Previous research described the value farmers place on their ability to work. The impact of obesity on workers is an increasing concern in occupational health research; yet, knowledge regarding the impact of obesity on the performance of farm work is limited. Identifying the impact of obesity on farmer’s work ability can guide healthcare workers in promoting and motivating farmers to implement lifestyle changes to improve health and sustain longevity in their ability to work. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the impact of obesity on the work ability of U.S. farmers. Specific aims were to 1) examine the current state of the science regarding obesity in farmers; 2) to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Work Ability Index; 3) identify the relationship between obesity and work ability; and 4) compare central versus general obesity as predictors of decreased work ability in U.S. farmers. Key findings of this research support obesity as an increasing concern among U.S. farmers which can result in a decline in work ability. Psychometric evaluation of the Work Ability Index also supports the use of this tool for research and clinical assessment in this population. Implications for clinical practice and nursing research are also discussed.

Introdução: A expansão da obesidade entre populações jovens tem aumentado de forma expressiva e contribui para a carga mórbida global de doenças. Inquéritos que avaliam a capacidade de índices baseados na massa corporal sensíveis à detecção de gordural corporal são relevantes e ainda escassos. Objetivo: Analisar o desempenho dos valores do índice de massa corporal (IMC) ou da circunferência da cintura (CC) no diagnóstico de excesso de peso em adolescentes. Métodos: Utilizamos dados de 1816 adolescentes do estudo Saúde e nutrição dos escolares adolescentes da zona oeste do município de São Paulo. O estado nutricional dos adolescentes foi descrito pelo IMC, CC e composição corporal inferida pelo ângulo de fase - dos parâmetros bioelétricos - e somatório das dobras cutâneas. As áreas sob curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC) foram calculadas para avaliar a capacidade do IMC e CC na triagem de adiposidade. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) e diagnóstico odds ratio (DOR) foram analisados para os sistemas de classificação do IMC (referência brasileira e internacional) e o critério da CC (referência holandesa). Resultados: IMC e CC apresentam correlação positiva (r = 0,77 e 0,73, respectivamente) com gordura das dobras. Em ambos os sexos, os três critérios sugerem adequada identificação do excesso de massa gordurosa (AUC 0,90) e valores elevados de especificidade e sensibilidade. Apesar da alta taxa de sensibilidade os VPP alcançam, em torno de 41 por cento nos meninos e 35 por cento nas meninas para o IMC e 49 e 38 por cento , respectivamente, para CC. Os valores do DOR são 64,6 e 38,6 para IMC pela referência nacional e internacional, respectivamente e 38,3 para CC nos meninos. Nas meninas, na mesma sequência os valores são 49,5, 56,2 e 31,9. Conclusão: A CC apresenta desempenho menor se comparado ao IMC no diagnóstico de excesso de adiposidade. Os resultados apóiam o uso do IMC para o monitoramento de saúde de adolescentes e, pela primeira vez apresentam essa evidência com base em análise bivariada da composição corporal / Introduction: The spread of obesity among young people has increased significantly and contributes to global disease burden morbid. Surveys that assess the ability of indices based on body mass sensitive detection gordural body are relevant and still scarce. Objective: To analyze the performance values of body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in the diagnosis of overweight in adolescents. Methods: We used data from 1816 adolescents in the study \"Health and nutrition of schoolchildren in the west zone of São Paulo.\" The nutritional status of adolescents was described by BMI, waist circumference and body composition - inferred by the phase angle - the bioelectric parameters - and sum of skinfolds. Areas under Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated to assess the ability of BMI and WC in screening for adiposity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were analyzed for BMI classification systems (reference Brazilian and international) and the WC criterion (Dutch reference). Results: BMI and WC shows a positive correlation (r = 0.77 and 0.73, respectively) with fat skinfolds. In both gender the three criteria suggest proper identification of excess body fat (AUC 0.89) and high levels of specificity and sensitivity. Despite the high sensitivity rate the PPV achieve 41 per cent boys and 35 per cent in girls for BMI and 49 per cent and 38 per cent for WC, respectively. The values of DOR are 64.6 and 38.6 for BMI by national and international reference, respectively, and 38.3 for WC in boys. In girls, the same sequence values are 49.5, 56.2 and 31.9. Conclusion: The WC has underperformed compared to BMI in the diagnosis of excess adiposity. The results support the use of BMI for monitoring the health of adolescents and for the first time present this evidence based on bivariate analysis of body composition

Introdução: O excesso de tecido adiposo, tanto global quanto abdominal, tem se associado com o desenvolvimento de comorbidades, sendo a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) uma das mais importantes. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência de categorias de índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e de medida de cintura abdominal (CA) na ocorrência de HAS. Sujeitos e Métodos: Fizeram parte deste estudo transversal 1.584 indivíduos, com idades entre 18 e 64 anos (44,6% homens, idade média de 33,1 anos), funcionários de um hospital de grande porte de São Paulo, Brasil. Medida principal do desfecho: A HAS foi definida como sendo a medida da pressão arterial &#8805; 140/90 mmHg e/ou o uso de medicação anti-hipertensiva. O efeito do IMC e da CA sobre a pressão arterial foi estudado através de modelos de regressão logística, ajustados para potenciais variáveis de confusão. Foi calculado também aproximações do risco atribuível populacional (RAP) de HAS relacionado ao IMC e a CA. Resultados: A prevalência de HAS foi de 18,9%, sendo 26,9% no sexo masculino e 12,5% no sexo feminino. Foi observada uma tendência linear de associação entre as categorias de IMC e HAS, sendo que, tomando-se como base os indivíduos com IMC < 22,5, as razões de chance para a ocorrência de HAS foram de 2,1, 3,8 e 12 para homens com IMC de 22,5 a 25, de 25 a 30 e &#8805; 30, respectivamente. Para mulheres esses valores foram de 1,6, 2,3 e 8,7, respectivamente. As razões de chance de HAS associadas a valores elevados de IMC se mantiveram significativas mesmo após o controle para CA. Os modelos de regressão logística construídos para CA indicaram razões de chance para a ocorrência de HAS de 2,2 e 5,9 para homens com CA entre 94 e 102 e &#8805; 102 cm, respectivamente. Para mulheres com CA de 80 a 88 e &#8805; 88 cm esses valores foram de 1,1 e 4,2, respectivamente. As razões de chance se mantiveram significativas mesmo após a inclusão do IMC nesses modelos. Na divisão por quartis do IMC e da CA foi observada a mesma tendência linear de associação com a HAS. O cálculo do RAP indicou que valores elevados de IMC (&#8805; 22,5) determinavam 73% da ocorrência de HAS em homens, sendo 8%, 31% e 34% dessa ocorrência atribuível a IMC de 22,5 a 25, de 25 a 30 e &#8805; 30, respectivamente. Para mulheres esses valores foram de 55%, 8%, 15% e 32%, respectivamente. Da mesma forma, valores elevados de CA em homens (&#8805; 94 cm) determinavam 50% da ocorrência de HAS, sendo 14% e 36% nos indivíduos com CA entre 94 e 102 cm e &#8805; 102 cm, respectivamente. Em mulheres esses valores foram de 44%, 2%, e 42% para medidas de CA &#8805; 80 cm, entre 80 e 88 cm e &#8805; 88 cm, respectivamente. Conclusão:Foi possível demonstrar relações, independentes de potenciais fatores de confusão, entre as categorias de IMC e de medida da cintura abdominal e a ocorrência de HAS. Essas relações se mantiveram significativas quando o IMC era ajustado para CA e quando a CA era ajustada para IMC, indicando que tanto o excesso de tecido adiposo abdominal quanto o excesso de tecido adiposo global representavam riscos para o desenvolvimento da HAS. Foi demonstrado também que o excesso de tecido adiposo, global e abdominal, responderam por grande parte da ocorrência de HAS em homens e mulheres e que valores de IMC comumente considerados como normais (22,5 a 24,9) já representam risco para o desenvolvimento de HAS. / Introduction: The excess of adipose tissue, global as much as abdominal, has been associated with development of comorbidities, which case systemic arterial hipertension (SAH) is one of the most important. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between categories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on SAH. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional analysis was conducted of 1,584 subjects aged 18 to 64 years (44,6% men, mean age 33,1 years) of a great hospital’s employees of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Principal outcome: The SAH was defined as blood pressure levels &#8805; 140/90 mmHg and/or use of anti-hypertensive medication. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential’s confusion factors, studied the correlation between BMI and WC on SAH. The population attributable risk (PAR) of SAH related to BMI and WC was also calculated. Results: Prevalence of SAH was 18.9%, wich 26.9% in male and 12.5% in female. A linear trend relationship between categories of BMI and HAS was observed, and based in individuals with BMI < 22.5, odds ratio for HAS were 2.1, 3.8 and 12 for men with BMI from 22.5 to 25, 25 to 30 and &#8805; 30, respectively. For women these values were 1.6, 2.3 and 8.7, respectively. Odds ratio for HAS associated with high values of BMI remained significant, even after adjustement for WC. Logistic regression’s models for WC showed odds ratio for HAS of 2.2 and 5.9 for men with WC from 94 to 102 and &#8805; 102 cm, respectively. For women with WC from 80 to 88 and &#8805; 88 cm these values were 1.1 and 4.2, respectively. Odds ratios remained significant after inclusion of BMI in these models. A same linear trend relationship with SAH was observed in division for quartiles for BMI and WC. Calculation of RAP indicated that high values of BMI (&#8805; 22.5) determined 73% of occurrence of SAH in men and 8%, 31% and 34% of this occurrence were attributable to BMI from 22.5 to 25, 25 to 30 and &#8805; 30, respectively. For women these values were 55%, 8%, 15% and 32%, respectively. In the same way, high values of WC in men (&#8805; 94 cm) determined 50% of occurrence of SAH, which case 14% and 36% of this occurrence in individuals with WC from 94 to 102 cm and &#8805; 102 cm, respectively. In women these values were 44%, 2%, and 42% for WC &#8805; 80 cm, from 80 to 88 cm and &#8805; 88 cm, respectively. Conclusion: It was possible to demonstrate relationships, independent of potential’s confusion factors, between categories of BMI and waist circumference and occurrence of SAH. These relationships remained significant when BMI was adjusted for WC and when WC was adjusted for BMI, showing that excess of abdominal adipose tissue as much as excess of global adipose tissue represented a risk for development of SAH. It was also demonstrated that excess of adipose tissue, global and abdominal, was responsible for great part of occurrence of SAH in men and women and BMI from 22,5 to 24,9, commonly consider as normal, already represented a risk on development of SAH.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T20:05:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 9 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com objetivo de estudar a associação de padrões alimentares com obesidade, realizou-se estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de 1.026 mulheres (20 a 60 anos) em São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil. A obesidade geral foi avaliada utilizando-se Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a adiposidade abdominal, Circunferência da Cintura (CC). Os padrões alimentares foram identificados por análise fatorial. Para análise multiva¬riada foi utilizada regressão de Poisson. Entre o total de mulheres, 18,0% (IC95% 15,66–20,53) tinham obesidade geral e 23,3% (IC95% 20,72–26,06) abdominal. Após controle para fatores de confusão, o baixo consumo do PA-Frutas associou-se positivamente com o IMC (RP=2,18; IC95% 1,35–3,53; p=0,001). Já o baixo consumo do PA-Vegetais apresentou efeito protetor para o aumento nos níveis de IMC (RP=0,64; IC95% 0,47–0,86; p=0,004) e o do PA-Nozes/Oleaginosas para o aumento na medida da CC (RP=0,93; IC95% 0,89–0,98; p=0,008). O estudo aponta para a complexidade envolvida na relação entre / The objective of this study was to study the association between dietary patterns and obesity. A cross sectional population based study was carried out in 1026 adult women from Southern Brazil. Waist circumference (WC), height and weight were measured with a standardized protocol and Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated. Obesity was defined as a BMI&#8805;30Kg/m2 and WC&#8805;88cm. Principal component analysis was used to identify the dietary patterns. The multivariable analysis used a Poisson Regression model to estimate the prevalence ratios and their respective confidence intervals. The prevalence of obesity was 18,0% (CI95% 15,66–20,53) and abdominal obesity, 23,3% (CI95% 20,72–26,06). After controlling for possible confounders, low consumption of the “fruits” pattern was a risk factor for high BMI (PR=2,18; CI95% 1,35–3,53; p=0,001). Low consumption of the “vegetables” pattern protected against increased BMI (PR = 0,64; CI95% 0,47–0,86; p=0,004) while low consumption of “nuts” pattern protected against incre

Introdução: A associação positiva entre circunferência da cintura (CC) e hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), diabete melito (DM) e doença cardíaca (DC) é bem estabelecida e avaliada a partir de valores que evidenciaram essa associação em população adulta, porém, essa relação deve ser investigada em indivíduos idosos, devido às alterações fisiológicas desse grupo populacional. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre valores de CC, mensurados em 2000, e HAS, DM E DC, referidas em 2006, e identificar valores de CC, com melhor capacidade discriminatória do risco para desenvolvimento dessas doenças, em idosos residentes no município de São Paulo. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo longitudinal com utilização de dados do Estudo SABE: Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento, realizado no município de São Paulo, em 2000 e em 2006. A população de estudo foi composta por idosos que não referiram HAS, DM e DC, em 2000, e que apresentavam valor de CC. As variáveis de estudo foram CC (variável contínua), índice de massa corporal (< 28 kg/m 2 e 28 kg/m 2 ), sexo, grupo etário (60 a 74 e 75) e etnia (caucasiana e outras), dados de 2000, e HAS, DM e DC referidas, em 2006. Para verificar a associação, utilizou-se o teste Rao & Scott (p<0,05) para amostra complexa, e regressão logística múltipla. A área sob a curva (AUC) ROC (Receiver Operating Caracteristics) foi utilizada para estimar o desempenho dos valores de CC, em discriminar corretamente idosos, segundo a referência ou não das doenças associadas à CC. Os valores críticos de CC foram identificados pelos maiores valores de razão de verossimilhança positiva, mantendo razão de verossimilhança negativa igual a zero. Para avaliar a capacidade discriminatória dos valores de CC identificados no presente estudo e dos valores de CC usualmente utilizados (CC 80 ou 88 cm, para mulheres, e CC 94 ou 102 cm, para homens), foi feita a comparação das AUC e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95 por cento . Todos os cálculos foram realizados pelo programa estatístico Stata versão 10.0. Resultados: Foram analisados 405 idosos, dos quais 26,9 por cento referiram HAS, 4,1 por cento DM e 10,0 por cento DC. A CC, em 2000, manteve-se como fator de risco para referência de DM, em 2006, independente do sexo, grupo etário, etnia e índice de massa corporal (OR 1,10; IC 95 por cento 1,05-1,16; p=0,000; p do modelo=0,000). A AUC mostrou desempenho satisfatório dos valores críticos de CC, na discriminação da referência de DM, para mulheres e homens, de 60-74 anos. Os valores críticos de CC, identificados foram 87 cm para mulheres e 99 cm para homens, os quais apresentaram melhor desempenho segundo o valor de AUC, em comparação aos valores usualmente utilizados. Conclusão: Os valores críticos de CC, identificados no presente estudo, para indivíduos de 60-74 anos, apresentaram melhor capacidade discriminatória da referência de DM, em 6 anos, quando comparado aos valores de CC usualmente utilizados / Background: The positive association between waist circumference (WC) and hypertension (H), diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart disease (HD) is well established and evaluated from critic values that showed this association in adults, however, this relationship must be investigated in the elderly due to physiological changes in this population group. Objective: To analyze the association between WC values, measured in 2000, and H, DM and HD, reported in 2006, and identify WC values, with better discriminatory capacity of the risk for developing these diseases, in elderly residents in the municipality of São Paulo. Methods: This was a longitudinal study using data from the SABE Survey: Health, Wellness and Aging, held in São Paulo, in 2000 and 2006. The study population was comprised of elderly individuals who did not report H, DM and HD in 2000, and who had WC value. The study variables were WC (continuous variable), body mass index (<28 kg/m and 28 kg/m 2 ), sex, age group (60 to 74 and 75), and ethnicity (caucasian and others), information of 2000, and H, DM and HD, reported in 2006. To verify the association, the Rao & Scott test for complex sample was used (p <0.05), and multiple logistic regression. The area under the ROC (Receiver Operating Caracteristics) curve (AUC) was used to estimate the performance of WC values in correctly discriminating elderly, according to the reference or not of diseases associated with WC. WC critical values were identified by the highest positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio equal to zero. To assess the discriminatory capacity of WC values identified in this study and the WC values commonly used (WC 80 ou 88 cm, for women, e WC 94 ou 102 cm, for men) was made the comparison of AUC and confidence intervals of 95 per cent . All calculations carried out by using Stata version 10.0. Results: Four hundred five elderly people were analyzed, of which 26.9 per cent reported H, 4.1 per cent DM and 10.0 per cent HD. The WC value in 2000, was a risk factor for DM reference, in 2006, regardless of sex, age group, ethnicity and body mass index (OR 1.10, 95 per cent CI 1.05-1.16, p=0.000, p model=0.000). The AUC showed satisfactory performance of WC critical values, in discriminating the DM reference to women and men of 60-74 years. The WC critical values identified were 87 cm, for women, and 99 cm, for men, which showed better performance according to the AUC value compared to the WC values commonly used. Conclusion: The WC critical values identified in this study, for individuals of 60-74 years, showed better discriminatory ability of reference of DM, in period of 6 years, compared to the WC values commonly used

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:25:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE ANA TEREZA.pdf: 2294961 bytes, checksum: ffd0798a9fedc7ba17064d061bcc48d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-24 / Introduction: parallel to the malnutrition, overweight, and especially abdominal fat, contribute to worse clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with malnutrition and abdominal obesity in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methodology: cross sectional study with 344 patients over 18 years old. The dependent variables, malnutrition and abdominal obesity were obtained by the subjective global assessment (SGA) and waist circumference, respectively. The independent variables involved socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, medical history factors, energy and macronutrients intake. It was calculated the body mass index (BMI) and midarm muscle circumference (MAMC), body fat by the sum of four skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac), serum albumin and creatinine. A statistical package Stata 8.0 was used. Student t test, Mann Whitney, chi-square and multiple Poisson regression, with a hierarchical model were used. The considered the level of significance was < 0.05. Results: the group was composed mostly by males (59,30%), with average age of 49.33 ± 13.76 years old and prevalence of moderate malnutrition in 22.4%, with no statistically significant difference between sexes (p=0,929). Malnourished patients had lower BMI, MAMC, % body fat, serum creatinine, p <0.001 and nPNA (p = 0.001). The following variables remained associated with malnutrition: age of 19 to 29 years (PR = 1.23, CI = 1.06 to 1.43), family income <2 minimum wages (PR = 1.13, CI = 1.01 -1.27), duration on HD &#8805; 60 months (PR = 1.08, CI = 1.01 to 1.16), Kt / V &#8805; 1.2 (RP = 1.12, CI = 1.03 1.22), caloric intake below 35 kcal / kg / day (PR = 1.22, CI = 1.10 - 1.34) and nPNA<1 (PR = 1.13, CI = 1.05 to 1.21). The prevalence of obesity was 44.77% (n=154). It was more prevalent in women (55.71%) than men (37.25%), p = 0.001. The end result of the multivariate analysis identified four factors independently associated with abdominal obesity in men: age over 40 years (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.09 -1.37), economic class D/E (PR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.68 - 0.90), duration on hemodialysis between 24 to 59 months (PR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.001-1.26) and BMI &#8805; 25kg/m² (PR = 1.52; 95%CI 1.40 -1.65) and three factors in women: age over 40 years (PR = 1.43; 95%CI:1.27-1.60), protein intake below 1,2 g/kg/day (PR= 1.21; 95%CI= 1.05 - 1.39) and BMI &#8805; 25kg/m² (PR=1.37; 95%CI:1.26 1.49). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of malnutrition and abdominal obesity in the population studied. The age below 29 years, low family income, longer hemodialysis period and inadequate protein and caloric intake were the factors associated with malnutrition. In the abdominal obesity, age over 40 years and overweight were associated in both men and women. In men belonging to lower socioeconomic classes and duration on hemodialysis between 2 and 5 years and women with protein intake below the recommended were also associated with abdominal obesity, emphasizing the importance of nutritional intervention because the inadequate food intake, a modifiable risk factor, was crucial in both situations. / Introdução: ao lado da desnutrição, o excesso de peso e, especialmente, a gordura abdominal, contribuem para piores desfechos clínicos em pacientes em hemodiálise. Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à desnutrição e à obesidade abdominal em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD). Metodologia: estudo transversal com 344 pacientes maiores de 18 anos. As variáveis dependentes, desnutrição e obesidade abdominal foram obtidas, respectivamente, pela avaliação subjetiva global (ASG) e pela circunferência da cintura. As independentes envolveram fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, estilo de vida, história clínica, ingestão energética e macronutrientes. Foram calculados o índice de massa corporal (IMC), a circunferência muscular do braço (CMB) e a gordura corporal pelo somatório das quatro dobras cutâneas (triciptal, biciptal, subescapular e suprailíaca); Analisou-se os níveis séricos de albumina, creatinina, ureia pré e pós hemodiálise. Realizou-se teste t de Student, Mann Whitney, qui-quadrado e regressão de Poisson múltipla, a partir de modelo hierárquico, com nível de significância 5% pelo pacote estatístico Stata/SE, 8,0. Resultados: grupo composto por maioria do sexo masculino (59,30%), idade média de 49,33 ± 13,76 anos e prevalência de desnutrição moderada em 22,4%, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos (p=0,929). Pacientes considerados desnutridos apresentaram menor IMC, CMB, gordura corporal, creatinina sérica (p<0,001) e nPNA (p=0,001). As seguintes variáveis permaneceram associadas à desnutrição: idade de 19 a 29 anos (RP=1,23; IC=1,06-1,43), renda familiar < 2 salários mínimos (RP=1,13; IC=1,01-1,27), tempo em HD &#8805; 60 meses (PR=1,08; IC=1,01-1,16), Kt/V &#8805; 1,2 (RP=1,12; IC=1,03-1,22), ingestão calórica inferior a 35 kcal/kg/dia (RP=1,22; IC=1,10-1,34) e nPNA < 1 (RP=1,13; IC=1,05-1,21). Já a prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 44,77% (n=154) sendo mais prevalente nas mulheres (55,71%) em relação aos homens (37,25%), p= 0,001. O resultado final da análise multivariada identificou quatro fatores independentemente associados à obesidade abdominal em homens: idade superior a 40 anos (RP= 1,22; IC= 1,09 1,37), classe social D/E (RP= 0,78; IC= 0,68 0,90), tempo em hemodiálise entre 24 59 meses (RP=1,12; IC= 1,001 1,26) e IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m² (RP= 1,52; IC 1,40 1,65) e três fatores nas mulheres: idade nas faixas superiores a 40 anos (RP= 1,43; IC=1,27 1,60), ingestão proteica inferior a 1,2 g/kg/dia (RP= 1,21; IC= 1,05 1,39) e IMC &#8805; 25 kg/m² (RP= 1,37; IC= 1,26 1,49).Conclusão: observou-se alta prevalência de desnutrição e de obesidade abdominal na população estudada. Idade inferior a 29 anos, renda familiar baixa, maior tempo em tratamento de hemodiálise e ingestão calórica e proteica inadequadas foram os fatores associados à desnutrição. Na obesidade abdominal, a idade superior a 40 anos e o excesso de peso avaliado pelo IMC foram associados em homens e mulheres. Nos homens pertencer a classes econômicas mais baixas e tempo em tratamento de hemodiálise entre 2 e 5 anos e nas mulheres ingestão proteica inferior ao recomendado também associaram à obesidade abdominal, ressaltando a importância da intervenção nutricional, já que a ingestão alimentar inadequada, um fator de risco modificável, foi determinante nas duas situações.

Introdução: A expansão da obesidade entre populações jovens tem aumentado de forma expressiva e contribui para a carga mórbida global de doenças. Inquéritos que avaliam a capacidade de índices baseados na massa corporal sensíveis à detecção de gordural corporal são relevantes e ainda escassos. Objetivo: Analisar o desempenho dos valores do índice de massa corporal (IMC) ou da circunferência da cintura (CC) no diagnóstico de excesso de peso em adolescentes. Métodos: Utilizamos dados de 1816 adolescentes do estudo Saúde e nutrição dos escolares adolescentes da zona oeste do município de São Paulo. O estado nutricional dos adolescentes foi descrito pelo IMC, CC e composição corporal inferida pelo ângulo de fase - dos parâmetros bioelétricos - e somatório das dobras cutâneas. As áreas sob curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC) foram calculadas para avaliar a capacidade do IMC e CC na triagem de adiposidade. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) e diagnóstico odds ratio (DOR) foram analisados para os sistemas de classificação do IMC (referência brasileira e internacional) e o critério da CC (referência holandesa). Resultados: IMC e CC apresentam correlação positiva (r = 0,77 e 0,73, respectivamente) com gordura das dobras. Em ambos os sexos, os três critérios sugerem adequada identificação do excesso de massa gordurosa (AUC 0,90) e valores elevados de especificidade e sensibilidade. Apesar da alta taxa de sensibilidade os VPP alcançam, em torno de 41 por cento nos meninos e 35 por cento nas meninas para o IMC e 49 e 38 por cento , respectivamente, para CC. Os valores do DOR são 64,6 e 38,6 para IMC pela referência nacional e internacional, respectivamente e 38,3 para CC nos meninos. Nas meninas, na mesma sequência os valores são 49,5, 56,2 e 31,9. Conclusão: A CC apresenta desempenho menor se comparado ao IMC no diagnóstico de excesso de adiposidade. Os resultados apóiam o uso do IMC para o monitoramento de saúde de adolescentes e, pela primeira vez apresentam essa evidência com base em análise bivariada da composição corporal / Introduction: The spread of obesity among young people has increased significantly and contributes to global disease burden morbid. Surveys that assess the ability of indices based on body mass sensitive detection gordural body are relevant and still scarce. Objective: To analyze the performance values of body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) in the diagnosis of overweight in adolescents. Methods: We used data from 1816 adolescents in the study \"Health and nutrition of schoolchildren in the west zone of São Paulo.\" The nutritional status of adolescents was described by BMI, waist circumference and body composition - inferred by the phase angle - the bioelectric parameters - and sum of skinfolds. Areas under Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (AUC) were calculated to assess the ability of BMI and WC in screening for adiposity. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were analyzed for BMI classification systems (reference Brazilian and international) and the WC criterion (Dutch reference). Results: BMI and WC shows a positive correlation (r = 0.77 and 0.73, respectively) with fat skinfolds. In both gender the three criteria suggest proper identification of excess body fat (AUC 0.89) and high levels of specificity and sensitivity. Despite the high sensitivity rate the PPV achieve 41 per cent boys and 35 per cent in girls for BMI and 49 per cent and 38 per cent for WC, respectively. The values of DOR are 64.6 and 38.6 for BMI by national and international reference, respectively, and 38.3 for WC in boys. In girls, the same sequence values are 49.5, 56.2 and 31.9. Conclusion: The WC has underperformed compared to BMI in the diagnosis of excess adiposity. The results support the use of BMI for monitoring the health of adolescents and for the first time present this evidence based on bivariate analysis of body composition

Introdução: Obesidade central é um fator de risco para o diabetes e as doenças cardiovasculares. O estudo da sua associação com os transtornos mentais comuns pode ajudar a entender melhor a epidemia de obesidade que acontece no Brasil, e a relação entre saúde mental e doenças crônicas. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre transtornos mentais comuns e obesidade central em uma coorte ocupacional- ELSA-Brasil. Métodos: Para a avaliação do transtorno mental comum (TMC) foi aplicado o questionário CIS-R em 15102 participantes entre 35 e 74 anos. A circunferência da cintura foi aferida junto com outras medidas antropométricas. Variáveis demográficas e comportamentais também foram coletadas através de questionários. Resultados: O transtorno mental comum mostrou associação com obesidade central (RP = 1,30; IC95% 1,25-1,36), e mesmo quando ajustada para sexo, idade, raça/cor da pele e centro de investigação ELSA, continuou significativa a associação (RP = 1,21; IC95% 1,16-1,27). Os transtornos específicos depressão (RP = 1,24, IC95% 1,14-1,34), ansiedade (RP = 1,18, IC95% 1,12-1,24) e misto de ansiedade e depressão (RP = 1,12; IC95% 1,06-1,18) também se mostraram associados, inclusive quando ajustados para as mesmas covariáveis. Conclusão: Participantes com transtorno mental comum e com os diagnósticos específicos de depressão e ansiedade apresentam maior prevalência de obesidade central comparados com os que não apresentam transtornos mentais. / Background: Central obesity is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and the study of its association with common mental disorders can help understand the obesity epidemic in Brazil, and the relationship between mental health and chronic diseases. Objective: To investigate the association between common mental disorders and central obesity in an occupational cohort ELSA-Brasil. Methods: Waist circumference, among other anthropometric measures, was obtained, and the CIS-R questionnaire was applied in 15102 participants between 35 and 74 years old. Demographic and behavioral variables were also obtained. Results: Common mental disorder was significantly associated with central obesity in crude analysis (PR = 1,30, CI95%: 1,25-1,36), and when adjusted for gender, age, skin color and center study (PR = 1,21, CI95%: 1,16 – 1,27). The specific mental disorders depression and anxiety were also associated. Conclusion: Participants with common mental disorder, and with specific diagnoses of depression and anxiety, report a higher prevalence of central obesity than people without a mental disorder.

Studies in both children and adults indicate that waist circumference (WC), a measure of abdominal obesity is closely related to cardiovascular risk factors. The accurate identification of abdominally obese children in health screening programmes for early intervention is of importance. There are, however, concerns about using international definitions for screening purposes because in most instances these have been derived from Western populations and, therefore, may have limited usefulness to children in other parts of the world. When these cut–off points are used in developing countries, they ignore the fact that the growth patterns of children and burdens of disease vary between countries. Due to lack of population specific cut–off points for children in the developing world it may be tempting and convenient to use the same cut–off points as for children in developed countries, but such a practice runs the risk of exporting failure. Ideally, a screening tool should have both high sensitivity and specificity, and these are important considerations in choosing the definition for the detection of childhood abdominal obesity. High sensitivity is necessary to avoid failure of identifying obese children and high specificity of the screening tool ensures that non–obese children are not misclassified as obese, which may otherwise lead to unnecessary treatment and psychosocial implications of stigmatisation. Failure to identify the abdominally obese child may have more serious consequences than misclassification, since it results in an increase in adult morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to examine fat distribution patterns of black South African (SA) children in relation to health risk. The specific objectives were to: compare the body composition of black stunted and non–stunted children from two rural communities in South Africa; to describe and compare the age and sex specific WC percentile distribution for black SA children from different study populations and compare the WC percentile distribution with those for African–American (A–A) children and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of waist–to–height ratio (WHtR) as a marker for high blood pressure, a cardiovascular risk factor in SA children. Findings of this study demonstrated increased total adiposity in non–stunted children, but trends of increased central adiposity, measured as WHtR in stunted children. This warrants further investigation on this relationship among children older than 13 years in the African context where many children are stunted. The differences observed between the different data sets and between SA and A–A children suggest that nationally representative data should be used to develop age, sex and ethnic specific WC percentiles for this population. The results indicate clearly that the median WC of children from SA studies is smaller than those of A–A children, with a medium to large effect size for the difference. Results also suggest concern with respect to high WC values (> 80 cm) among some children. The recommended universal WHtR cut–off value of 0.5 for assessment of cardiovascular risk is not suitable for black SA children because it had low sensitivity in predicting high blood pressure. The absence of locally developed cut–off values for WC and WHtR for children warrants research due to the associations between being overweight and obese and disease outcomes. It is fundamental to detect risk at an early stage so that appropriate intervention can be initiated timeously. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Studies in both children and adults indicate that waist circumference (WC), a measure of abdominal obesity is closely related to cardiovascular risk factors. The accurate identification of abdominally obese children in health screening programmes for early intervention is of importance. There are, however, concerns about using international definitions for screening purposes because in most instances these have been derived from Western populations and, therefore, may have limited usefulness to children in other parts of the world. When these cut–off points are used in developing countries, they ignore the fact that the growth patterns of children and burdens of disease vary between countries. Due to lack of population specific cut–off points for children in the developing world it may be tempting and convenient to use the same cut–off points as for children in developed countries, but such a practice runs the risk of exporting failure. Ideally, a screening tool should have both high sensitivity and specificity, and these are important considerations in choosing the definition for the detection of childhood abdominal obesity. High sensitivity is necessary to avoid failure of identifying obese children and high specificity of the screening tool ensures that non–obese children are not misclassified as obese, which may otherwise lead to unnecessary treatment and psychosocial implications of stigmatisation. Failure to identify the abdominally obese child may have more serious consequences than misclassification, since it results in an increase in adult morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the main aim of this thesis was to examine fat distribution patterns of black South African (SA) children in relation to health risk. The specific objectives were to: compare the body composition of black stunted and non–stunted children from two rural communities in South Africa; to describe and compare the age and sex specific WC percentile distribution for black SA children from different study populations and compare the WC percentile distribution with those for African–American (A–A) children and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of waist–to–height ratio (WHtR) as a marker for high blood pressure, a cardiovascular risk factor in SA children. Findings of this study demonstrated increased total adiposity in non–stunted children, but trends of increased central adiposity, measured as WHtR in stunted children. This warrants further investigation on this relationship among children older than 13 years in the African context where many children are stunted. The differences observed between the different data sets and between SA and A–A children suggest that nationally representative data should be used to develop age, sex and ethnic specific WC percentiles for this population. The results indicate clearly that the median WC of children from SA studies is smaller than those of A–A children, with a medium to large effect size for the difference. Results also suggest concern with respect to high WC values (> 80 cm) among some children. The recommended universal WHtR cut–off value of 0.5 for assessment of cardiovascular risk is not suitable for black SA children because it had low sensitivity in predicting high blood pressure. The absence of locally developed cut–off values for WC and WHtR for children warrants research due to the associations between being overweight and obese and disease outcomes. It is fundamental to detect risk at an early stage so that appropriate intervention can be initiated timeously. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.