Die Arzneimitteldistribution in Deutschland ist maßgeblich vom historischen Leitbild "des Apothekers in seiner Apotheke" geprägt und unterlag nur geringfügigen Änderungen. Die regulativen Bestimmungen, insbesondere das Fremdbesitzverbot, die eingeschränkte Mehrbesitzerlaubnis und die Apothekenbetriebsordnung, werden auf ihre Effektivität hinsichtlich einer ordnungsgemäßen Arzneimittelversorgung der Bevölkerung und ihre Effizienz untersucht. Hierbei werden alle relevanten Kräfte in der Arzneimitteldistribution kritisch untersucht und deren Verhandlungsposition dargestellt. Im nächsten Schritt wird ein Konzept zur optimalen Arzneimitteldistribution aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht entwickelt. Hierbei werden eine Abschaffung des Fremdbesitzverbotes, die Aufhebung der eingeschränkten Mehrbesitzerlaubnis und tiefgreifende Änderungen an der Apothekenbetriebsordnung vorgeschlagen. Diese Schritte sind aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht notwendig, um eine effektive und effiziente Arzneimitteldistribution zu gewährleisten.

[pt] No novo modelo de livre concorrência do Setor Elétrico Nacional,o Mercado Atacadista de Energia (MAE) foi criado para ser o ambiente onde se processam as compras e vendas de energia de curto prazo. Logo, os agentes que possuem excedentes de energia, provenientes de excesso de geração ou de sobra de contrato, poderão vendê-los no MAE. A situação inversa também pode ocorrer, ou seja, o agente que necessitar de energia para cobrir um deficit de energia ou honrar contratos também poderá comprar energia no MAE. Em cada instante de tempo, os montantes de energia que cada agente poderá comercializar no MAE, assim como o preço de liquidação, não podem ser previstos com exatidão, pois dependem, por exemplo, das condições hidrológicas futuras. Isto acarreta incertezas com relação ao fluxo de caixa futuro dos agentes.No presente trabalho é apresentado um modelo de simulador estocástico capaz de fornecer estimativas futuras do fluxo financeiro de um agente no MAE, considerando-se em detalhe as regras vigentes, analisando- se diversos cenários hidrológicos. / [en] In the new trading model for the Brazilian electricity sector, the Wholesale Energy Market -Mercado Atacadista de Energia - MAE- is the place where all buyers and sellers of electricity can trade and in which the spot price of energy will be determined. In this market the agents can sell the excess of generation or the positive net energy of bilateral contracts. However, lack of generation or negative net energy of bilateral contracts will be exposured to spot market price.The market price and the energy amount that each agent can trade at MAE depends on many factors, such as future hydrological conditions, for example.This fact causes financial flow uncertainties to all market agents. Then, this dissertation shows a model to make the market accounts using the MAE rules and future estimation of generations and consumptions energies. The results of this model could help the agents to forecast the payments and receipts at MAE.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 52821.pdf.jpg: 17549 bytes, checksum: 9bd749c96b87e8174e352afbb6184c31 (MD5) 52821.pdf: 833178 bytes, checksum: 2bac9d88c662171956cfeb20ef600715 (MD5) 52821.pdf.txt: 304482 bytes, checksum: 487cc0c15566d4c7d13206bb33a86219 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-17T00:00:00Z / Esta tese busca investigar de forma exploratória os relacionamentos que se desenvolvem entre os agentes do canal de distribuição de alimentos no Brasil, descrevendo e explicando o estágio atual desses relacionamentos. Na condução do trabalho, foram examinados os diversos conceitos relacionados ao tema canais de distribuição/marketing, bem como a influência do macroambiente e as dimensões comportamentais do comportamento em canais, com ênfase em conflito e poder. Adicionalmente, foram investigados aspectos sobre o marketing de relacionamento e a evolução das trocas de transações para relacionamentos, bem com a revisão de cinco importantes modelos de relacionamento. Foi conduzida uma pesquisa empírica, sendo que a metodologia utilizada foi a Grounded Theory. O estudo conclui que os relacionamentos no canal de distribuição de alimentos no Brasil são conflituosos, predominando um processo constante de negociação entre os diversos agentes. Indica ainda evidências e que o poder no canal esteja migrando na direção dos consumidores e, portanto, na direção dos intermediários, sejam eles atacadistas ou varejistas. Oferece algumas indicações e especulações que podem contribuir para a explicação dos relacionamentos conflituosos e que estariam ligadas à estrutura e organização dos canais, a aspectos culturais e do ambiente institucional. / This thesis comprises an exploratory research on the relationship development process that takes place among the actor on the food distribution channel in Brazil. The main objective of this work is to describe and explain those relationships at their present state. In order to conclude this work, many the author revised the existent literature on marketing channels, its behavioral dimensions, with emphasis in power and conflict, and the macro environmental aspects that can influence the channel development. Additionally, some relationship marketing aspects were reviewed together with five important relationship models. The empirical research used a Grounded Theory approach. The main conclusion of this research is that the relationships are adversarial with the prevalence of conflict, fueled by the a continuous negotiation process that encompasses all agents. The research also suggests that channel power is moving from the producer towards the consumer, through the intermediaries. It also offers some insights some specific issue about the Brazilian channels environment that can help in explaining such relationships.

Thesis (MTech (Human Resource Management)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / This thesis explores the barriers/constraints that the SMME may experience whilst attempting to recover their skills levies from the wholesale and retail SETA (W&RSETA). Skills development legislation was introduced in South Africa to address the previous disparities in education and training. The Skills Development Levies Act (SOLA) of 1999 established the introduction of skills levies. The SOLA stipulated that all companies with an annual payroll in excess of R 500 000 would be required to pay skills levies to the South African Revenue Service (SARS). SARS then distributes the funds to the relevant sector education and training authority (SETA). The company would then have the option of recovering up to seventy percent of its skills levies, provided that it had implemented various skills development and training initiatives throughout the year. While larger companies may be more attuned in terms of recovering these levies, small, micro and medium enterprises (SMMEs) may experience difficulties in doing so. The research design included a descriptive study of both qualitative and quantitative components. The investigation was conducted by interviewing twenty stakeholders within the wholesale and retail sector. The stakeholders were divided into two categories, namely SMMEs and the assistants to SMMEs. The information was analysed within the context of the twenty stakeholders interviewed who were located in the Westem Cape area and registered with the W&RSETA. The findings indicated that the main constraints that SMMEs may be experiencing whilst attempting to recover their skills levies from the W&RSETA included: a lack of understanding of the grant recovery system; lack of time; burdensome administration; a lack of finance; and a lack of communication and support from the W&RSETA This research would be a pilot study that would provide a basis for a future study which may seek to provide practical recommendations to policy makers both in govemment and the private sector, in terms of assisting levy paying SMMEs within the W&RSETA to recover skills levies.

As características estruturais do setor elétrico brasileiro são semelhantes às de outros setores produtivos clássicos. O segmento geração de energia elétrica ocupa um papel de destaque não só no aspecto estrutural, mas também na sua participação dentro da tarifa de fornecimento de energia elétrica, com participação da ordem de 30%. As questões comerciais que deveriam estar presentes de forma intensa durante todo o ciclo de vida do SEB, somente nas duas últimas décadas ganharam destaque e lhe foi dada a devida importância. Este trabalho procurou identificar como se processou as relações negociais, em particular as de cunho comercial, entre as empresas, supridoras e supridas, integrantes do setor elétrico brasileiro - SEB. O estudo foi segmentado em três períodos: 1990 a 1996 - \"Concepção da privatização\", 1997 a 2002 - \"Execução Operacional do Programa de Privatização\" e 2003 a 2006 - \"Modelo da Reestruturação\". Foram analisados os conceitos referentes a energia assegurada, mecanismo de realocação de energia e contratos iniciais.O texto expõe também a evolução histórica do SEB desde o final do século XIX, durante todo o século XX, e observou as externalidades que contribuíram para o posicionamento atual, como por exemplo, crise do México, Consenso de Washington e Racionamento de Energia Elétrica - 2001. Finalmente são apresentados os conceitos e o processo de cálculo do custo marginal de operação - CMO e do preço da liquidação das diferenças - PLD e do atual processo de comercialização de energia que compreende os ambientes de contratação regulada, com destaque para os leilões de energia, e o ambiente de contratação livre. / The characteristics of the Brazilian Electrical Sector, BES, are similar to those of other classic productive sectors. The electrical power generation segment plays an important role not only in the structural aspect, but also in the share of about 30% of the user\'s end tariff. The commercial issues, that should have been strongly emphasized in all BES life cycle, have only in the two last decades received the attention it deserved. This work aimed at identifying how business relations developed, particularly the commercial issues of the companies belonging to the BES system; that is, suppliers and supplied components of the said system. This project was divided into three parts: 1990 to 1996 - \"Conception of privatization\", 1997 to 2002 - \"Operational execution of privatization programs\" and 2003 to 2006 - \"Restructuring model\". Concepts related to assured power supply, electricity reallocation mechanism and initial contracts were analyzed. The text still describes BES historical evolution from the end of the nineteenth century through the twentieth century. The prevailing external scenarios that contributed to the present situation, e.g., Mexico Crises, Washington Consensus and 2001 Electricity Supply Restriction were also taken into account. Due consideration has also been given to: marginal operational cost calculation, settlement price for the differences (spot prices) and the existing process of power commercializing, which encompasses free and regulated contracting ambience. In the latter power auction plays the dominant role.

The purpose of this project is to investigate the use of the emerging XML technologies to improve online Business to Business (B2B) supply chain processes.

FWOS (Food Wholesaler Ordering System) demonstrates the application of web services to provide an ecommerce solution for general food wholesaler and their customers. The main goal of this project is to provide graphical user interfaces for the four user types including visitor, member, sales person and sales manager. The system provides a contact base ordering system, an account management sub-system, and a powerful accounting subsystem.

This thesis describes possibilities of electricity trading. The thesis deals with subjects at the electricity market, defines their competences, obligations and relationships among these subjects. Trading places and their advantages and disadvantages are also described in the thesis. The thesis shows composition of the electricity price and informs about its partial components. Types of ancillary services are spoken and there is also comparison between selling wholesale electricity and providing ancillary services. An influence of primary fuels and emission allowances on the electricity price is included at the end of the thesis.

Die Arzneimitteldistribution in Deutschland ist maßgeblich vom historischen Leitbild "des Apothekers in seiner Apotheke" geprägt und unterlag nur geringfügigen Änderungen. Die regulativen Bestimmungen, insbesondere das Fremdbesitzverbot, die eingeschränkte Mehrbesitzerlaubnis und die Apothekenbetriebsordnung, werden auf ihre Effektivität hinsichtlich einer ordnungsgemäßen Arzneimittelversorgung der Bevölkerung und ihre Effizienz untersucht. Hierbei werden alle relevanten Kräfte in der Arzneimitteldistribution kritisch untersucht und deren Verhandlungsposition dargestellt. Im nächsten Schritt wird ein Konzept zur optimalen Arzneimitteldistribution aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht entwickelt. Hierbei werden eine Abschaffung des Fremdbesitzverbotes, die Aufhebung der eingeschränkten Mehrbesitzerlaubnis und tiefgreifende Änderungen an der Apothekenbetriebsordnung vorgeschlagen. Diese Schritte sind aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht notwendig, um eine effektive und effiziente Arzneimitteldistribution zu gewährleisten.:1 Einführung … 1 1.1 Gesundheit und Gesundheitsausgaben … 1 1.2 Gesundheitsausgaben, Arzneimittel und Arzneimitteldistribution … 5 1.3 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung der Arbeit, Vorgehensweise … 7 1.4 Gegenwärtiger Stand der Forschung - Literaturüberblick … 11 2 Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen … 16 2.1 Terminologische Definitionen … 16 2.2 Auswahl des theoretischen Bezugssystems … 16 2.2.1 Das Structure-Conduct-Performance-Modell … 17 2.2.2 Strategiebestimmende, kompetitive Marktkräfte … 19 2.2.3 Modellsynthese … 20 3 Volkswirtschaftliche Effektivität und Effizienz in der Arzneimitteldistribution … 21 3.1 Funktion des Wettbewerbs … 21 3.2 Gütereigenschaften von Arzneimitteln … 22 3.3 Regulierungstheorie … 23 3.3.1 Marktmacht … 25 3.3.2 Externe Effekte … 26 3.3.3 Öffentliche Güter … 27 3.3.4 Unvollkommene Informationen … 28 3.4 Das Ziel: Ordnungsgemäße Arzneimittelversorgung … 30 3.4.1 Flächendeckende Versorgung … 32 3.4.2 Zeitliche Zugänglichkeit … 34 3.4.3 Quantitative und qualitative Versorgung … 35 3.4.4 Angemessenes Preisniveau … 36 4 Marktstruktur, Marktverhalten und kompetitive Kräfte in der deutschen Arzneimitteldistribution … 37 4.1 Die Marktsegmente … 37 4.2 Kompetitive Kräfte … 39 4.2.1 Wettbewerb zwischen Apotheken … 40 4.2.1.1 Produktpolitik … 47 4.2.1.2 Werbestrategie … 49 4.2.1.3 Preisstrategie … 49 4.2.1.4 Apothekenkooperationen … 52 4.2.2 Verhandlungsmacht von Leistungsnehmern … 59 4.2.2.1 Apothekenkunden … 59 4.2.2.1.1 RX … 66 4.2.2.1.1.1 Patentgeschützte RX … 66 4.2.2.1.1.2 RX-Generika … 66 4.2.2.1.2 OTC … 67 4.2.2.1.3 Freiwahl … 68 4.2.2.2 Krankenkassen … 69 4.2.2.2.1 RX … 70 4.2.2.2.1.1 Patentgeschützte RX … 71 4.2.2.2.1.2 RX-Generika … 72 4.2.2.2.2 OTC … 74 4.2.3 Verhandlungsmacht der Leistungslieferanten … 74 4.2.3.1 Der pharmazeutische Großhandel … 75 4.2.3.2 Die pharmazeutische Industrie … 81 4.2.3.2.1 RX … 84 4.2.3.2.1.1 Patentgeschützte RX … 84 4.2.3.2.1.2 RX-Generika … 85 4.2.3.2.2 OTC … 85 4.2.3.2.3 Freiwahl … 87 4.2.3.3 Die Ärzte … 88 4.2.4 Gefahr durch Substitute … 90 4.2.5 Potenzielle neue Konkurrenten … 91 4.2.5.1 Versandhandelsapotheken … 92 4.2.5.2 Pick-up-Modelle … 100 4.2.5.3 Selbstbedienungsterminals … 102 4.2.5.3.1 Geografische Ausweitung … 102 4.2.5.3.2 Ausweitung der Versorgungszeit … 103 5 Ergebnisse der derzeitigen Marktstrukturen … 104 5.1 Effektivität – Zielerreichung der ordnungsgemäßen Arzneimittelversorgung … 104 5.2 Effizienz … 108 5.2.1 Wirtschaftliches Ergebnis der deutschen Apotheken … 108 5.2.2 Gewinne und Kennziffern der Apotheken im Vergleich zum Einzelhandel …113 5.2.3 Einkommen der Apotheker im Vergleich zu anderen freien Berufen … 114 5.2.4 Internationaler Vergleich … 115 5.3 Ziele der Wettbewerbstheorie … 118 6 Marktstruktur, Marktverhalten und Marktergebnis als Ansatzpunkte zur Neugestaltung der Arzneimitteldistribution … 119 6.1 Marktergebnis … 119 6.2 Marktverhalten … 120 6.3 Marktstruktur … 120 7 Handlungsempfehlungen – Konzeptionelle Neugestaltung der Arzneimitteldistribution aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht …121 7.1 Ordnungsgemäße Arzneimittelversorgung der Bevölkerung … 122 7.2 Ordnungsgemäßer Apothekenbetrieb … 123 7.3 Marktzutrittsbarrieren … 125 7.3.1 Berufsqualifikation … 125 7.3.2 Fremdbesitz … 126 7.3.3 Mehrbesitz … 128 7.3.4 Apothekenbetriebsordnung … 129 7.3.4.1 Ausstattung der Geschäftsräume … 130 7.3.4.2 Freiwahlanforderungen … 131 7.4 Apothekenpflichtigkeit von Arzneimitteln … 131 7.4.1 OTC … 131 7.4.2 RX … 132 7.5 Mehrwertsteuersatz … 133   8 Zusammenfassung … 138 8.1 Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse … 138 8.2 Ausblick und zukünftiger Forschungsbedarf … 139 Anhang 1: Übersicht über gesetzliche Regelungen des Arzneimittelmarktes seit 2002 … 141 Anhang 2: Empirische Untersuchung über den deutschen Apothekenmarkt … 143 2.1 Auswertung OTC-Industrie … 144 2.2 Auswertung Apothekenkooperationen … 145 2.3 Auswertung Versandhandelsapotheken … 146 2.4 Auswertung Freiwahlindustrie, nicht apothekenexklusiv … 147 2.5 Auswertung Freiwahlindustrie, apothekenexklusiv … 148 2.6 Auswertung Category-Management-Projekt … 150 Literaturverzeichnis … 151

Yes / The issues of channel conflict and channel power have received widespread research attention, including Geylani et al.’s (2007) work on channel relations in an asymmetric retail setting. Specifically, these authors suggest that a manufacturer can respond to a dominant retailer’s pricing pressure by raising the wholesale price for a weak retailer over that for the dominant retailer while transferring demand to the weak retailer channel via cooperative advertising. But, is online expansion another kind of strategic manufacturer’s optimal response to a dominant retailer? In this paper, we extend this work by adding a direct online selling channel to illustrate the impact of the manufacturer’s internet entry on firms’ demands, profits, and pricing strategies and on consumer welfare. Our analysis thus includes a condition in which the manufacturer can add an online channel. If such an online channel is opened, the channel-supported network externality will always benefit the manufacturer but hurt the retailers. Consumers, however, will only benefit from the network externality when a dominant retailer is present and will be hurt when both retailers are symmetric. / National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chongqing’s Natural Science Foundation, British Academy