As the growth and enthusiasm for IoT increases, energy consumption and efficiency is of immense importance in order to develop maintainable and dependable sensor networks. In this thesis, we implement and evaluate a wireless sensor network using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as the communication standard with regards to energy consumption and range capabilities. We found BLE to be a highly viable option for such systems, yielding long battery life for systems where long-range capabilities are not needed.

Today, it is not unusual that smartphone devices can’t survive even one day of regular use until the battery needs to be recharged. The batteries are drained while using power hungry applications made by developers who haven’t taken their application’s energy impact into consideration. In this thesis we study network transmissions as made by a mobile application, and the impact these have on the battery life. The application was developed with the local rescue and emergency service as a hypothetical target group. We test how the mobile network technologies 3G and WiFi together with the device’s current signal strength and battery level affect the energy usage of the battery when uploading data to a server. We develop an adaptation mechanism on application level which uses a mathematical model for calculating a suitable adaptation of scheduling of network interactions. The adaptation mechanism makes use of burst buffering of packets, and adjusts for 3G tail times as well as for different priorities of incoming requests. Custom packet scheduling profiles are made to make consistent measurements, and with this implementation we are able to reduce the amount of energy consumed using 3G and WiFi with 67 % and 39 % respectively during tests.

In recent years, there has been a great increase in the development of wireless technologies and location services. For this reason, numerous projects in the location field, have arisen. In addition, with the appearance of the open Android operating system, wireless technologies are being developed faster than ever. This Project approaches the design and development of a system that combines the technologies of wireless, location and Android with the implementation of an indoor positioning system. As a result, an Android application has been obtained, which detects the position of a phone in a simple and useful way. The application is based on the WIFI manager API of Android. It combines the data stored in a SQL database with the wifi data received at any given time. Afterwards the position of the user is determined with the algorithm that has been implemented. This application is able to obtain the position of any person who is inside a building with Wi-Fi coverage, and display it on the screen of any device with the Android operating system. Besides the estimation of the position, this system displays a map that helps you see in which quadrant of the room are positioned in real time. This system has been designed with a simple interface to allow people without technology knowledge. Finally, several tests and simulations of the system have been carried out to see its operation and accuracy. The performance of the system has been verified in two different places and changes have been made in the Java code to improve its precision and effectiveness. As a result of the several tests, it has been noticed that the placement of the access point (AP) and the configuration of the Wireless network is an important point that should be taken into account to avoid interferences and errors as much as possible, in the estimation of the position.

One of the major driving elements behind the explosive boom in wireless revolution is the advances in the field of modulation which plays a fundamental role in any communication system, and especially in cellular radio systems. Hence, the elaborate choice of an efficient modulation scheme is of paramount importance in the design and employment of any communications system. Work presented in this thesis is an investigation (study) of the feasibility of whether multilevel FSK modulation scheme would provide a viable alternative modem that can be employed in TDMA cordless communications systems. In the thesis the design and performance analysis of a non-coherent multi-level modem that offers a great deal of bandwidth efficiency and hardware simplicity is studied in detail. Simulation results demonstrate that 2RC pre-modulation filter pulse shaping with a modulation index of 0.3, and pre-detection filter normalized equivalent noise bandwidth of 1.5 are optimum system parameter values. Results reported in chapter 5 signify that an adjacent channel rejection factor of around 40 dB has been achieved at channel spacing of 1.5 times the symbol rate while the DECT system standards stipulated a much lower rejection limit criterion (25-30dB), implying that CP-QFSK modulation out-performs the conventional GMSK as it causes significantly less ACI, thus it is more spectrally efficient in a multi-channel system. However, measured system performance in terms of BER indicates that this system does not coexist well with other interferers as at delay spreads between 100ns to 200ns, which are commonly encountered in such indoor environment, a severe degradation in system performance apparently caused by multi-path fading has been noticed, and there exists a noise floor of about 40 dB, i.e. high irreducible error rate of less than 5.10-3. Implementing MRC diversity combiner and BCH codec has brought in a good gain.

The purpose of the study was to find out and analysis the factors that can influence people's choice to mobile network service. Based on our research, we can give some practical advice to consumer and telecom companies.To achieve the purpose of the study we design a questionnaire and send it to our friends in Shanghai and Jinan China. The questionnaire was built around some questions about which factors can influence people’s choice and the importance of each factor.The study was performed with a quantitative research approach. We found five factors that affect users to choose different mobile networks, respectively usefulness, ease of use, price, speed and enjoyment. And in this paper we also proposed five hypotheses to test the relationship between these factors and gender. This provides us the theoretical basis to our research. The factors were included in our questionnaire, so the questionnaire gives the research some basic data. We analyze the data through the processional software SPSS.We have analyzed every aspect of our questionnaire. We put the data together and make visual figures. The figures make people easily understand the questions. Also these data help us understand the phenomena clearly and make a contribution to our study.Based on the findings, the research could be validated with a data analysis which gave grounds for the conclusion part.

Examensarbetet gick ut på att projektera en lösning där biblioteksanvändare vid Umeå kommuns stadsbibliotek ska kunna logga in på det trådlösa nätverket med hjälp av deras lånekort och ett lösenord eller PIN-kod. Lösningen ska även ta hänsyn till gäster som saknar bibliotekskort och erbjuda dem en tillfällig inloggning. Den projekterade lösningen gick ut på att använda befintlig hårdvara vid Umeå kommun samt outnyttjade funktioner i de befintliga servrarna. Den framtagna lösningen har även testats och skulle inom en snar framtid kunna implementeras. / The goal of this project is to present a solution for the wireless network at the city library in Umeå. The new system will allow users to log on to the wireless network using their library card along with a password of some kind. There must also be a way for guests without library cards to be allowed access to the network in some way. The result of this project was based on hardware that Umeå already had access to, and certain functions in that hardware that hasn’t been explored earlier and offered a lot of potential. This solution was tested to some extent and could be implemented in a near future.

Det har gjorts mycket forskning kring Positioneringssystem för inomhusbruk då många applikationer och tjänster ärberoende eller kan förbättras av det. Trots detta finns idag ingen standard för hur positionering inomhus ska fungera.För de flesta utomhusmiljöer kan en modern mobiltelefons position erhållas med ett par meters precision via GPS. I eninomhusmiljö sjunker signalen drastiskt och en precis position är svår att uppskatta. En väl etablerad teknik är Wi-Fioch kan med fördel användas då de flesta inomhusmiljöer idag redan har Wi-Fi accesspunkter installerade. Då enmottagare erhåller en signal från en accesspunkt kan distansen dem emellan uppskattas för att sedan uppskattapositionen med den matematiska tillämpningen trilateration. Då de flesta idag äger en mobiltelefon kan mobilen ageramottagare och tekniken kan således vara tillgänglig för alla.Bidraget med examensarbetet är en undersökning av den effekt virtuella accesspunkter har på ett positioneringssystemdär en trilaterationsbaserad lösning använts på Wi-Fi-signaler över både 2.4Ghz samt 5Ghz bandet i kombination med ett partikelfilter. Vidare kommer en karta nyttjas i ett försök att öka precisionen genom att skapa restriktioner för hurpositioneringen får röra sig. Resultatet visade att nyttjandet av virtuella accesspunkter ökade precisionen med drygt 10 procent och den valda kartlösningen med nästan 20 procent. / A lot of research has been made regarding indoor positioning since many applications and services are dependent or canbe improved by it. Despite this, no standard has been set for indoor positioning system concerning the best approach. Inoutdoor environments most modern smart phones can be used to estimate their position using the GPS. Indoors this isnot the case since the received signal strength is decreased drastically. A well-established technique is however Wi-Fiwhich promotes the use of it. When a receiver acquires a signal from a Wi-Fi access point the distance between them canbe estimated. Three or more known distances enables the receiver to calculate its position using a mathematicalapproach called trilateration. With the smart phone acting as the receiver, the approach is enabled for everyone.The contribution of this thesis is an investigation of the effect of using virtual access points. This will be tested in atrilateration based positioning system using both the 2.4Ghz and 5Ghz frequency band in combination with a particlefilter. In an attempt to increase the precision a map will be added into the algorithm with the intention of restricting usermovements. The attained result shows that the use of virtual access points decreased the position estimation error by approximately 10 percent, and the implemented map solution by merely 20 percent.

Positioning in environments where GPS is absent is a field currently under intensive research.Systems are currently being researched or designed for indoor use, often relying on ultra-wideband radio, ultrasound, fingerprinting or Wi-Fi.For underground mining, the problem is magnified, as installation of new equipment is expensive.Mobilaris Mining and Civil Engineering AB supplies a service, Mobilaris Mining Intelligence, using existing Wi-Fi infrastructure present in many mines for communication, and has developed two Wi-Fi-based positioning methods and one hybrid system, using dead reckoning and gyroscope.The first positioning method, Positioning Method 1, positions resources at the location of the strongest access point.The other positioning method, Positioning Method 4, uses signal strength values to construct an area where the tag is likely to be, similar to a Venn diagram. This thesis proposes a Quality of Positioning system to dynamically and select the best of all available positioning systems for every object to be positioned.This should be trained automatically by ``light vehicles'', such as service pickup trucks, equipped with the hybrid positioning system acting as reference values.Testing was done at the Kristineberg Mine in Västerbotten, Sweden, using a pickup truck equipped with the hybrid positioning system and Wi-Fi personnel positioning tags.It was found that the difference between the two positioning methods was not statistically significant, and that the hybrid positioning system was insufficiently accurate to act as a reference value. This thesis further revealed that the architecture of Mobilaris Mining Intelligence makes implementing a dynamic system impractical.Although planned for, the dynamic Quality of Positioning system was not implemented due to being deemed too impractical, complex and time-consuming compared to the benefit it would have provided.A high-level description of such an implementation is however presented, should it be motivated by future studies.

Today, smart-phones have revolutionized wireless communication industry towards an era of mobile data. To cater for the ever increasing data traffic demand, it is of utmost importance to have more spectrum resources whereby sharing under-utilized spectrum bands is an effective solution. In particular, the 4G broadband Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology and its foreseen 5G successor will benefit immensely if their operation can be extended to the under-utilized unlicensed spectrum. In this thesis, first we analyze WiFi 802.11n and LTE coexistence performance in the unlicensed spectrum considering multi-layer cell layouts through system level simulations. We consider a time division duplexing (TDD)-LTE system with an FTP traffic model for performance evaluation. Simulation results show that WiFi performance is more vulnerable to LTE interference, while LTE performance is degraded only slightly. Based on the initial findings, we propose a Q-Learning based dynamic duty cycle selection technique for configuring LTE transmission gaps, so that a satisfactory throughput is maintained both for LTE and WiFi systems. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can enhance the overall capacity performance by 19% and WiFi capacity performance by 77%, hence enabling effective coexistence of LTE and WiFi systems in the unlicensed band.

Les jardins zoologiques évoluent dans une industrie touristique compétitive. Afin d’assurer leur pérennité, ils doivent offrir un produit qui satisfait les besoins et les attentes des clients dans le but de les fidéliser. Pour ce faire, ils peuvent utiliser des outils issus de la discipline de l’intelligence d’affaires et de l’intelligence géospatiale pour sonder les clients à propos de leur expérience lors de leur visite et sur la façon qu’ils se déplacent sur le site afin d’adapter leur produit aux comportements des clients. En plus de la fidélisation, les jardins zoologiques comptent beaucoup sur les dépenses que les clients effectuent sur le site pour augmenter leurs revenus. L’objectif principal de cette étude était de trouver les facteurs clés qui permettent d’améliorer la performance organisationnelle des jardins zoologiques de par une meilleure compréhension des enjeux sociocomportementaux et spatialisés des clients. Un autre objectif était d’évaluer si une méthode par détection des appareils mobiles des visiteurs d’un site touristique à ciel ouvert s’avérait efficace pour analyser leurs comportements spatiotemporels. Les variables du plaisir et du niveau de satisfaction ont été mesurées pour explorer leurs impacts sur la fidélisation de la clientèle d’un jardin zoologique. Les variables du plaisir et de la durée de la visite ont été mesurées pour explorer si elles avaient une influence sur le niveau de dépenses des visiteurs. Le site du Parc Safari dans la province de Québec a été utilisé comme terrain d’étude. En tout, 47 entrevues semi-structurés ont été effectuées lors de la saison estivale 2017. Afin d’étudier les déplacements des visiteurs, 7 capteurs de données WiFi ont été répartis sur le site pour détecter les signaux des appareils mobiles des visiteurs. Une approche qualitative a été utilisée pour analyser les résultats de l’étude. Nous avons découvert que les attractions qui offrent une belle proximité avec les animaux ou qui sont dédiées à l’amusement des enfants sont celles qui ont été mentionnées le plus souvent par les clients satisfaits et fidèles. La durée de la visite n’a pas semblée avoir d’influence sur le niveau de dépenses des clients. Les données géospatiales recueillies nous ont permis de mesurer l’achalandage des attractions et leurs heures de pointe, malgré les limitations observées de la méthode de collecte de données par détections d’appareils mobiles. Les résultats des entrevues et des capteurs WiFi nous ont permis de mieux comprendre les liens entre les variables apparaissant importants à prendre en compte pour favoriser une évolution positive des jardins zoologiques. De plus, la présente recherche fournit des recommandations pratiques pour les dirigeants de jardins zoologiques qui les aideront à améliorer leur performance organisationnelle.