Este trabalho busca avançar o conhecimento sobre Global Value Chains (GVC) e inovação com usuários ao estudar a influência da colaboração dos usuários finais no upgrading de desenvolvedores em cadeias digitais. A pesquisa sugere que esforços de inovação entre uma empresa fornecedora em cadeias digitais e seus usuários finais levam a tipos preferenciais de upgrading, que variam em função de características específicas da indústria de jogos e da governança da cadeia na qual o desenvolvedor está inserido. Os referenciais teóricos das Cadeias Globais de Valor (GVC), inovação com usuários finais e método de regressão logística são utilizados para estabelecer as estruturas analíticas para este trabalho. Os resultados do trabalho são: (i) validação do modelo MOA+ID (Motivação, Oportunidade, Habilidade, e Infraestrutura Digital) para estudar a colaboração entre fornecedores e usuário final; (ii) identificação que o impacto da interação com usuários finais no upgrading de desenvolvedores em cadeias jogos digitais depende de características específicas de tal indústria, e (iii) identificação que o impacto da interação com usuários no upgrading de desenvolvedores em cadeias jogos digitais depende da governança da cadeia na qual o desenvolvedor está inserido. Desenvolvedores de jogos pertencentes a cadeias cujas governança são dos tipos Mercado e Relacional apresentam upgrading devido a colaboração com usuário final por que possuem liberdade e competências para se beneficiarem da relação com usuários final. Desenvolvedores de jogos pertencentes a cadeias cujas governança são dos tipos Modular e Cativa não apresentam upgrading devido à interação com usuário devido ao baixo nível de dependência do governante da cadeia. / This work seeks to advance knowledge about Global Value Chains (GVC) and innovation with end-users through the study of the influence of collaboration with end-user on the upgrading of developers in digital chains. The research suggests that innovation efforts between a supplier in digital chains and end-users lead to preferential types of upgrading, which will vary depending on the specific characteristics of the digital gaming industry and the governance of the chain in which the developer is embedded. The theoretical frameworks of Global Value Chains (GVC), innovation with end-users and method of logistic regression are used to establish the analytical structures for this work. The results of the work are: (i) validation of the MOA + DI model (Motivation, Opportunity Ability, Digital Infrastructure) to study collaboration between suppliers and end-user; (ii) recognition that the impact of innovation with end-users on the upgrading of developers in digital game chains depends on specific characteristics of such industry, and (iii) recognition that the impact of innovation with end users on the upgrading of developers in digital game chains depends on the chain governance in which the developer is embedded. Game developers under the Market and Relational types of governance present upgrading due to collaboration with endusers because such developers have freedom and competencies to benefit from the end-user interface. Game developers under the Modular and Captive types of governance chains do not experienced upgrading due to the interface with end-user because such firms do not have opportunities and competencies to benefit from the end-user interface.

This dissertation consists of three closely related essays on upgrading in agro-commodity value chains, which is an important issue for many developing countries that produce and export commodities in mostly unprocessed form. The essays are based on fieldwork in Malaysia and focus on its palm oil, which is the world’s largest oils and fats product by production and export volumes. The first essay examines the suitability of vertical specialisation for participation and upgrading in agro-commodity value chains based on the case of Malaysian palm oil. It uses data from interviews, site visits, and industry and economic statistics to analyse upgrading at the sector and firm levels. The essay suggests that upgrading is prone to sectoral linkage development and vertical integration at local lead firms. The development is driven by production characteristics, sectoral dynamics, eco-historical settings that are unique to agro-commodity value chains, as well as firm motives seeking resources, markets, efficiency gains, and strategic assets. The second essay studies Malaysia’s industrial policy for its palm oil sector through three distinct stages of development. The findings show that resource-based industrialisation (RBI) requires selective state intervention targeting macroeconomic conditions, infrastructure, business climate, and human capital. The Malaysian experience also highlights the importance of local firms in driving RBI investments, contrary to the emphasis in the literature which either overplays the importance of foreign linkages or dismisses nationality of firms as a non-factor for industrialisation. The third essay investigates economic and social outcomes from upgrading in the Malaysian palm oil sector using gross value added data. It shows that economic upgrading can but does not automatically lead to social upgrading. The essay finds that economic upgrading in value chains improves income of groups of individuals at different rates depending on their position in the value chains. Skills and productivity performance provide only partial explanation for the uneven social outcomes; the differences in institutional arrangements and political representation accorded to the groups are likely to be important factors as well.

<p>The main objective of this study was to identify ways in which transaction costs can be lowered to improve small-scale farmers&rsquo / participation in and returns from agricultural output markets, with specific reference to small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo province. This study hypothesizes that transaction costs are lower in informal spot markets and increase when small-scale farmers sell in more structured markets (formal markets). This study builds on transaction cost economics (TCE) to demonstrate how to overcome transaction cost barriers that small-scale mango farmers face in the agro-food markets. The approach to collect primary information was sequenced in two steps: first, key informant and focus group interviews were conducted and, secondly, a structured survey instrument was administered in two districts of Limpopo. A total of 235 smallscale mango farmers were interviewed. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of transaction costs on the likelihood of households&rsquo / participation in formal (=1) and informal (=0) agro-food markets. STATA Version 10 was used to analyse the data. This study found that a larger proportion of male than female farming households reported participation in the formal markets, suggesting deep-seated gender differentiation in market participation. The average age of small farmers participating in formal markets is 52, compared to 44 for those in informal markets, implying that older farmers might have established stronger networks and acquired experience over a longer period. Farmers staying very far from the densely populated towns (more than 50 km) participate less in the formal markets than those staying closer (0 &ndash / 25 km and 26 &ndash / 49 km), which implies that the further they are from the towns, the less the likelihood of farmers selling in the formal markets. Farmers who own storage facilities and a bakkie (transportation means) participate more in formal markets compared to those who do not own these assets, which suggests that these farmers are able to store mangoes, retaining their freshness and subsequently delivering them to various agro-food markets on time. Households that participate in formal markets have high mean values of income and social grants. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets is less as income and social grants increase. This suggests that households do not invest their financial assets in order to overcome market access barriers. A large proportion of households that own larger pieces of arable land participate in the formal markets, which implies that they are able to produce marketable surplus. Households that have a high mean value (in Rand) of cattle participate more in formal markets than in informal markets. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets does not change with an increase in the value of its livestock. These findings suggest that households do not sell their cattle in order to overcome market access barriers. Reduced transaction costs for small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo should improve their participation in and returns from the agro-food markets. Policy interventions to support this need to focus on: access to storage and transportation facilities, enforcement of gender equity requirements in existing policies, and better access to information about markets.</p>

Ce mémoire propose une analyse de l'impact organisationnel de la modularité sur les relations verticales inter-firmes. Considérant en première approche la modularité comme une innovation technologique, il s'agit d'examiner comment les architectures produits, productives et organisationnelles co-évoluent dans le temps. Le texte est structuré autour de quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente la grille de lecture mobilisée pour évaluer l'influence du choix d'une architecture produit sur les trajectoires organisationnelles des firmes et des industries. Le lien entre nos travaux et ceux en termes de dominant design sont explicités ainsi que l'importance d'étudier les changements technologiques comme facteur essentiel des dynamiques organisationnelles. Le deuxième chapitre présente la controverse entre Vanishing Hand et Complex product systems concernant les frontières de la firme. Ce débat est ensuite complété par une analyse détaillée du secteur automobile présenté comme une industrie imparfaitement modulaire. Le troisième chapitre cherche à comprendre comment émerge les architectures modulaires en retraçant la généalogie de son développement dans l'industrie automobile. La nature incrémentale et les effets de rétroaction entre technologie et organisation sont particulièrement mis en avant. Les conséquences de l'imparfaite modularité sur les firmes présentes dans l'industrie sont également soulevées et le rôle des PME captant les interstices du marché, soulignées. Le dernier chapitre cherche à évaluer comment le développement d'architecture produit modulaire contribue à accroître la fragmentation internationale des chaînes de valeur. Une première section présente les arguments habituellement présentés dans la littérature à partir de l'opposition architecture modulaire/imparfaitement modulaire présenté au deuxième chapitre. En se recentrant sur l'industrie automobile, on propose alors un modèle explicatif des stratégies de localisation des équipementiers en Europe. La conclusion rassemble les points clés dégagés et esquisse des pistes de recherche pour la suite.

This thesis finds that the term ‘terrorist financing’ is a misnomer in that much of the activity encompassed by that term involves neither terrorism nor money. Instead, terrorist financing more accurately refers either to the flow of economic and material value to ‘terrorist’ actors or specific material expressions of support to ‘terrorism,’ however that contested term is defined. This finding not only directly challenges the dominant ways terrorist finance is now conceptualized, but also provides the first unified coherent conceptual framework capable of supporting systematic analysis of the topic. This thesis arrives at this conclusion by first critically examining the various – and often contradictory or incoherent – normative, legal, and political contexts that dominate ‘orthodox’ thinking on terrorism and terrorist finance, and then relocating the financing of terrorism squarely in context of the everyday realities of how terrorism and terrorist actors interact with global and local political economies. This thesis goes beyond existing critical works on terrorist financing, and constructs the necessary conceptual foundation for a vastly more coherent, systematic, and ultimately useful understanding of the financial and economic dimensions of terrorism.

Media and consumer attention has propelled local food to prominence, and a significant price premium has signaled its potential as a value-added option for family farms looking to transition from commodity production. Many of these farms –entering an unfamiliar market– have been selling local food in groups, to share risks and investments. This strategy has introduced a scale of production and operations to the marketplace that could challenge some of the basic premises of the local food contract. This research project was premised on the notion that the local food movement –dominated by small-scale production and direct marketing– appears to be governed by a set of principles that would be tested by the introduction of farms and farm groups of increasing scale. To understand the implications –for these farm families, local food marketing groups, and growing local food systems– this research sought to address whether these groups would adopt a more conventional approach to meet their needs, and fit their scale, or change their approach and practices to conform to the requirements and expectations established by the principles of governance that characterize local food systems. ‘Local beef’ chains from across Ontario were selected to capture a range of operational and geographic scale. Interviews with farmers and coordinators investigated the extent to which scale –at farm and group level– affected motivations, as well as group governance decisions. The research found that increased group scale limits the range of options available, and magnifies pressures towards conventionalization. Transition to larger scale favours governance based on surveillance and discipline, and suffers from lack of infrastructure that would facilitate mid-scale aggregation, distribution, and the development of bridging capital. Farmers who had direct input into decisions invested more time and effort, but also identified more strongly with their group. Farmers who marketed through larger-scale intermediary-led groups faced fewer costs, but were treated as commodity input suppliers, and were less engaged in the group’s success. Most farmers did not see these intermediary-led groups as a long-term solution, and looked instead to policy solutions, or other alternative marketing models – including smaller-scale regional intermediaries.

<p>The main objective of this study was to identify ways in which transaction costs can be lowered to improve small-scale farmers&rsquo / participation in and returns from agricultural output markets, with specific reference to small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo province. This study hypothesizes that transaction costs are lower in informal spot markets and increase when small-scale farmers sell in more structured markets (formal markets). This study builds on transaction cost economics (TCE) to demonstrate how to overcome transaction cost barriers that small-scale mango farmers face in the agro-food markets. The approach to collect primary information was sequenced in two steps: first, key informant and focus group interviews were conducted and, secondly, a structured survey instrument was administered in two districts of Limpopo. A total of 235 smallscale mango farmers were interviewed. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of transaction costs on the likelihood of households&rsquo / participation in formal (=1) and informal (=0) agro-food markets. STATA Version 10 was used to analyse the data. This study found that a larger proportion of male than female farming households reported participation in the formal markets, suggesting deep-seated gender differentiation in market participation. The average age of small farmers participating in formal markets is 52, compared to 44 for those in informal markets, implying that older farmers might have established stronger networks and acquired experience over a longer period. Farmers staying very far from the densely populated towns (more than 50 km) participate less in the formal markets than those staying closer (0 &ndash / 25 km and 26 &ndash / 49 km), which implies that the further they are from the towns, the less the likelihood of farmers selling in the formal markets. Farmers who own storage facilities and a bakkie (transportation means) participate more in formal markets compared to those who do not own these assets, which suggests that these farmers are able to store mangoes, retaining their freshness and subsequently delivering them to various agro-food markets on time. Households that participate in formal markets have high mean values of income and social grants. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets is less as income and social grants increase. This suggests that households do not invest their financial assets in order to overcome market access barriers. A large proportion of households that own larger pieces of arable land participate in the formal markets, which implies that they are able to produce marketable surplus. Households that have a high mean value (in Rand) of cattle participate more in formal markets than in informal markets. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo / s participation in the markets does not change with an increase in the value of its livestock. These findings suggest that households do not sell their cattle in order to overcome market access barriers. Reduced transaction costs for small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo should improve their participation in and returns from the agro-food markets. Policy interventions to support this need to focus on: access to storage and transportation facilities, enforcement of gender equity requirements in existing policies, and better access to information about markets.</p>

Submitted by Júlio Fernandes do Prado Leutwiler null (leutwiler.julio@gmail.com) on 2016-03-03T13:59:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REPRIMARIZAÇÃO DA PAUTA DE EXPORTAÇÃO E A ATUAL INSERÇÃO INTERNACIONAL BRASILEIRA (2000-2014).pdf: 2517153 bytes, checksum: 6a41f226ad3990f8750f611f832a9ec5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-04T13:49:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leutwiler_jfp_me_mar.pdf: 2517153 bytes, checksum: 6a41f226ad3990f8750f611f832a9ec5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leutwiler_jfp_me_mar.pdf: 2517153 bytes, checksum: 6a41f226ad3990f8750f611f832a9ec5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A primeira década do século XXI foi marcada por mudanças no conjunto da economia internacional. No comércio mundial, as características principais foram a alta dos preços de commodities e o aumento do comércio por parte dos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente da China. No Brasil, esta conjuntura foi marcada por um relevante aumento das exportações de produtos considerados primários, apresentando uma tendência cada vez mais perceptível de reprimarização das vendas externas do nosso país. Dessa forma, a presente pesquisa visa analisar a inserção internacional brasileira desde o início dos anos 2000 até 2014, no que se refere às características observadas pelo Brasil no contexto das relações econômicas atuais, buscando responder qual o papel do Brasil na atual divisão internacional do trabalho e sobre a existência de um processo de especialização da economia brasileira em torno da produção de commodities. A análise será desenvolvida tendo como referência o processo de reprimarização das exportações agroindustriais e da pauta de exportação geral da economia brasileira, além disso, é analisado no interior da economia brasileira o controverso processo de desindustrialização e, sobre a ótica da economia internacional, o aumento da participação dos países em desenvolvimento e a demanda de commodities. / The first decade of the twenty-first century was marked by changes in the entire international economy. In world trade, the main features were the high commodity prices and the increased trade by developing countries, especially China. In Brazil, this situation was marked by a significant rise in exports of products considered primary, with a noticeable and increasingly trend of reprimarization in the exports of our country. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the Brazilian international insertion from the early 2000s until 2014, with regard to the characteristics observed in Brazil in the context of current economic relations, seeking to answer what Brazil's role in the current international division of labor and the existence of a process of specialization in the Brazilian economy around the production of commodities. The analysis will be developed with reference to the reprimarization process of agro-industrial exports and the overall export basket of the Brazilian economy, also is analyzed the controversial process of deindustrialization in the interior of Brazilian economy and, on the perspective of the international economy, the increasing participation of developing countries and the demand for commodities. / CAPES: 5224/15-2 / CNPq: 130141/2015-1

Depuis les années 90 il y a une montée en puissance des codes de conduite, mécanismes d'autorégulation et initiatives multi-parties prenantes visant à contrôler les activités sociales et environnementales dans les chaînes globales de valeur. Malgré l'augmentation des préoccupations sociales et environnementales, les effets de ces mécanismes de régulation privée pour la responsabilité sociale d'entreprise (RSE) sont encore limités. En prenant trois approches distinctes, nous proposons de compléter la littérature en expliquant de quelle manière les fournisseurs mettent en place, en bout de chaîne, les approches RSE véhiculées par les instruments de régulation privée. Les résultats, déclinés en trois articles, montrent que les régulations privées dans les chaînes globales de valeur viennent s'ajouter aux rôles politiques traditionnels des entreprises locales et remettent en question la gouvernance de la RSE dans l'industrie agro-alimentaire. Néanmoins, la RSE, soutenue par ces régulations, sous-tend une approche instrumentale, renforçant un mouvement de désencastrement du fournisseur des communautés géographiques à proximité. Il s'agit d'un processus simultané de détachement (dés-encastrement du local) et de connexion ré­encastrement dans le global), qui se joue au niveau des acteurs et leurs rôles, et concerne aussi bien les pratiques et les définitions de la RSE. Notre travail révèle également que l'adoption des contenus des régulations privées et leur diffusion aux fournisseurs de deuxième rang est sélective et non exhaustive. Le rôle des associations d'industriels est essentiel dans la traduction des contenus de ces régulations privées. / Since the 1990s there has been an escalating number of codes of conduct, self-regulatory schemes and multi-stakeholder initiatives aiming to monitor corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of global value chains. Because these initiatives lack legal enforcement they fall into the category of private regulations. Despite increasing concerns of worldwide degradation of social and environmental conditions, the effectiveness of private regulations is still elusive. Taking three distinct approaches, this research examines the outcomes of private regulations through a local, bottom of the chain perspective. We analyze how a supplier of a multinational subsidiary in the agro-food industry receives, understands and implements a supplier development program. We study 1) the inscription of private regulations in a long history of political roles undertaken by local companies in a developing country, namely Colombia. This sheds light on how private regulations can jeopardize the governance of corporate social responsibility in the industry. 2) The process of deployment of a private regulation at the intra-organizational level, looking at how it progressively transforms pre­existing notions of business involvement in society. We highlight two mechanisms leading to the disembedding of local actors from their geographically proximate communities, and re-embedding them into global notions of CSR. 3) The adoption of each demand included in a private regulation leading to understand heterogeneity in the adoption process. To bring these aspects together, we also evaluate to what extent demands from multinational subsidiaries are diffused to other levels of the supply chain. Overall, our results contribute to the literatures of political CSR and global value chain by expanding upon how these dynamics operate within a developing nation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The development of globalization process - especially from the late twentieth century - modified the traditional forms of organization of production and international trade between countries and companies. The major economic importance of transnational companies makes these can resize these traditional forms of production and trade, and implement the so-called Global Value Chains (GVCs), which are based on a bigger fragmentation and international production verticalization, as well as bigger interconnectivity of production and business processes across economies. This study aims to contribute to the analytical and empirical study of insertion segments of the Brazilian industry in GVCs. The study aims to specify the analysis having as object the electro-electronics and mechanical metal complexes, from the Vertical Specialization methodology proposed by Hummels et al (2001) in three periods time cuts 2000, 2005 and 2009. The results showed that Brazil is weakly inserted in GVCs, because it was observed a low value embedded foreign exports (11.62%, 11.04%, 9.22%). Comparing the Brazilian electro-electronics and mechanical metal complexes, it was observed that the contents of both complexes are also low, but the results for the electro-electronics complex (21.39%, 20.36%, 17.53%) were superior to the results from the mechanical metal complex (18.52%, 17.24%, 16.32%). Thus the Brazilian industrial structure is still poorly integrated into the global trade, and in the scope of analysis of the study, the Brazilian electro-electronics manufacturing is the one that most suited to the fragmentation of activities in GVCs. / O desenvolvimento do processo de globalização especialmente a partir do final do século XX modificou as formas tradicionais da organização da produção e de comércio internacional entre países e empresas. A maior importância econômica das empresas transnacionais levou-as a redimensionar as formas tradicionais de produção e comércio e implementar as denominadas Cadeias Globais de Valor (CGVs), que têm por base a fragmentação e verticalização internacional da produção, bem como a maior interconectividade de processos produtivos e comerciais entre economias. O presente estudo tem como objetivo quantificar a especialização vertical em CGVs do Brasil e de segmentos da indústria brasileira. Procura-se aprofundar a análise tendo como objeto os complexos eletroeletrônico e metal mecânico, em cortes de três períodos no tempo 2000, 2005 e 2009. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o Brasil está inserido fracamente em CGVs, pois se observou um baixo valor estrangeiro incorporado às exportações (11,62%, 11,04%, 9,22%). Comparando os complexos eletroeletrônico e metal mecânico brasileiros, observou-se que os índices de ambos complexos também são baixos, mas os resultados para o complexo eletroeletrônico (21,39%, 20,36%, 17,53%) se mostraram superiores aos resultados do complexo metal mecânico (18,52%, 17,24%, 16,32%). Dessa forma, mesmo após uma maior internacionalização produtiva a partir da abertura comercial, ainda existem dificuldades para o Brasil se integrar em CGVs de forma mais dinâmica e competitiva nos setores relevantes do ponto de vista industrial, dentre os quais se destaca o complexo metal mecânico e eletroeletrônico.