In the present thesis we study the compressible Navier-Stokes-Fourier sys- tem. This is a system of partial differential equations describing the evolutionary problem for an adiabatic flow of a heat conducting compressible viscous fluid in a bounded domain. Here we consider the problem in two dimensions with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions for velocity. The cold pressure term in the pressure law for the momentum equation is here considered in the form pC(ϱ) ∼ ϱ logα (1+ϱ) for some α > 0, for which we need to work on the scale of Orlicz spaces in order to obtain useful estimates and in those space we formulate the problem weakly and also establish the weak compactness of the solution. The main result of this thesis is Theorem 6.1 where we show the existence of a weak solution with no assumptions on the size of the data and on arbitrary large time intervals. 1

Ofrivillig ensamhet är ett komplext problem som blivit än mer diskuterat på grund av pandemin som råder. I Sverige känner sig många unga personer ensamma i sitt hem eller bostadsområde. Ofrivillig ensamhet kan i längden leda till negativa hälsoeffekter vilket motiverar insatser från flera olika håll. En tänkbar lösning är att främja social interaktion genom den fysiska miljöns utformning. Studiens syfte är därför att undersöka om och hur ett antal fastighetsföretag arbetar med att möjliggöra möten och sociala kontakter i sina bostadsområden. Genom intervjuer med representanter från sju fastighetsföretag undersöks vilken typ av social interaktion, utifrån teorin om tunna band, som planeringen syftar till och hur förutsättningarna för möten ser ut. Resultaten pekar på att företagen främst planerar för starka band, vilka förutsätter svaga band som möjliggörs genom spontana möten. Slutsatser från studien är att förutsättningarna för att möjliggöra spontana möten skiljer sig mellan områden, vilka innehar olika betydelser som påverkar möjligheten till spontana möten. Problematik med kriminalitet och otrygghet är aspekter som påverkar dessa förutsättningar. Insatser i den fysiska miljön kan med fördel kompletteras av sociala insatser för att skapa goda förutsättningar för användningen. Ofrivillig ensamhet behöver angripas från flera håll varav samhällsplaneringen kan vara en del av lösningen. / Involuntary loneliness is a complex problem that has been discussed even more because of the prevailing pandemic. In Sweden, many young people feel alone in their home or residential area. Involuntary loneliness can in the long run lead to negative health effects, which justifies efforts from several different directions. One conceivable solution is to promote social interaction through the design of the physical environment. The purpose of the study is therefore to investigate if and how a number of real estate companies work to enable meetings and social contacts in their residential areas. Interviews with representatives from seven real estate companies examine the type of social interaction, based on the theory of weak ties, which the planning aims at and what the conditions for meetings look like. The results indicate that the companies are primarily planning for strong ties, which require weak ties that are made possible by spontaneous meetings. Conclusions from the study are that the conditions for enabling spontaneous meetings differ between areas, which have different meanings that affect the possibility of spontaneous encounters. Problems with criminality and insecurity are aspects that affect these conditions. Efforts in the physical environment can advantageously be supplemented by social efforts to create good conditions for use. Involuntary loneliness needs to be tackled from several directions, of which urban planning can be part of the solution.

In this thesis, several properties of baryons are studied using the chiral quark model. The chiral quark model is a theory which can be used to describe low energy phenomena of baryons. In Paper 1, the chiral quark model is studied using wave functions with configuration mixing. This study is motivated by the fact that the chiral quark model cannot otherwise break the Coleman–Glashow sum-rule for the magnetic moments of the octet baryons, which is xperimentally broken by about ten standard deviations. Configuration mixing with quark-diquark components is also able to reproduce the octet baryon magnetic moments very accurately. In Paper 2, the chiral quark model is used to calculate the decuplet baryon magnetic moments. The values for the magnetic moments of the ++and− are in good agreement with the experimental results. The total quark spin polarizations are also calculated and are found to be significantly smaller than the non-relativistic quark model results. In Paper 3, the weak form factors for semileptonic octet baryon decays are studied in the chiral quark model. The “weak magnetism” form factors are found to be consistent with the conserved vector current (CVC) results and the induced pseudotensor form factors, which seem to be model independent, are small. The results obtained are in general agreement with experiments and are also compared with other model calculations. / QC 20100618

Actualmente en el país, el nivel educativo de las personas con discapacidad es básico, existe una carencia de espacios destinados a la educación y recreación de personas con discapacidad visual o de cualquier otro tipo. En Lima existen solo 3 centros educativos para la población invidente en etapa escolar, lo cual sigue siendo un problema, ya que no todos acuden con regularidad porque viven en otros distritos alejados. Es por ello, que el proyecto de tesis es un Centro de Educación para Invidentes y Débiles Visuales, ubicado en San Juan de Lurigancho, distrito en el cual se encuentra la mayor parte de población con discapacidad visual. En este proyecto se analizó y desarrollo la neuroarquitectura a través del diseño espacios educativos que respondan a las necesidades básicas espaciales de un invidente con ceguera total o parcial, desde una legible accesibilidad, hasta lograr generar sensaciones dentro del espacio mismo que permita ser reconocido por sus otros sentidos. De esta manera también se integra a la naturaleza como orientadora, a través del sentido háptico, auditivo y olfativo. Este proyecto busca romper el tabú de una población excluida que, al requerir algún tipo de atención especial, a causa de alguna discapacidad, los ven como personas incapaces de realizar actividades cotidianas, cuando todos merecemos contar con espacios que fomenten nuestro desarrollo. / Currently in the country, the educational level of people with disabilities is basic, there is a lack of spaces for the education and recreation of people with visual disabilities or of any other type. In Lima, there are only 3 educational centers for the blind population at school, which continues to be a problem, since not all of them attend regularly because they live in other remote districts. That is why the thesis project is an Education Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired, located in San Juan de Lurigancho, a district in which the majority of the visually impaired population is found. In this project, neuroarchitecture was analyzed and developed through the design of educational spaces that respond to the basic spatial needs of a blind person with total or partial blindness, from a legible accessibility, to generating sensations within the space itself that allows it to be recognized by its other senses. In this way, it is also integrated into nature as a guide, through the haptic, auditory and olfactory sense. This project seeks to break the taboo of an excluded population who, by requiring some type of special attention, due to a disability, see them as incapable of carrying out daily activities, when we all deserve to have spaces that promote our development / Tesis

Stochastic partial differential equations have proven useful in many applied areas of mathematics, such as physics or mathematical finance. A major part of such equations consists of linear equations with additive noise. In certain cases, however, the drift part of the differential equation additionally contains a possibly problematic non-linear term, which makes it unsolvable by the standard methods and even a solution in the mild sense may be out of reach. In such situations, we may still find a solution in the weak sense by employing a suitable transformation of the probability space. This thesis deals with semilinear stochastic evolution equations in a separable Hilbert space, where the driving process is an element of a large class of processes - so called Volterra processes, which can be understood as a generalisation of the Wiener process and may be of use to model a wide range of phenomena. The weak solutions, however, have been studied so far only for equations with the cylindrical fractional Brownian motion as the driving process. In this thesis, we introduce a generalisation of the Girsanov theorem for cylindrical Gaussian Volterra processes and give, in full generality, sufficient conditions for the existence of a weak solution and the uniqueness of the equation in law. Further, we introduce...

Chilenare är den största sydamerikanska invandrargruppen i Sverige som började sin flykt hit efter militärkuppen år 1973. Cirka hälften av de chilenska invandrarna är kvinnor och majoriteten har tagit sig till Sverige på grund av flykt eller anhöriginvandring. Många av dem var vid migrationen lågutbildade och kunde sällan fler språk än spanska. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur chilenska invandrarkvinnor har reproducerat socialt kapital. Detta undersöks genom att ta del av deras berättelser om hur de upplevde vägen till etableringen på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Forskningsfrågorna lyder som följer: 1) Hur tog sig chilenska invandrarkvinnor till sin arbetsmarknadsetablering? 2) Hur skapade sociala nätverk socialt kapital? Vilka resurser har de innehållit? 3) Vilka sociala aktörer har påverkat arbetsmarknadsetableringen för chilenska invandrarkvinnor? De teoretiska begreppen som används är Bourdieus kapitalbegrepp, Granovetters styrka i svaga länkar, samt Putnams överbryggande och sammanbindande socialt kapital. Utifrån dessa begrepp har jag skapat en konceptuell modell. Till studien har det använts en kvalitativ metod i kombination med en egocentrisk nätverksanalysmetod. Studiens resultat visar att de chilenska invandrarkvinnorna har haft det relativt lätt att etablera sig i den svenska arbetsmarknaden och nyttjat både svaga länkar och informella arbetssökningsmetoder för att hitta jobb. Undersökningsresultat visar också att sammanbindande sociala nätverk är av stor betydelse för de chilenska invandrarkvinnorna. Resultat visar att socialt och kulturellt kapital förlorade sitt värde i början av migrationen men som med tiden gick att återskapa. / Chileans are the largest South American immigrant group in Sweden that began their escape after the military coup in 1973. About half of the Chilean immigrants are women and the majority have made it to Sweden due to exile or family reunion immigration. Many of them had basic school education. At the time of migration Spanish was their only language. The purpose of the study is to investigate how Chilean immigrant women have reproduced social capital. This is examined by taking part in their stories about how they experienced the path to establishment in the Swedish labor market. The research questions are as follows: 1) How did Chilean immigrant women made their way to their labor market establishment? 2) How did social networks create social capital? What resources have they contained? 3) What social actors have had an impact on the labor market establishment of Chilean immigrant women? The theoretical concepts used are Bourdieu's capital concept, Granovetter's “strength of weak ties”, and Putnam's bridging and bonding social capital. The study has used a qualitative method in combination with an egocentric network analysis method. The results of the study show that Chilean immigrant women have found it easy to establish themselves in the Swedish labor market and have used both weak links and informal job search methods to find jobs. Survey results also show that “bonding” social networks are of great importance to the Chilean immigrants. Results show that social and cultural capital lost value at the beginning of migration but over time could be recreated.

This thesis aims to explore selected theoretical approaches investigating the causes of conflicts on the African continent and then try to apply it to the particular case of the Democratic Republic of Congo and its second war, running from 1998-2003, and then assess the impact of each selected causes of this particular Congolese conflict. This Work in the first chapters outlines the chosen theories related to the causes of armed conflicts in Africa, focusing on three selected causes of conflict: natural resources, ethnicity and weak state. These chapters are theoretical basis for the analysis found in the final chapter. It then evaluates the impact of chosen variables on the outbreak of the Congolese war. Based on the analysis the author draws the following conclusions: 1st the main cause of the second war in the DRC, running in the years 1998 - 2003, can be considered as raw materials, or the efforts of rebel groups and neighboring countries to control and subsequent illegal mining of mineral wealth of The Congo; 2nd although ethnic factors are not the main cause of the second Congolese war, their impact on the conflict, especially in the early days of the conflict is obvious; 3rd nature of the State, namely the weakness of the Government of DRC, ranked according to key indicators, turns out to be the most...

Asymmetric Conflicts from 1989 - 2001 in quantitative analysis Abstract Following paper discuses two significant concepts in the area of asymmetric warfare. Both are dealing with the phenomenon of weak actors winning in armed conflicts. Ivan Arreguín-Toft is discussing the role of strategic asymmetry and concludes that the strategy actors choose is directly influencing the result of the conflict. Andrew Mack is dealing with the interest asymmetry, saying that strong actors tend to lose because their interest to win is usually weaker than that of their small opponents. In the same time strong actors are politically more vulnerable based on the level of democracy. Both theories are tested by quantitative analysis of all asymmetric conflicts that took place between 1989 and 2000. Values related to strategies, results, strength of the actors, interest and level of democracy are assigned to all conflicts based on information provided in conflict and other databases.

Les petits appareils électroniques peu coûteux et à communication sans fil sont devenus largement disponibles. Bien que chaque entité ait des capacités limitées (par exemple, communication basique ou mémoire de taille constante), un déploiement à grande échelle de telles entités communiquantes constitue un réseau performant, en plus d’être peu coûteux. De tels systèmes distribués présentent toutefois des défis importants en ce qui concerne la conception d'algorithmes simples, efficaces et évolutifs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l’étude de ces systèmes, composés d’appareils dotés de capacités de communication très limitées, à base de simples impulsions d’énergie. Ces systèmes distribués peuvent être modélisés à l'aide du modèle de bips, dans lequel les nœuds communiquent en émettant un bip, un simple signal indifférencié, ou en écoutant leurs voisins (selon un graphe de communication non orienté). Les communications simultanées (c'est-à-dire les collisions) entraînent des interférences non destructives : un nœud, dont deux voisins ou plus émettent simultanément un bip, détecte seulement un bip. Ce mécanisme de communication simple, général et économe en énergie rend les résultats obtenus dans le modèle de bips applicables à de nombreuses situations différentes, avec cependant un challenge. En raison de la faible expressivité des bips et des collisions, la conception des algorithmes est difficile. Tout au long de ce travail, nous surmontons ces deux difficultés afin de fournir des primitives de communication efficaces. La thèse s’intéresse particulièrement aux solutions déterministes, rapides (en temps) et indépendantes des paramètres du graphe de communication (c’est-à-dire uniformes). La première partie de la thèse considère un cadre dans lequel les nœuds se réveillent en même temps (c’est-à-dire que le réseau a été configuré a priori). Pour obtenir des solutions efficaces pour des problèmes fondamentaux de communication distribuée, nous nous concentrons d’abord sur la résolution efficace de problèmes de brisure locale de symétrie : ensemble indépendant maximal et coloration de sommets utilisant au plus Δ + 1 couleurs (où Δ est le degré maximal du graphe de communication). Nous élaborons des solutions à ces problèmes ainsi qu'à leurs variantes à distance deux. Cela nous permet de simuler une communication par messages. Enfin, nous obtenons le premier algorithme de coloration utilisant moins de Δ + 1 couleurs dans le modèle de bips. Ensuite, nous étudions des problèmes définis à l’échelle du réseau, tels que l’élection d'un leader et la diffusion multiple de messages. L'élection d'un leader est un élément essentiel dans la conception d'algorithmes distribués. Nous donnons les deux premiers algorithmes d’élection de leader optimaux en temps pour le modèle de bips. L'un est déterministe, mais nécessite des identifiants uniques. Le second n’a pas besoin d’identifiants (utile pour des raisons de sécurité et de confidentialité), mais est randomisé. S'appuyant sur une élection de leader optimale en temps, plusieurs algorithmes pour la diffusion multiple, efficaces en temps et en calcul, sont présentés. La deuxième partie de la thèse considère un cadre plus difficile mais plus général, dans lequel les nœuds se réveillent de façon asynchrone. Nous nous concentrons sur le problème de désynchronisation à distance deux, qui permet un contrôle de l'accès au support, primordial dans les réseaux sans fil. Nous montrons qu'il est possible pour les nœuds de communiquer de manière cohérente au-delà de leur voisinage immédiat. A cette fin, une primitive permettant aux nœuds de simuler une communication est présentée. Cette primitive est un élément central dans la conception de l'algorithme de désynchronisation à distance deux. Enfin, nous exploitons cette solution afin d'implémenter des primitives de haut niveau pour l’envoi et la réception de messages. / Small inexpensive inter-communicating electronic devices have become widely available. Although the individual device has severely limited capabilities (e.g., basic communication, constant-size memory or limited mobility), multitudes of such weak devices communicating together are able to form a low-cost, easily deployable, yet highly performant network. Such distributed systems present significant challenges however when it comes to the design of efficient, scalable and simple algorithms. In this thesis, we are interested in studying such systems composed of devices with severely limited communication capabilities - using only simple bursts of energy. These distributed systems may be modeled using the beeping model, in which nodes communicate by beeping or listening to their neighbors (according to some undirected communication graph). Simultaneous communications (i.e., collisions) result in non-destructive interference: a node with two or more neighbors beeping simultaneously detects a beep. Its simple, general and energy efficient communication mechanism makes the beeping model widely applicable. However, that simplicity comes at a cost. Due to the poor expressiveness of beeps and the interference caused by simultaneous communications, algorithm design is challenging. Throughout this work, we overcome both difficulties in order to provide efficient communication primitives. A particular focus of the thesis is on deterministic and time-efficient solutions independent of the communication graph's parameters (i.e., uniform). The first part of the thesis considers a setting in which nodes wake up at the same time (i.e., the network has been set up a priori). To obtain efficient solutions to fundamental distributed communication problems, we first focus on efficiently solving problems for local symmetry-breaking: (Δ+1)-vertex coloring and maximal independent set (where Δ is the maximum degree of the communication graph). The solutions we devise are particularly efficient when the communication graph is sparse. They are then used to solve the 2-hop variants of these problems and to simulate message-passing. Finally, combining this simulation with existing results, which assume message-passing, gives the first vertex coloring algorithm using less than Δ+1 colors in the beeping model. Then, we study problems defined on a global scale, such as leader election and multi-broadcast (i.e., information dissemination). Leader election is a crucial building block in the design of distributed algorithms. We give the first two time-optimal leader election algorithms for the beeping model. One is deterministic, but requires unique identifiers. The second one does not need identifiers (useful for security and privacy reasons), but is randomized. Building upon the time-optimal leader election solution, computationally efficient and time-optimal algorithms for multi-broadcast are presented. Although a previous time-optimal solution was available, it required computationally expensive methods. The second part of the thesis considers a more difficult but more general setting, in which nodes wake up at some arbitrary time rounds. We focus on the desynchronization problem, and more precisely on its 2-hop variant, which can be used as medium access control method. We show that it is possible for nodes to communicate in a coherent manner beyond their 1-hop neighborhood. More concretely, a primitive allowing nodes to simulate communication on the square of the communication graph is presented. This primitive is a centerpiece in the design of the 2-hop desynchronization algorithm. Finally, by leveraging this solution, we show that higher-level primitives for sending and receiving messages can be obtained in this difficult setting.

Les phases alpha'-Fe8N1-x et alpha''-Fe16N2 ont un fort potentiel d’application, en raison de leur anisotropie magnétocristalline uniaxiale et de leur grande aimantation à saturation. Cependant, les valeurs annoncées pour ces propriétés magnétiques restent sujettes à discussion. Les recherches menées au cours de cette thèse de doctorat ont été initiées dans le but de clarifier cette situation. L’élaboration des échantillons a principalement consisté en l’implantation ionique d’azote dans des couches minces de fer alpha épitaxiées sur ZnSe/GaAs (001). Entre autres, les effets de la température de la cible et de la fluence sur la structure cristalline des échantillons ont été analysés par diffractométrie des rayons X. La présence d’une anisotropie magnétique perpendiculaire a été mise en évidence dans les couches minces contenant les phases alpha'-Fe8N1-x ou alpha''-Fe16N2. La constante d’anisotropie a été évaluée par magnétométrie à échantillon vibrant et résonance ferromagnétique. À l’occasion de ces recherches, des domaines en rubans faibles ont été observés par microscopie à force magnétique dans certaines couches minces en Fe-N. Ceux-ci sont particulièrement rectilignes et des dislocations coin se trouvent au sein de leur structure périodique. Des études ont alors été réalisées dans le but de contrôler avec précision la réorientation des domaines en rubans et le déplacement des dislocations magnétiques, à l’aide d’un champ magnétique. / The alpha'-Fe8N1-x and alpha''-Fe16N2 phases have a high potential of application, because of their uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and their large saturation magnetization. However, the values announced for these magnetic properties remain a subject of discussion. The research conducted during this PhD thesis was initiated in order to clarify this situation. Sample making consisted mainly of nitrogen ion implantation into alpha-Fe thin films, epitaxially grown on ZnSe/GaAs (001). Among others, the effects of target temperature and fluence on the crystal structure of the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry. The presence of a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was demonstrated in the thin films containing the alpha'-Fe8N1-x and alpha''-Fe16N2 phases. The anisotropy constant was evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance. In this research, weak stripe domains were observed by magnetic force microscopy in some Fe-N thin films. These are particularly straight and edge dislocations are found within their periodic structure. Studies were then carried out to precisely control the reorientation of the stripe domains and the displacement of the magnetic dislocations, using a magnetic field.