Buscou-se nesta pesquisa entender as relações entre gênero e meio ambiente no cotidiano das mulheres catadoras de materiais recicláveis de uma cooperativa do município de São Paulo. Para tanto, procurou-se compreender essa relação a partir dos espaços de moradia e trabalho das catadoras. Como fundamentação teórica foi adotada a Divisão Sexual do Trabalho e a Justiça Ambiental. O método utilizado foi o Estudo de Caso Estendido e a técnica de coleta de dados primários a Entrevista Narrativa. Foram entrevistadas dezesseis mulheres catadoras cooperadas. Para a interpretação dos resultados seguiu-se os postulados da Análise de Narrativa. Este estudo mostra evidências da situação de injustiça ambiental nos espaços de moradia e trabalho das catadoras entrevistadas. Além disso, demonstra que a dupla jornada de trabalho dessas mulheres leva a uma injustiça ambiental por gênero na catação. Também foi observada a relação entre a maternidade e o ingresso e permanência das catadoras na atividade. A análise da dupla jornada de trabalho das mulheres permitiu identificar três trajetórias distintas entre as catadoras entrevistadas: catadoras estruturais, catadoras conjunturais ocasionais e catadoras conjunturais por conveniência. A partir das diferenças e similaridades observadas entre os três grupos de mulheres catadoras percebeu-se que fatores como a trajetória familiar, vulnerabilidade social e segregação espacial urbana foram os principais motivos que as levaram à catação. Verificou-se, ainda, que as mulheres estão mais expostas aos riscos ambientais justamente pela dupla jornada de trabalho. Dessa maneira, considerou-se que a presença dos fatores de injustiça ambiental na dupla jornada de trabalho caracteriza o que foi denominado neste estudo de dupla jornada de injustiça ambiental. A jornada reprodutiva associada aos riscos ambientais ligados à habitação e a jornada produtiva referente aos riscos ocupacionais e à precariedade no trabalho. / This thesis aimed understand the relationship between gender and environment among women waste pickers of a cooperative of recyclable materials in São Paulo. To understand this relationship, the concept of Environmental Justice was chosen as framework, showing the disproportional dynamic of environmental conflicts that affect the most marginalized and vulnerable people, marked with social inequality due to class, race and gender. In addition, studies discussing the Sexual Division of Labor were also used, considering that women are particularly disadvantaged because of their double burden, when the reproductive work is free and invisible and the productive work is devalued. The Extended Case Method was used as methodology and the women cooperative was observed for three years. The data collection was made using the narrative interview technique and sixteen women waste pickers were interviewed. The data analysis used narrative analysis postulates. The results showed that the women waste pickers who are spatially segregated and residents of Jardim das Flores slum are exposed to multiple risks: geomorphological risks of slipping and washouts; proximity of high-voltage power lines and; low infrastructure conditions linked to sanitation and garbage collection. Due their reproductive shift, the women spend more time in home and consequently in the slum, rising their vulnerability of those risks. Further, the wish to conciliate the double burden was also responsible for their work as waste pickers, with a female perpetuation in the scavenging activity. Then, the women are more exposed to occupational risks and the burden of environmental inequality in recycling chain. In conclusion, women waste pickers are exposed to a double burden of environmental injustice: one related to habitational risks and one to precariousness of labor and occupational hazards. Thus, there is a interweaving of social inequalities historically imposed by patriarchal logic to keep the foundations of the current economic system, and the black women, householder and poor are who bear the environmental damage to maintain that system.

Waste management is a global phenomenon and a challenge to all nations. There is a need to ensure that waste is handled in an environmental friendly and healthy manner. The high rate of unemployment in South Africa leads to elevated poverty, which is one of the most serious socio-economic problems in developing countries. This leads to people opting to work anywhere, particularly in the informal sector for survival. Waste picking is classified as a type of informal employment. In South Africa, the last stage in the life cycle of waste disposal is at the landfill sites. Landfill sites are normally located on the outskirts of towns and away from communities for safety and health reasons. This study researched the working conditions and health status of waste pickers working at some landfill sites in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, namely Ga-Rankuwa, Onderstepoort and Hatherly. The study used a multi method approach, where both qualitative and quantitative factors of research were utilized. Data was gathered through survey questionnaire with a sample of 176 waste pickers at three landfill sites, together with unstructured interviews with municipal workers. The researcher also observed how waste pickers work at the landfill sites. Some of the findings of this study are that: • About 66 % of waste pickers at the landfill sites were females with an average age of 45 years. • A majority (93 %) of waste pickers did not reach matric and were not employable in the formal sector • Most waste pickers (53%) work 5 days and a few (41%) work 6 days per week. • Only 22% of participants reported injury at work and 41% consulted the clinic or hospital due to injury or illness. Descriptive statistical results of the study revealed that waste pickers view their health to be fair as compared to their peers but were not satisfied with their working conditions. Waste pickers are aware of stigma including health challenges associated with working at a landfill site and the need of acting appropriately in protecting themselves / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

O encerramento do Aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho (AMJG) foi pioneiro na formulação de políticas públicas socioambientais no Brasil, ao incluir a questão social nas ações de saneamento e apoiar a organização de cooperativas de catadores de materiais recicláveis. Este trabalho objetivou acompanhar o encerramento desse aterro e o processo de implantação do Polo de Reciclagem situado em Duque de Caxias, Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa teve caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa. Utilizou-se de entrevistas aplicadas a uma amostra de lideranças de catadores organizados e não organizados que atuavam na região. O estudo foi realizado entre setembro de 2011 a novembro de 2013. A política sanitária brasileira visa à melhoria das condições de trabalho do catador e incentiva a sua inclusão social, através da organização em cooperativas e/ou associações. Conclui-se que a participação dos catadores no processo de encerramento do AMJG, através das articulações com o governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi fundamental, embora muitos outros problemas socioambientais ainda persistam nesta região e precisam ser equacionados pelo poder público. Além disso, cabe destacar o papel dos programas sociais do governo federal que podem beneficiar essa categoria de trabalhadores. Para estudos futuros, recomenda-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento e a sustentabilidade deste Polo de Reciclagem. / The closure of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho, the largest of Latin America, it was pioneered in the formulation of public policies for social and environmental management in Brazil. Acting both in sanitation actions, such as on social issues with a view to the inclusion of waste pickers in the recycling work in decent conditions. This study followed the closure of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho as well as the process implementation of Polo Recycling Gramacho situated in Duque de Caxias, in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. This survey was exploratory and approach qualitative. Used interviews applied of waste pickers leaders organized and unorganized waste pickers operating in the region. The study was conducted between September 2011 and november 2013. Nowadays, the Brazilian health policy aims at improving working conditions of waste pickers and encourages their social inclusion, by organizing into cooperatives and/or associations. Therefore, in the area of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho the participation of waste pickers in the closure process it was an instrumental in attempting to social inclusion of the waste pickers of Jardim Gramacho. The Participation in social programs from the federal Government also it was an important tool in the process of economic inclusion of waste pickers Jardim Gramacho. For the future, studies it is recommended to follow the development and sustainability of this Polo Recycling Gramacho.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4408.pdf: 1810645 bytes, checksum: 0fd4606e328847a6c924081001222134 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The current society presents sharp inequalities, based on competition and individualistic values. Aiming to break up with such values which result in unemployment, poor working conditions and social exclusion, the solidarity economy brings elements such as solidarity, cooperation, self-management. Given this reality, we highlighted a class of informal workers, called waste pickers , responsible for collecting about 90% of the waste directed to recycling plants in Brazil. Besides having a role in the economy, the waste pickers have specific knowledge and skills necessary to identify, collect, sort, add value and sell that waste. This case study, focused on the Coopervida, a waste pickers cooperative of São Carlos-SP, adopted a qualitative approach and intended to identify according to the view of the waste pickers, what elements are transformers and what are obstacles for the autonomy in the work of the Cooperative, with a focus on self-management, the development of social technologies and on the process of socio-technical adequacy. According with the referenced theory in science and technology, the critical communicative methodology was used, with the realization of communicative groups as a technique for collecting primary data. The interaction between the researcher and the research subjects (one male and two female members of the cooperative) happened through the establishment of an intersubjective dialogue in which they participated from the point of defining the research question to the data analysis. As one of the results achieved we identified as the main transforming element, the recognition by the workers of the importance of cooperation, solidarity, participation in the activities of formation and adding value to waste to the self-management practices and the advance towards the Cooperative autonomy. The workers development of social technologies and the socio-technical adequacy process was also found to be an important transforming element for the autonomy in the work of Coopervida. In contrast, the lack of cooperation of some workers, the sometimes truncated communication between them, along with the difficulty in breaking up with the division of manual and intellectual work, expressed in the dichotomy between production and management, are the main obstacles to the Cooperative autonomy, since such actions are not directed towards the values of self-management that the venture is proposing to accomplish. We related the themes investigated with Science, Technology and Society field, through the participation of the research subjects in the production of knowledge and in the adequation of technologies with the objective of overcoming social inequality and in favor of the historically marginalized classes. / A sociedade atual apresenta nítidas desigualdades, baseando-se na competição e em valores individualistas. Com a proposta de romper com tais valores que resultam no desemprego, em más condições de trabalho e na exclusão social, a economia solidária traz elementos como a solidariedade, a cooperação, a autogestão. Diante desta realidade, destacamos uma classe de trabalhadores/as informais, os/as catadores/as de resíduos, responsáveis pela coleta de cerca de 90% dos resíduos que alimentam as indústrias de reciclagem no Brasil. Além de terem um papel na economia, possuem conhecimentos específicos e habilidades necessárias para identificar, coletar, separar, agregar valor e vender esses resíduos. Este estudo de caso, que abordou a Coopervida, Cooperativa de catadores e catadoras do município de São Carlos-SP, adotou uma abordagem qualitativa e pretendeu, na perspectiva dos/as catadores/as, identificar quais elementos são transformadores e quais são obstáculos para a autonomia no trabalho da cooperativa, com foco na prática da autogestão, no desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais e no processo de adequação sociotécnica. Em acordo com o referencial teórico apresentado sobre ciência e tecnologia, foi utilizada a metodologia comunicativa crítica, com a realização de grupos comunicativos como técnica de coleta de dados primários. A interação entre o pesquisador e os sujeitos da pesquisa (um cooperado e duas cooperadas) aconteceu pelo estabelecimento do diálogo intersubjetivo em que estes participaram desde a definição da pergunta de pesquisa até a análise dos dados. Como um dos resultados alcançados, identificamos como principal elemento transformador o reconhecimento pelos/as trabalhadores/as da importância da cooperação, da solidariedade, da participação em atividades de formação e da agregação de valor aos resíduos para as práticas autogestionárias e para o avanço da cooperativa rumo à sua autonomia. O desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais e do processo de adequação sociotécnica pelos/as cooperados/as também foi verificado como um importante elemento transformador para a autonomia no trabalho da Coopervida. Em contraponto, a falta de cooperação de alguns/algumas trabalhadores/as, a comunicação entre os/as cooperados/as que às vezes é truncada, juntamente com a dificuldade em romper com a divisão do trabalho manual e intelectual, expressada na dicotomia entre produção e gestão, são os principais obstáculos para a autonomia da cooperativa, uma vez que tais ações não estão indo ao encontro dos valores da autogestão a que o empreendimento está se propondo a realizar. Relacionamos os temas investigados com o campo Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade, por meio da participação dos sujeitos da pesquisa na produção de conhecimentos e na adequação de tecnologias, com o objetivo de superar as desigualdades sociais e a favor das classes historicamente marginalizadas.

O encerramento do Aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho (AMJG) foi pioneiro na formulação de políticas públicas socioambientais no Brasil, ao incluir a questão social nas ações de saneamento e apoiar a organização de cooperativas de catadores de materiais recicláveis. Este trabalho objetivou acompanhar o encerramento desse aterro e o processo de implantação do Polo de Reciclagem situado em Duque de Caxias, Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa teve caráter exploratório e abordagem qualitativa. Utilizou-se de entrevistas aplicadas a uma amostra de lideranças de catadores organizados e não organizados que atuavam na região. O estudo foi realizado entre setembro de 2011 a novembro de 2013. A política sanitária brasileira visa à melhoria das condições de trabalho do catador e incentiva a sua inclusão social, através da organização em cooperativas e/ou associações. Conclui-se que a participação dos catadores no processo de encerramento do AMJG, através das articulações com o governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi fundamental, embora muitos outros problemas socioambientais ainda persistam nesta região e precisam ser equacionados pelo poder público. Além disso, cabe destacar o papel dos programas sociais do governo federal que podem beneficiar essa categoria de trabalhadores. Para estudos futuros, recomenda-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento e a sustentabilidade deste Polo de Reciclagem. / The closure of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho, the largest of Latin America, it was pioneered in the formulation of public policies for social and environmental management in Brazil. Acting both in sanitation actions, such as on social issues with a view to the inclusion of waste pickers in the recycling work in decent conditions. This study followed the closure of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho as well as the process implementation of Polo Recycling Gramacho situated in Duque de Caxias, in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. This survey was exploratory and approach qualitative. Used interviews applied of waste pickers leaders organized and unorganized waste pickers operating in the region. The study was conducted between September 2011 and november 2013. Nowadays, the Brazilian health policy aims at improving working conditions of waste pickers and encourages their social inclusion, by organizing into cooperatives and/or associations. Therefore, in the area of the Metropolitan Landfill of Jardim Gramacho the participation of waste pickers in the closure process it was an instrumental in attempting to social inclusion of the waste pickers of Jardim Gramacho. The Participation in social programs from the federal Government also it was an important tool in the process of economic inclusion of waste pickers Jardim Gramacho. For the future, studies it is recommended to follow the development and sustainability of this Polo Recycling Gramacho.

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the strategic management of the Thohoyandou Block J landfill site. There are limited documented materials on strategic management of landfill sites in South Africa. As a result, this study sought to close this gap and expose new insights that it deemed to be of great importance in the management and operations of landfill sites. The capacity of a TBJ landfill site in terms of its efficiency in disposing waste, adherence to rules and procedures and the overall management of the site are the key areas of this study. The dominant types and sources of solid waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site, efficiency and effectiveness of operation of TBJ landfill site and operational challenges are the main areas covered in this study. The study adopted the mixed methods approach, involving both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Both primary and secondary data were acquired. Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire, an interview and field observation, using an observation checklist. Secondary data were obtained from ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2 and documented materials from the Thulamela Local Municipality and the TBJ landfill site, the Integrated Waste Management Plan, Integrated Development Plan, TBJ landfill site’s monthly report, audit report and landfill site’s operating plan. Basically, field observation and a questionnaire completed by the waste manager, landfill operator and supervisor, were used to collect data on the operational challenges of TBJ landfill site and to obtain data on the efficiency and effectiveness at which the TBJ landfill site is operating. Waste pickers were interviewed and field observation was undertaken, to identify the dominant types and sources of waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site. A questionnaire completed by TBJ landfill operator, ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2 for field measurement, reports of the amount of waste recorded and the municipality’s database, were utilized to elicit data regarding the determination of the capacity of TBJ landfill site. The results obtained revealed that the TBJ landfill site’s remaining capacity is 317 085 m3, which will be exhausted in the next 4 years. Plastics were found to be the dominant waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site, at 40%, followed by card-boxes, which constituted 32%. The dominant sources of solid waste generation in the TBJ landfill site were households, at 51%, followed by commercial, at 31% and industrial, at 11%. The absence of a weighbridge, to weigh loads of waste, frequent break down of equipment, lack of equipment required to operate the TBJ landfill site efficiently and the presence of fire hazards, were some of the / NRF

The world is facing a global waste crisis due to half of the waste produced not being collected, treated or safely disposed of. Waste not managed in a proper way causes air and water pollution and has negative health and social impacts on people living or working close to the waste. Alt- hough evidence shows that implementing gender approaches improves environmental issues, and the majority of waste pickers are women, few organisations focused on waste management are implementing gender mainstreaming into their work. This case study examines gender main- streaming within the organisation Women in Informal Employment: Globalising and Organising (WIEGO) in relation to environmental issues. WIEGO is an international organisation working to increase the voice, visibility and validity of the working poor, with a special emphasis on women, with a core project that supports cooperative waste picker women in Brazil. The study was conducted through two interviews on local and international level and the analysis of 20 documents describing WIEGO and its work. The theories and concepts of gender mainstreaming, intersectionality, Feminist Political Ecology and Environmental Justice were used to analyse the results. The study showed that WIEGO was implementing gender mainstreaming in their opera- tive work, in the policy framework and in the waste picker projects in Brazil which has resulted in physical and emotional improvements for WIEGO employees internationally and waste pick- ers in Brazil. <<< / Världen står inför en global avfallshanteringskris där hälften av allt avfall som produceras inte insamlas, hanteras eller kasseras på ett säkert sätt. Avfall som inte hanteras säkert skapar luft- och vattenföroreningar och har negativa hälsosamma och sociala effekter för människor som lever eller arbetar nära avfallet. Trots att forskning visar att genusperspektiv förbättrar miljö- problem, och att majoriteten av avfallshanterare är kvinnor, fokuserar få organisationer som hanterar avfall på ”gender mainstreaming” i sitt arbete. Denna fallstudie undersöker ”gender mainstreaming” i organisationen Women in Informal Employment: Globalising and Organising (WIEGO) i relation till miljöproblem. WIEGO är en internationell organisation som arbetar med att öka inflytandet, synligheten och validiteten hos fattiga arbetande, med ett särskilt fokus på kvinnor, med ett kärnprogram som stöttar kooperativ av avfallshanterande kvinnor i Brasi- lien. Studien genomfördes med två intervjuer på lokal och internationell nivå och analys av 20 dokument som beskriver WIEGO och dess arbete. Teorierna och koncepten ”gender mainstrea- ming”, intersektionalitet, Feministisk Politisk Ekologi och miljörättvisa användes för att analy- sera resultaten. Studien visar att WIEGO använder sig av ”gender mainstreaming” i sitt opera- tiva arbete, i sitt policyramverk och i avfallshanteringsprojekten i Brasilien, vilket resulterat it fysiska och emotionella förbättringar för WIEGOs internationellt anställda och för de avfalls- hanterande kvinnorna i Brasilien.