The need for donor funding has increased significantly over the last decade. Without donor funding millions of people wouldn’t be alive today. Thanks either to research finding a cure, successful treatment, funds donated for food, aid toward building infrastructure, or giving people the opportunity to further their education. Donor funding thus facilitates a better future. A literature review was conducted to give background on the health sector and how these funds were distributed, ethical clearance, different types of reporting, the role project managers pays in a project and the sustainability of projects. Expenses in different countries were evaluated by gathering data from the internet, while two international funded projects are also used to state how funders divide their line items into different categories. The empirical study used a qualitative research approach by collecting and analysing data obtained from the MDG 2010 report and other freely available data on the web. The main findings from this thesis are: *The Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) influence donor funding as it gives donors a guide towards funding needs. Donors are also influenced by their own preferences or what poses a burden to them individually. *The different types of reporting required for funding received, delay a project and the bureaucratic structures thereof are a hindrance. *Ethical clearance plays a fundamental role in the outcome of a project, as without ethical clearance a project cannot commence. *The objectives of a project play a critical role when applying for funding. This can change the focus of a project. *Expenses differ from country to country and funders need to take this into account when giving funding to recipient countries. *Project Managers and community involvement plays a critical role in ensuring sustainability of projects. THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DONOR FUNDED PROJECTS IN THE HEALTH SECTOR *The MDG’s are not on track and aid are focus on singular goals instead of multiple goals, to ensure an overall improved result. There is a major gap between needed funds and given funds. A single injection of funds will not be the solution to our health problem; different sectors need to collaborate together as we are facing a multi-dimensional problem. Trade and reform must also form part of this aid, ensuring a sustainable progression in the life’s of people. Donor funded projects may have a sustainable future, when taking in account the abovementioned findings. With the world trend in reporting changing rapidly, cost and management accountants as well as financial accountants and project managers have to equip them to adhere to the new way of reporting, namely integrated and sustainability reporting. South Africa is way behind and needs to catch up fast if they want to stay competitive in the “global donor funding market”. The limitations in this study were that not all expenses were evaluated and only 15 countries were looked at. An indebt look was taken into Africa with the empirical review, while Asia is also combating poor health issues. Some African countries like Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe did not have sufficient data to compare with other countries. From the research conducted, the following topics were identified that require further research: *Why are most projects in Third World countries not sustainable? *What plans are put into action to ensure that the MDG goals are reached? *Investigate what works for First World countries health systems and consider how that can be applied to Third World countries to ensure that they also get the best health care available. *Do donors take into account the different costs of countries when allocating funding to that specific country? *Establishing models to evaluate the sustainability of pilot projects and normal projects. *Establishing a model on how to distribute donor funds across different needs and not only one specific need. / MCom (Management Accountancy), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The majority of households in the hill regions of Nepal are net consumers of their agricultural produce. The harsh geographical topography, low landholdings and uncertain weather make households in the hills more susceptible to food insecurity. This research examines the role of small millets in achieving food and livelihood security for the people of Dhikur Pokhari VDC in Nepal. As a project based on qualitative research, data was collected through semi-structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. In addition, market and value chain analysis for small millets was conducted. The findings show that small millets have a significant role in ensuring food security, particularly for the marginalized households. The findings also show that, through their exchange properties, small millets contributed towards generating household livelihoods. Further, findings revealed the existing formal and informal markets for small millets and showed a direct correlation between small millets-based market, and food and livelihood security for the people of Dhikur Pokhari VDC.

近年來M型社會及平價奢華趨勢已成為一個熱門的議題，不論在消費面或是社會面等都造成踴躍的討論，由於財富分眾組成的改變，形成了逐漸改變的消費觀，也帶來了一種新成形的生活形態。在這樣的消費環境之下，M型的行銷模式也儼然成為一種新顯學，「平價奢華」的產品或服務，成為M型社會新形成產業趨勢之最佳範例。而在諸多品牌中，帶起一股「快速時尚(fast fashion)」風潮的西班牙品牌ZARA，帶起了大眾精品(masstige)之熱潮，而經歷了品牌大轉型，強調品牌年輕化，且大膽直營過季折扣店，成功從退流行的媽媽包品牌，翻身成為大受歡迎品牌的COACH，則是以買得起的奢華 (accessible luxury)為主要的策略，因此本研究以此兩個具代表性的品牌作為研究主題。 本研究選擇採用個案研究的方式，以Michael Porter的價值鏈之角度來解構ZARA及COACH在變動環境下，於經營模式(business model)上所做的突破及調整，並在個案分析中，從產業中最細微的各個構面去探討兩個品牌在經營上的創新之舉，及對兩公司在現有資源之掌握及策略運用進行連結，瞭解兩者如何結合自有資源及核心能耐來產生創新的力道。希望藉由這兩個各自往M型兩端移動的品牌之創新模式探究，能更加深入且具體地瞭解到兩個公司的創新經營之道，以提供台灣其他相關業者參考，提升台灣相關產業之競爭力。 / Recently,“M-type society”and the trend of“affordable lux-ury”have been very popular issues and raised many discussions. Due to the change in financial formation in society, it formed the changing concept of consumption and a new lifestyle. In this kind of situation, the philosophy of“M-type society”has been a very significant new contention. Some products or service with the concept of “affordable luxury” has been the best expanple of the industrial trend. Like Spanish brand—Zara, which brought the “fast fa-shion”and “masstige” fetish to the world, is a very outstanding example of it. Also, American luxury brand—Coach, which went through the revitalization of the brand image and emphasized on the image of“affordable luxury”, is a good example as well. Therefore, this research take the two representative brands as the subjects of this study. Case-study research method is used in this study, and the value chain theory from Michael Porter will be the analytical tool to analyze and explain ZARA and COACH’s innovative business model and find out the management meaning in the two cases to provide some useful suggestions for related organizations in Taiwan.

光電產業一直是政府積極輔導與推動的重點產業，不論是在光顯示、光儲存光通訊、光輸入、光輸出產業等，歷年來都有不錯的成績。其中尤其是光顯示與光儲存更是占整體產業的大宗。歷年來在掃描器、光碟機、光碟片等多項產品，都曾有位居世界霸主的地位。 自從光碟片問世以來，光碟已經扮演現代科技的重要角色，它既方便攜帶還有儲存容量也大，體積、面積也小了許多，非常符合現代要求如此高效率的時代，而光碟的用途也分成很多類，例如儲存影片、音樂、軟體等等用途，由於光碟的問世，也使得早期使用的磁片、錄音帶、錄影帶等等這些東西，都逐漸被光碟給取代。而光碟從只能儲存聲音的功能，發展到可以儲存影片、軟體等。在這其中，台灣廠商以優異的製造能力與快速擴展產能的策略，建立起光碟片製造王國，總產量佔世界第一，前幾大光碟廠皆為台灣廠商。然而，台灣光碟廠商雖然隨著市場需求而持續成長，但卻始終陷在供過於求的產業困境中，價格快速下跌，加上高額權利金負擔，讓台灣光碟廠陷入經營的窘境。本研究主要是針對紀錄型光碟片產業，收集相關產業資訊，並根據文獻探討擬定研究架構作為產業分析之基本架構；探討過去產業快速成功但卻又深陷供過於求的泥淖的原因，在競爭優勢分析上運用波特競爭理論、五力分析與鑽石理論，並以個案公司為例，瞭解台灣光碟片產業之競爭優勢情形，對產業未來發展提出策略建議。 / Optoelectronics industry has been the focus and promoted by the government. The optical display, optical storage, optical communication, optical input, and optical output industries, have gained good performance in the past years. Especially the scanners, optical disc drives and optical disc media had been the dominant roles in the world。 Since the introduction of the optical disc, it has played an important role in modern high technology. It is convenient to carry over, its large capacity, and the compact size, all meet the requirements of high efficiency. The disc can be used for various purposes of video, music, and data storage and it quickly replaced the floppy discs, audio/video tapes. Taiwan's manufacturers used the strategy to build up the huge capacity rapidly with excellent production capability. The total output has been world number one. However, the market demand continues to grow, but it has been always stuck in oversupply. The rapid declining product prices and the high loyalty burden make the manufacturers in awkward situations. The purpose of this thesis is to focus on analyzing why it succeeded before and why it became oversupply by collecting industry information, literatures, and documents. Based on Porter’s competition theory, theory of five forces analysis and diamond model, and we use A Company as an example to figure out the possible strategies of this industry.

Recentemente, o mercado de sementes florestais têm se consolidado para atender demandas da restauração ecológica que são movidas por regulamentações. A produção de sementes se estabeleceu como um sistema de base comunitária e familiar com elevado potencial para promover um intrigante desafio, associar uso e conservação de ecossistemas com o desenvolvimento local. O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar a socioeconomia da produção de sementes florestais a partir das seguintes dimensões: (i) implicações das relações de cooperação no funcionamento da cadeia de valor; (ii) efeitos das técnicas de produção nos gargalos, inovações e custos financeiros; e (iii) impactos da participação no mercado de sementes nos meios de vida familiar. Para isso, a pesquisa envolveu como um estudo de caso a Rede de Sementes do Xingu na Amazônia brasileira. A coleta de dados foi conduzida por meio de observações participantes, entrevistas e oficinas com produtores de sementes de diferentes realidades socioculturais (indígenas, agricultores familiares e residentes urbanos) e técnicos que atuam na gestão da rede. O funcionamento da cadeia foi fortalecido pelas relações de cooperação entre os atores, principalmente em função do compartilhamento de valores. No entanto, os custos financeiros, a assistência técnica, a infraestrutura, os parâmetros técnicos e as legislações são os principais fatores que condicionam os processos da cadeia de sementes. Os atuais preços de comercialização das sementes seguem parâmetros empíricos que não dimensionam os reais custos de produção, demonstrando que os preços necessitam de reformulações. Por outro lado, as realidades socioculturais dos produtores exercem uma influencia direta nos sistemas de produção, o que promove a inovação de técnicas e tecnologias a partir de conhecimentos tradicionais e locais. Quanto à participação nos mercados, os grupos socioculturais estudados diferiram quanto às percepções sobre os impactos nos seus meios de vida familiar. As comunidades com algum grau prévio de organização foram mais susceptíveis ao fortalecimento do capital social, de tal forma que os grupos socioculturais menos integrados ao mercado apresentaram melhores resultados a partir da participação no mercado de sementes. / Recently, the markets of forest seeds have been established to meet demands for ecology restoration which are driven by regulations. The seeds production was design as a production system of the community and family groups with high potential to promote an intriguing challenge, associate ecosystem usage and conservation within local development. The overall purpose of the present study was to evaluate the socioeconomics of forest seeds production from the following dimensions: (i) implications of cooperation in the value chain operations; (ii) effects of production techniques in bottlenecks, innovations, and financial costs; and (iii) impacts of seed market participation in the household livelihoods. This research involved a case study of Xingu Seeds Network in the Brazilian Amazon. Data collection was conducted through participant observation, interviews and workshops with different sociocultural groups of seed producers (indigenous groups, urban residents and settler farmers) and staffs who manage the network. The value chain operation was strengthened by the relationship between the actors, mainly due to the common values between the actors. However, financial costs, technical assistance, infrastructure, technical parameters and laws are the main factors which constrain the seeds value chain. Current prices for seed marketing follow empirical parameters which do not measure the real production costs, which is requiring prices reformulation. On the other hand, the producers\' socio-cultural realities have influenced on production systems, which has lead into a promoting innovation of techniques and technologies by traditional and local knowledge. Regarding to market participation, the sociocultural groups showed different perceptions about impacts on their household livelihoods. Communities which are already organized are most likely to strengthen their social capital through participation, thus socio-cultural groups less integrated with the market achieved better livelihood outcomes through participation in the seed market.

Notre thèse traite des compétences nécessaires à acquérir afin que les agricultures familiales puissent être incluses durablement dans une Global Value Chain. Nous y développons une grille de lecture de ces compétences, afin de rendre les coopératives capables de gérer leur Supply Chain Management. L’approche par compétences consiste en un apprentissage plus concret, plus actif et plus durable. Il met donc l’accent sur la capacité d’utiliser concrètement ce qui a été appris dans des tâches et situations nouvelles et complexes.Les difficultés des petits agriculteurs remontent à longtemps. Plusieurs études sont été développés pour résoudre leurs principaux problèmes. Ceux-ci comprennent la production à petite échelle, l’obtention du marché pour ces produits, la gestion de leur petite 'entreprise', l’acquisition d’un rendement financier. Le but de notre thèse n’est pas de transformer les petits agriculteurs aux grandes, cette erreur a déjà été commise précédemment par diverses politiques publiques dans les pays en développement. Notre objectif est proposer une voie dans laquelle ils peuvent, même si petite, assurer leur qualité de vie a partir de la production et de la vente de leurs produits.Cependant, nous savons qu’un petit agriculteur n’est pas en mesure d’entrer individuellement dans le marché mondial. Le marché de la consommation a besoin d’une production continue, en volume et en qualité. Alors, ils ont besoins de développer des actions collectives qui puisse les insérer dans ce supply chain global.Pourquoi parlons-nous de l’introduction des producteurs dans les marchés mondiaux, et non pas son introduction dans les marchés locaux ? Eh bien, notre contexte est basée sur les petits agriculteurs de régions sous-développées, ça implique que, les régions dans lesquelles ils sont incorporés n’on pas la capacité économique d’acheter leurs produits pour assurer le durabilité de leurs affaires, de sorte que le défi est d’insérer les agriculteurs dans les circuits globales.Afin que les agriculteurs peuvent avoir un paiement plus équitable pour leur production, et soit capable de 'voler de ses propres ailes', a partir d’un approche capabilités, ils devraient chercher une forme d'organisation qui permet une production avec caractéristiques et qualité similaire, assurer le processus d'emballage et de transport, en plus avoir un potentiel financier et de gestion pour mener des négociations avec les client et fournisseurs. L’option la plus discutée dans la littérature est la coopérative.A partir d’une étude de cas comparative qualitative nous analysons deux territoires dans la région Nordeste du Brésil, dont l’un réussit (le Piauí) et l’autre échoue (le Ceará). Nous élucidons que c’est entre autres la gestion du SCM, le soutien aux apiculteurs et le contrôle de qualité qui sont à l’origine du succès de la coopérative centrale du Piauí. / The difficulties of small farmers go back a long time. Several studies have been developed to solve their main problems. These include small-scale production, obtaining the market for these products, managing their small 'business', acquiring a financial return.The purpose of our thesis is not to transform small farmers to large, this mistake has already been made previously by various public policies in developing countries. Our goal is to provide a way in which they can, even if small, ensuring their quality to improve its product life cycle from production to sale in the market.However, we know that for a small farmer is not easy to enter into the world market individually. The consumer market needs continuous production, in quality and quantity. So, they need to develop collective actions that can insert them into this global supply chain.Why are we talking about the introduction of producers into the world market and not their introduction into local markets? Well, our context is based on small farmers in underdevelopment regions which do Not have the economic capacity to buy their products in the way to ensure the sustainability of their business, so the challenge is; insert farmers into global circuits.In this case, farmers will have a more equitable payment for their production and be able to 'fly on their own', from a capabilities approach, they should look for a form of organization that allows production with characteristics and quality similar, ensuring the packaging and transportation process, in addition to having financial and management potential to conduct negotiations with customers and suppliers. At that moment, we are wondering what is the apropriate legal form “Cooperative” or not.From several case studies we analyze two territories in the Northewest region of Brazil, one (Piauí) and the other (Ceará). We are clear that the management of SCM, support for beekeepers and quality control department are, among others, those that are at the origin of the success of the central cooperative of Piauí.

abstract: The e-Retail industry has grown rapidly over the last few years and is projected to continue its upward trend as consumers shift from traditional channels to online channels. In March 2010, Forrester Research forecasted that online retail sales will grow by 10% a year for the next 5 years and e-Retail sales will amount to $249 billion by 2014. With intense competition for market share and profits, information systems and technology (IST) sourcing decisions are becoming increasingly important to e-Retail firms to support continued growth and market responsiveness. There are several aspects for e-Retailers to consider when formulating its IST sourcing strategy. Whether to choose make versus buy for technology assets and services has been addressed in both strategy and IS literature (Handfield et al. 1999, Leiblein et al. 2002, Wade and Hulland, 2004). Then there is the follow-up question of selecting a best-of-breed strategy or tighter partnership with a select group of vendors (Clemons et al. 1993, Kauffman and Tsai 2009). Few studies have looked at IST sourcing or proposed models and frameworks for evaluating IST sourcing decisions (Saarinen and Vepsalainen, 1994). Furthermore, these existing studies mainly address the antecedents of the decisions but not so much on their performance effects (Kauffman and Tsai 2009; Smith et al., 1998). The goal of this study is to extend the knowledge of IST sourcing for e-Retailers, a topic which has received limited attention (Kishore et al., 2004), by addressing a core problem: How should an e-Retailer develop and implement its IST sourcing strategy to accommodate the increase in consumer demand and IT complexity but still achieve high performance? The study introduces two theoretical models to examine organizational factors that influence an e-Retailer's IST sourcing strategies of make versus buy and partnership versus best-of-breed. The proposed models are tested using a panel data set of 307 e-Retail firms over the period of 2006 to 2010. The study opens up the black box of internal firm operations by introducing a granular view of IST sourcing decisions at both the value chain and e-Commerce architecture levels and examining the performance impacts of these strategic choices. This in-depth look at IST sourcing has yet to be explored in the literature. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Information Management 2012

The purpose of thesis is to formulate, based on an analysis of the activities taken by the operations and strategic management, measures to improve strategic-operational collaboration and raise the quality of strategic decision making in a selected business company. To accomplish the set objective, internal and external environments in which the company competes have been identified using PESTL analysis, Porter five forces analysis, Value Chain Analysis and Financial Analysis. Based on these analyses, the strengths and weaknesses, important opportunities and threats within the company have been determined. SWOT analysis and Fuller's Triangle Method have been applied to assess the internal capabilities, limitations and chances of the organization in the business environment. The completed analyses have been assessed and used to create proposals and recommendations for developing strategic decision making in the investigated company.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:01:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACF1E3.pdf: 512714 bytes, checksum: d7597d78a6f5f7a97aea6058016230f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / This study shows how the Industrial Cluster of garments in Valença, RJ ¿ comprised of micro and small enterprises ¿ contributes to overcome the problems left by the declining period of the textile industry. At first, the city took advantage of its talent for textile work and turned to the clothing sector, which now relies on garment factories, subcontractors, cooperatives and laundries in order to create jobs. There is institutional support, but the analysis of the situation identified the need for higher involvement of cluster players, as well as a higher interaction among them to help their own development. In regard to public and private institutions, there is room for steps to guide informal companies that find it difficult to afford labor, financial, and environmental costs towards formalization, the offer of management and labor skill programs, as well as entrepreneurs¿ awareness about the acquisition of modern-technology machinery. It is important to encourage higher participation of Valença firms in the national fashion events, since this draws attention to the name of the city, discloses the work that is carried out there, and attracts new businesses. The entry of Valença companies in the fashion arena of the southern region of Rio de Janeiro state is beneficial, especially to make them better prepared for the Fashion Rio/Fashion Business event. Informality as a way out of the unemployment problem is a growing trend in Valença, as well as in most of Brazilian cities. In this sense, the entrepreneurs need to find favorable steps to make them feel motivated to formalize their businesses. / Este estudo mostra como a formação do Arranjo Produtivo Local (APL) do setor de confecções de Valença-RJ, composto por pequenas e microempresas, contribuiu para a superação das dificuldades deixadas pelo período decadente das fábricas de tecido. A princípio, a cidade aproveitou a vocação para o trabalho têxtil e se voltou para o setor de confecções atualmente marcado pela existência de confecções, facções, cooperativas e lavanderias para a geração de empregos. Há a presença de apoio institucional, mas a análise da situação detectou a necessidade de maior engajamento dos atores do APL e interação entre eles em prol do seu desenvolvimento. No caso das instituições públicas e privadas, há espaço para ações que orientem as empresas informais em suas dificuldades para arcar com os custos trabalhistas, fiscais e ambientais rumo à formalização, promoção de ofertas de cursos de capacitação gerencial e de qualificação da mão-de-obra, bem como sensibilização dos empresários quanto à aquisição de maquinário moderno tecnologicamente mais competitivo. Estimular a maior participação das empresas de Valença em eventos de moda de âmbito nacional é relevante, uma vez que enfatiza o nome da cidade, divulgando os trabalhos elaborados e atraindo novos negócios. A introdução de empresas valencianas no Pólo de Moda Sul Fluminense traz benefícios, especialmente tendo-se em vista a melhor preparação para o evento Fashion Rio/Fashion Business. Um caso comum e cada vez mais crescente que ocorre na maioria das cidades brasileiras se observa também em Valença. Trata-se da informalidade como saída para a questão do desemprego. Neste sentido, é preciso que os empreendedores encontrem ações vantajosas para que eles se sintam motivados a formalizarem suas empresas.

Submitted by OSWALDO JUNQUEIRA VAZ JÚNIOR (jukas_2000@hotmail.com) on 2016-05-12T16:40:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_OJVJ.pdf: 3298599 bytes, checksum: 80bed0ae884148ff2e8469616f4c0cdf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2016-05-12T20:03:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_OJVJ.pdf: 3298599 bytes, checksum: 80bed0ae884148ff2e8469616f4c0cdf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-05-17T17:42:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_OJVJ.pdf: 3298599 bytes, checksum: 80bed0ae884148ff2e8469616f4c0cdf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T17:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_OJVJ.pdf: 3298599 bytes, checksum: 80bed0ae884148ff2e8469616f4c0cdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-20 / The objective of this research was to understand how occurred changes in the procurement planning of a public organization. The case study focused on the Tribunal de Contas do Distrito Federal - TCDF, an autonomous organization of the direct public administration of the Distrito Federal. The survey data were based on documents and legislation related to the organization under study and interviews with managers linked to public procurement. The analysis was performed in a exploratory and descriptive way, with a qualitative approach. The collected data brought the characterization of the organization and presented information on changes in internal procedures related to procurement, in addition to the effects of these changes for the organization. The study showed how the institution was receptive to changes and administrative innovations. Among the factors that caused the changes, stand out the flexibility that the organization has to adapt itself to external changes imposed with the laws and regulations and above all the need there is for change. Confirming the systemic character of the organizations, we can see that many changes that occurred brought good results. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer como ocorreram as mudanças no planejamento da contratação em uma organização pública. O estudo de caso concentrou-se no Tribunal de Contas do Distrito Federal-TCDF, um órgão autônomo da Administração Pública direta do Distrito Federal. Os dados da pesquisa foram baseados em documentos e legislações relacionados ao órgão em estudo e em entrevistas com as chefias vinculadas à contratação pública. A análise foi efetuada de forma exploratório-descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa. Os dados coletados trouxeram a caracterização do órgão e apresentaram informações sobre as mudanças de procedimentos internos relacionadas à contratação pública, além dos efeitos dessas mudanças para a organização. O estudo demonstrou o quanto a instituição foi receptiva às mudanças e inovações administrativas. Dentre os fatores que ocasionaram as mudanças, destacam-se a flexibilidade que a organização apresenta em adaptar-se às variações externas impostas pelas legislações e normativas e, sobretudo, a necessidade da mudança. Confirmando o caráter sistêmico das organizações, detecta-se que muitas mudanças ocorridas geraram bons resultados.