Esta tese aborda um conjunto variado de práticas que constituem modos sensíveis de criação infantil, que fazem parte um processo mais amplo de psicologização das camadas médias ocorrido nas últimas décadas no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa etnográfica na qual se transitou por diversos espaços vinculados ao “parto ativo”, à “criação com apego” e à educação engajada de crianças. Inicialmente, argumento que a noção de apego, ao (re)configurar o choro infantil como manifestação de um comportamento natural de agenciamento do bebê por vínculo afetivo e contato corporal, opera uma configuração totalizante que entrelaça o corpo ao ambiente. Nesse sentido, o ambiente e as relações experimentadas pela criança recobram um papel fundamental, sendo produzidos dois “tipos” de ambiente. Um capaz de atuar com intensidade sobre a criança de modo a conformá-la, representado pelas noções de aculturação, transmissão e socialização. E outro que opera de maneira mais sutil, em comunhão com a capacidade de a criança agenciar sua própria aprendizagem a partir de seus gostos, desejos, necessidades, percepções e sentimentos, que tem no horizonte o desenvolvimento da autonomia. Tentando escapar da reprodução de dualismos como natureza/cultura e indivíduo/sociedade, volto minha atenção para as práticas cotidianas a fim de investigar como essa aprendizagem acontece e como os adultos se recriam enquanto criam seus filhos, evidenciando as gramáticas emocionais em jogo. Por fim, argumento que práticas de criação infantil nas quais são criticadas a disciplina e a normalização, ao passo em que são exaltados o protagonismo, a liberdade e a autonomia (em suma, o governo de si), podem estar articuladas a outros modos mais sutis de governar os outros. / This dissertation approaches a set of practices that constitute what I have called sensitive modes of child rearing, as part of a broader psychologization process of the middle classes seen in Brazil in the last decades. I conducted ethnographic research among different spaces linked to “active birth”, “attachment parenting” and engaged child education. Initially, I argue that the notion of attachment, as it (re)configures infant crying as a manifestation of a natural behavior of baby agency towards affective bond and bodily contact, operates a totalizing configuration that interweaves the body and the environment. In this sense, the environment and the relationships experienced by the child play a fundamental role, producing two "types" of environment: one able to act intensely upon the child in order to conform it, represented by the notions of acculturation, transmission and socialization; and another that operates more subtly, in communion with the child's ability to organize his/her own learning from his/her tastes, desires, needs, perceptions and feelings, which has on the horizon the development of autonomy. Avoiding the reproduction of dualisms such as nature/culture and individual/society, I turn my attention to everyday practices to investigate how this learning happens and how adults recreate themselves as they raise their children, evidencing the emotional grammars at play. Finally, I argue that child-rearing practices in which discipline and normalization are criticized, while protagonism, freedom, and autonomy (in short, selfgovernment) are exalted, may be articulated in other, more subtle ways to govern others.

Many American preschool children enter kindergarten without the emergent literacy skills needed to learn to read. To address this problem, this multicase qualitative study investigated the emergent literacy practices at Steiner Waldorf-inspired and Reggio Emilia-inspired schools. The research questions focused on how alternative preschool philosophies help staff cultivate emergent literacy skills in young children. The conceptual framework came from Piaget's cognitive development theory, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. The study included eight participants from two Reggio Emilia-inspired and two Steiner Waldorf-inspired preschools. Data were collected through open-ended interviews, observations, and analyses of de-identified student work, then subjected to thematic cross-case analysis. Regarding the role of the two philosophies in the development of emergent literacy skills, findings indicated that teachers cited the philosophies leading them to honor their students, focus on the development of the whole child, and act as facilitators for children's oral language development through play. Regarding how program staff apply their program philosophies to creating emergent literacy through the learning environment key, the findings showed that both Steiner Waldorf-inspired and Reggio Emilia-inspired staff viewed the environment as another teacher. Reggio Emilia-inspired staff carefully organized the indoor and outdoor learning environments to provide numerous opportunities for authentic experiences and play, while Waldorf-inspired staff was more likely to draw from nature itself to create opportunities for imaginary play. When children start school with a solid foundation in emergent literacy, they are more likely to be successful readers.

<p>The purpose of this report is to contribute with knowledge about the views within special education. I want to explore and compare the way students with special needs are approached within two different pedagogies in Sweden: Waldorf pedagogy and Montessori pedagogy.</p><p>I have closely studied these pedagogies, read the literature from existing research and also by conducting two interviews with a representative from each pedagogy Both pedagogies claim that their teaching methods are most suitable for children with reading and writing difficulties..</p><p>The Waldorf pedagogy was founded in 1919 in Germany by Rudolf Steiner. The pedagogy believes in the development of the students into independent children who can use their bodies as a tool for the learning of knowledge. The Montessori pedagogy was also founded in the beginning of the nineteenth century and stands for developing the students into independent individuals. However, the pedagogical approach to reading, writing and dyslexia is different. The Waldorf teachers avoid the term dyslexia because many of them have the opinion that these children are being diagnosed too easily.  The method of teaching is relatively relaxed and to be able to read and write is not necessary during the first years in school. On the other hand, the Montessori teachers are planning their students education so that they learn how to read and write during the first year, when they are only six years old. They believe that all students have different backgrounds and that a child who is attending a Montessori school is no different than the children who are studying within the traditional school system in Sweden.</p> / <p>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap inom synen på specialpedagogik. Jag vill se och jämföra bemötandet av elever med speciella behov inom två pedagogiker i Sverige; Waldorfpedagogik och Montessoripedagogik.</p><p>Jag har studerat dessa pedagogiker närmare, gjort en litteraturstudie av den tidigare forskningen och även genomfört två intervjuer med en representant från vardera pedagogik. Båda pedagogikerna hävdar att deras undervisningssätt är mest lämpat för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, detta trots de stora skillnaderna i deras sätt att undervisa.</p><p>Waldorfpedagogiken grundades 1919 i Tyskland av Rudolf Steiner. Pedagogiken står för att utveckla eleverna till själständiga människor som kan använda sin kropp som ett verktyg för kunskapsinlärning. Montessoripedagogiken uppkom även den i början av 1900-talet och står också den för att utveckla eleverna till självständiga individer. Dock skiljer sig synsättet på läs- och skrivinlärning samt dyslexi betydligt. Waldorfpedagogerna drar sig för att använda begreppet dyslexi i skolan då många anser att eleverna diagnostiseras allt för lätt. Undervisningssättet har ett relativt lugnt tempo och att kunna bruka läsning och skrivning är inget som krävs under de första åren i skolan. Montessoripedagogerna å andra sidan lägger upp arbetssättet så att eleverna lär sig läsa och skriva redan i förskoleklassen och arbetar utefter det. De menar att alla har olika bagage med sig och att det inte är någon skillnad på eleverna som läser enligt Montessoripedagogik jämfört med den traditionella skolgången.</p>

The purpose of this report is to contribute with knowledge about the views within special education. I want to explore and compare the way students with special needs are approached within two different pedagogies in Sweden: Waldorf pedagogy and Montessori pedagogy. I have closely studied these pedagogies, read the literature from existing research and also by conducting two interviews with a representative from each pedagogy Both pedagogies claim that their teaching methods are most suitable for children with reading and writing difficulties.. The Waldorf pedagogy was founded in 1919 in Germany by Rudolf Steiner. The pedagogy believes in the development of the students into independent children who can use their bodies as a tool for the learning of knowledge. The Montessori pedagogy was also founded in the beginning of the nineteenth century and stands for developing the students into independent individuals. However, the pedagogical approach to reading, writing and dyslexia is different. The Waldorf teachers avoid the term dyslexia because many of them have the opinion that these children are being diagnosed too easily.  The method of teaching is relatively relaxed and to be able to read and write is not necessary during the first years in school. On the other hand, the Montessori teachers are planning their students education so that they learn how to read and write during the first year, when they are only six years old. They believe that all students have different backgrounds and that a child who is attending a Montessori school is no different than the children who are studying within the traditional school system in Sweden. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att bidra med kunskap inom synen på specialpedagogik. Jag vill se och jämföra bemötandet av elever med speciella behov inom två pedagogiker i Sverige; Waldorfpedagogik och Montessoripedagogik. Jag har studerat dessa pedagogiker närmare, gjort en litteraturstudie av den tidigare forskningen och även genomfört två intervjuer med en representant från vardera pedagogik. Båda pedagogikerna hävdar att deras undervisningssätt är mest lämpat för elever med läs- och skrivsvårigheter, detta trots de stora skillnaderna i deras sätt att undervisa. Waldorfpedagogiken grundades 1919 i Tyskland av Rudolf Steiner. Pedagogiken står för att utveckla eleverna till själständiga människor som kan använda sin kropp som ett verktyg för kunskapsinlärning. Montessoripedagogiken uppkom även den i början av 1900-talet och står också den för att utveckla eleverna till självständiga individer. Dock skiljer sig synsättet på läs- och skrivinlärning samt dyslexi betydligt. Waldorfpedagogerna drar sig för att använda begreppet dyslexi i skolan då många anser att eleverna diagnostiseras allt för lätt. Undervisningssättet har ett relativt lugnt tempo och att kunna bruka läsning och skrivning är inget som krävs under de första åren i skolan. Montessoripedagogerna å andra sidan lägger upp arbetssättet så att eleverna lär sig läsa och skriva redan i förskoleklassen och arbetar utefter det. De menar att alla har olika bagage med sig och att det inte är någon skillnad på eleverna som läser enligt Montessoripedagogik jämfört med den traditionella skolgången.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-158). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-158). Also available on the Internet.

Esta tese aborda um conjunto variado de práticas que constituem modos sensíveis de criação infantil, que fazem parte um processo mais amplo de psicologização das camadas médias ocorrido nas últimas décadas no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa etnográfica na qual se transitou por diversos espaços vinculados ao “parto ativo”, à “criação com apego” e à educação engajada de crianças. Inicialmente, argumento que a noção de apego, ao (re)configurar o choro infantil como manifestação de um comportamento natural de agenciamento do bebê por vínculo afetivo e contato corporal, opera uma configuração totalizante que entrelaça o corpo ao ambiente. Nesse sentido, o ambiente e as relações experimentadas pela criança recobram um papel fundamental, sendo produzidos dois “tipos” de ambiente. Um capaz de atuar com intensidade sobre a criança de modo a conformá-la, representado pelas noções de aculturação, transmissão e socialização. E outro que opera de maneira mais sutil, em comunhão com a capacidade de a criança agenciar sua própria aprendizagem a partir de seus gostos, desejos, necessidades, percepções e sentimentos, que tem no horizonte o desenvolvimento da autonomia. Tentando escapar da reprodução de dualismos como natureza/cultura e indivíduo/sociedade, volto minha atenção para as práticas cotidianas a fim de investigar como essa aprendizagem acontece e como os adultos se recriam enquanto criam seus filhos, evidenciando as gramáticas emocionais em jogo. Por fim, argumento que práticas de criação infantil nas quais são criticadas a disciplina e a normalização, ao passo em que são exaltados o protagonismo, a liberdade e a autonomia (em suma, o governo de si), podem estar articuladas a outros modos mais sutis de governar os outros. / This dissertation approaches a set of practices that constitute what I have called sensitive modes of child rearing, as part of a broader psychologization process of the middle classes seen in Brazil in the last decades. I conducted ethnographic research among different spaces linked to “active birth”, “attachment parenting” and engaged child education. Initially, I argue that the notion of attachment, as it (re)configures infant crying as a manifestation of a natural behavior of baby agency towards affective bond and bodily contact, operates a totalizing configuration that interweaves the body and the environment. In this sense, the environment and the relationships experienced by the child play a fundamental role, producing two "types" of environment: one able to act intensely upon the child in order to conform it, represented by the notions of acculturation, transmission and socialization; and another that operates more subtly, in communion with the child's ability to organize his/her own learning from his/her tastes, desires, needs, perceptions and feelings, which has on the horizon the development of autonomy. Avoiding the reproduction of dualisms such as nature/culture and individual/society, I turn my attention to everyday practices to investigate how this learning happens and how adults recreate themselves as they raise their children, evidencing the emotional grammars at play. Finally, I argue that child-rearing practices in which discipline and normalization are criticized, while protagonism, freedom, and autonomy (in short, selfgovernment) are exalted, may be articulated in other, more subtle ways to govern others.

Språkutvecklingen hos barn har fångat en nyfikenhet hos mig under min studietid och hur det vardagliga arbetet kan utveckla barnens språkutveckling. Ett intresse för olika pedagogiska inriktningar har vuxit fram och vilka strategier som används inom dessa för att stimuleras den verbala språkutvecklingen. Syftet med studien är därför att jämföra två pedagogiska arbetssätt, ett grundat i Montessoripedagogik systemet och ett grundat i Waldorfpedagogik systemet. Studiens frågeställning är vilka strategier som förskollärarna använder sig av och vilka likheter och skillnader som finns inbördes och mellan de två olika pedagogiska inriktningarna. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra olika förskollärare, två inom respektive pedagogisk inriktning, där deltagarna svarar på frågor om vilka arbetssätt som respektive förskola använder sig av för att stimulera språkutvecklingen hos barn. Detta medför att resultatet nödvändigtvis inte behöver bero på respektive pedagogisk ideologi. Utan det kan även förekomma strategier utan specifik pedagogisk inriktning. Studien visar att barnens första språkutveckling är något som är en del av den vardagliga verksamheten på förskolan. Strategierna som används skiljer sig däremot emellan de pedagogiska inriktningarna. I Montessoriförskolan nyttjas pedagogiskt material för att lära barnen de mer specifika delarna av språkutvecklingen. Inom Waldorfförskolan nyttjas den fria leken och ett mer generellt lärande, där lärandet anpassas efter barnets egna förmågor. / <p><strong>Fastställt via akademichefsbeslut HIG-STYR 2019/7 den 2019-01-07</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>Daniel Petterson, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik och Erika Björklund, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik går in som examinatorer på PEG700 under veckorna 1 till och med 3, 2019 då Peter Gill, prof. Pedagogik, gått i pension från och med 2019-01-01.</p>

The Steiner/Waldorf school movement is currently one of the fastest growing independent school movements internationally. In several countries it seems to have developed into the most popular form of alternative education. South Africa has 17 Waldorf schools and one full-time teacher training facility. This study investigated the interpretation and implementation of the Parzival main lesson within the wider context of the Waldorf curriculum. The main lesson system is an essential constituent of the Waldorf curriculum. Most academic subjects in a Waldorf school are taught in a three- or four-week main lesson block. The main lesson occupies the first two hours of the school day. A main lesson consists of a particular three-part structure, and the main lesson book is the keystone to the Waldorf evaluative process. The Parzival main lesson is specifically taught in Class 11, and most Waldorf schools consider it as one of the most important main lessons in the high school. The interpretivist model was ideally suited to this research. The investigation was conducted as a multiple case study, and the main source of data was provided by classroom observation. This was supported by interviews and classroom artifacts. The study involved two South African Waldorf schools at which the Parzival main lesson is taught. This main lesson is presented at only three South African Waldorf schools. I teach at the remaining school, and therefore conducted my research at the other two schools. The teachers who facilitated the Parzival main lesson, as well as the Class students at the selected schools voluntarily participated in the research. My research findings indicate that the possibility exists for the teacher to exercise a certain degree of freedom and creativity within the parameters of Waldorf methodology and the Waldorf curriculum. The study also determines that teachers often find it difficult to integrate the three-part structure, as indicated by Waldorf methodology, in a single main lesson. Furthermore, my research establishes that main lesson books can indeed serve as both text and as an assessment tool. I therefore conclude and maintain in this study, with particular reference to the Parzival main lesson, that despite the prescriptive structure of the Waldorf system and Steiner pedagogy, teachers need not necessarily sacrifice their freedom and creativity within the classroom.

Esta tese aborda um conjunto variado de práticas que constituem modos sensíveis de criação infantil, que fazem parte um processo mais amplo de psicologização das camadas médias ocorrido nas últimas décadas no Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa etnográfica na qual se transitou por diversos espaços vinculados ao “parto ativo”, à “criação com apego” e à educação engajada de crianças. Inicialmente, argumento que a noção de apego, ao (re)configurar o choro infantil como manifestação de um comportamento natural de agenciamento do bebê por vínculo afetivo e contato corporal, opera uma configuração totalizante que entrelaça o corpo ao ambiente. Nesse sentido, o ambiente e as relações experimentadas pela criança recobram um papel fundamental, sendo produzidos dois “tipos” de ambiente. Um capaz de atuar com intensidade sobre a criança de modo a conformá-la, representado pelas noções de aculturação, transmissão e socialização. E outro que opera de maneira mais sutil, em comunhão com a capacidade de a criança agenciar sua própria aprendizagem a partir de seus gostos, desejos, necessidades, percepções e sentimentos, que tem no horizonte o desenvolvimento da autonomia. Tentando escapar da reprodução de dualismos como natureza/cultura e indivíduo/sociedade, volto minha atenção para as práticas cotidianas a fim de investigar como essa aprendizagem acontece e como os adultos se recriam enquanto criam seus filhos, evidenciando as gramáticas emocionais em jogo. Por fim, argumento que práticas de criação infantil nas quais são criticadas a disciplina e a normalização, ao passo em que são exaltados o protagonismo, a liberdade e a autonomia (em suma, o governo de si), podem estar articuladas a outros modos mais sutis de governar os outros. / This dissertation approaches a set of practices that constitute what I have called sensitive modes of child rearing, as part of a broader psychologization process of the middle classes seen in Brazil in the last decades. I conducted ethnographic research among different spaces linked to “active birth”, “attachment parenting” and engaged child education. Initially, I argue that the notion of attachment, as it (re)configures infant crying as a manifestation of a natural behavior of baby agency towards affective bond and bodily contact, operates a totalizing configuration that interweaves the body and the environment. In this sense, the environment and the relationships experienced by the child play a fundamental role, producing two "types" of environment: one able to act intensely upon the child in order to conform it, represented by the notions of acculturation, transmission and socialization; and another that operates more subtly, in communion with the child's ability to organize his/her own learning from his/her tastes, desires, needs, perceptions and feelings, which has on the horizon the development of autonomy. Avoiding the reproduction of dualisms such as nature/culture and individual/society, I turn my attention to everyday practices to investigate how this learning happens and how adults recreate themselves as they raise their children, evidencing the emotional grammars at play. Finally, I argue that child-rearing practices in which discipline and normalization are criticized, while protagonism, freedom, and autonomy (in short, selfgovernment) are exalted, may be articulated in other, more subtle ways to govern others.