-grounded medium voltage networks with decentralized measurement of instantaneous voltage and current values. The theoretical part describes a single pole fault in the resistance-grounded network including the network analysis using the symmetric component method. Furtherly follows brief reserse of nowadays considered possibilities of faults location in the medium voltage networks. The proposed algorithm which works on the principle of negative sequence changes and change differencies of voltage and current is described by mathematical operations and flowchart, and it is furtherly tested in the PSCAD simulator on the proposed network model. Also the algorithm is tested in the Matlab program using the real data from the local distribution network Pod Palackeho vrchem where the initial pilot implementation is assumed. The last part of the thesis includes also the algorithm sensitivity analysis.

This thesis is focused on demonstrating the impact of the implementation of decentralized distributed energy sources (mainly RES) and electromobility technologies to electrical parameters in Czech medium voltage distribution network. Thesis is divided into two main chapters. First one is a brief theoretical summary of this problematic and the second one is a practical software simulation on a real medium voltage network. Proposed implementation scenarios are based on EU and national strategic plans for time period from 2020 to 2040.