Webbtillgänglighet handlar om i vilken utsträckning webbsidor kan användas av personer med funktionsnedsättningar, äldre individer samt personer som bor i utvecklingsländer. För att se till att alla är inkluderade och har en likvärdig användarupplevelse måste utvecklare skapa mer tillgängliga webbplatser. W3C är en internationell grupp som arbetar med att utveckla webbstandarder. Dessawebbstandarder ska hjälpa till att få webben så tillgänglig som möjligt. De riktlinjer som W3C har utvecklad går under namnet WCAG och har som mål att tillhandahålla en gemensam standard för webbtillgänglighet. Problemet som adresseras i denna studie är företags brist på engagemang när det kommer till webbtillgänglighet för personer med synnedsättningar. Det kan vara svårt för personer med synnedsättningar att navigera webben på grund av att webbsidor inte är utvecklade med dem i åtanke. Webbtillgänglighet syftar till att personer med funktionsnedsättningar och äldre människor ska kunna uppfatta, förstå, navigera och interagera med webben samt att de kan bidra till webben. Samtliga funktionshinder som påverkar åtkomst och användningar av webben ingår i denna definition, det vill säga visuella, auditiva, fysiska, tal, kognitiva samt neurologiska funktionshinder. Denna studie fokuserar dock endast på personer med synnedsättningar. En metodkombination samt en förklarande sekventiell design användes i dennas studie för att komma fram till svaret på forskningsfrågan. Med hjälp av enkäter togs kvantitativa data in som sedan analyserades och la grunden för semistrukturerade intervjuer som gjordes för att få in informanternas personliga tankar och åsikter. Enkäterna och intervjuerna gjordes med företag som utvecklar webbsidor i Sverige. Resultatet visar att inte alla företag och utvecklare är medvetna om de riktlinjer och standarder som W3C har tagit fram, dock kan man se att en majoritet känner till dem och använder dem i sitt arbete. Enligt den data som tagits fram kan man se att företagen och deras utvecklare ofta försöker säkerställa att webbtillgänglighet finns med i sina projekt, dock kan man se en stor skillnad på hur mycket tillgänglighet som tas med i webbutvecklingsprojekten på grund av en del hinder. Tid, pengar, vilken typ av kund och lagstiftningar är de stora hinder som kan få företag att engagera sig mindre i webbtillgänglighet. Då det inte finns några lagar som säger hur tillgängliga privata kunders webbsidor måste vara är det ofta här hindren visar sig. Webbutvecklingsföretag känner att de inte kan lägga pengar på att utveckla webbsidor tillgängliga för personer med synnedsättningar om de inte får betalat för, detta leder till en minskad tillgänglighet på webben. Resultatet visar även på en brist kring utbildning av utvecklare hos webbutvecklingsföretag inom ämnet webbtillgänglighet samt en avsaknad av användartester. Detta visar på ett bristande engagemang både för ämnet webbtillgänglighet då det inte utvecklare utbildas samt att företagen inte involverar personer med synnedsättningar för att få en klarare bild av hur dessa personer faktiskt använder webben.

Tillgänglighet på offentliga aktörers webbplatser är väsentligt för att säkerställa att alla individer i ett samhälle har tillgång till samhällsviktig information. Trots detta är det många webbplatser som saknar tillgänglighetsanpassningar. Tillgänglighet på webbplatser innebär att de bör vara lättnavigerade och lättlästa samt att det finns tillgänglighetsanpassningar för personer med synnedsättningar, funktionsvariationer eller rörelsehinder. År 2019 trädde lagen om tillgänglighet till digital offentlig service (DOS-lagen) i kraft, lagen stadgar krav på tillgänglighet till digital service som tillhandahålls av offentliga aktörer. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om DOS-lagen har haft en effekt på svenska myndigheters tillgänglighetsarbete och hur väl de följer och tillämpar lagen. Genom att utvärdera tillgängligheten på sex myndigheters webbplatser och intervjuer med personer som arbetar på svenska myndigheter har ett resultat sammanställts. Utvärderingarna visade att myndigheternas webbplatser erhöll de tillgänglighetsanpassningar som DOS-lagen ställer som krav. Förbättringsmöjligheter har identifierats, de största bristerna från utvärderingen var tillgänglighetsanpassade pdf:er och en mer konsekvent navigation och utformning. Intervjuerna gav en inblick i hur arbetet kring tillgänglighetsanpassningar gick till på svenska myndigheter och att DOS-lagen varit ett uppvaknande för att skapa mer förståelse och standardiserade arbetssätt kring digital tillgänglighet. Det är viktigt att belysa att denna studien är av en mindre skala vilket gör det svårt att generalisera till majoriteten av svenska myndigheter. Det betonar att framtida studier kan genomföras med fler myndigheter för att få ett bredare perspektiv. / Accessibility on public entities websites is crucial to ensure that all individuals in a society have access to vital societal information. Despite this, many websites lack accessibility adaptations. Web accessibility means that websites should be easy to navigate and read, and should include accommodations for individuals with visual impairments, disabilities, or mobility challenges. In 2019, the Digital Public Service Accessibility Act (DOS-act) came into effect, imposing accessibility requirements on digital services provided by public entities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of the DOS-act on the accessibility efforts of Swedish authorities and how well they adhere to and implement the law. By evaluating the accessibility of six agency websites and conducting interviews with individuals working in Swedish authorities, a set of findings has been compiled. The evaluations revealed that the agencies' websites met the accessibility adaptations required by the DOS-act. Areas for improvement were identified, with the main shortcomings from the evaluation being accessible PDFs and more consistent navigation and design. The interviews provided insight into the process of implementing accessibility adaptations in Swedish authorities and highlighted that the DOS-act has served as an awakening to foster greater understanding and standardized approaches to digital accessibility. It is important to note that this study is of limited scope, which makes it challenging to generalize to the majority of Swedish authorities. This emphasizes that future studies could be conducted with more agencies togain a broader perspective.

With the digital world we live in today, inclusion on the web is crucial. Ensuring all who want to access the web can do so is a responsibility that can be vague. As prior research has shown that making a website accessible is a low prioritized matter because of time and money, but also lack of knowledge, the purpose with this thesis was to find out if factors used for search engine optimization could cater to web accessibility. There is a general understanding that there are overlapping factors between the two concepts. Since search engine optimization is a desired and successful part of providing a website with traffic, an overlap should improve accessibility. To understand in what way the search engine optimization factors could affect the accessibility of a webpage as a whole, with this thesis we go into the context of implementation by interviewing web professionals. As this thesis will show, there are multiple aspects needed to be taken into consideration when measuring to what extent the overlapping factors affect website performance in regards to accessibility. Factors like the clients, thoughts about responsibility, experience and even personal interest come into play. The method used was qualitative where we analysed the data with a thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. The data collection had three parts: a survey, an in-depth interview with a few of the participants from the survey, and finally a web performance test. The latter was performed by Siteimprove crawl, which administers one of the top accessibility ranking tools online. The general indication was that we cannot draw a conclusion to the benefit of it being enough to just implement the SEO factors that overlap. Although, this investigation provides an insight into to what extent web professionals are implementing the overlapping factors between search engine optimization and web accessibility, and what other aspects may influence web performance.

No description available.

It would be difficult to imagine the world we live in without the World Wide Web. We depend on it for communication, entertainment, transfer of capital, access to essential services, and many other things. Even though it feels like the Web is everywhere, its usage is still growing, and so is its importance. However, a significant portion of the world’s population is made up of people with disabilities, and if the Web and its content is not made accessible to them, they cannot participate in this integral part of modern society. Making sure that the resources we access through the Web are accessible to people with disabilities is a difficult task. Those who create applications for the internet need to test them to identify accessibility issues. Today, much of the content on the Web is divided into units called components. It would be advantageous if there was a method for automated accessibility testing of these components. The problem is that no such method exists. Components—in this context—refer to the parts that make up a webpage. When you are, for example, viewing a news article online, the heading could be a component, as could the comments section, and so on. A majority of the world’s webpages are constructed using this architecture, where a set of reusable components with different functionality make up the page you are visiting. The purpose of this thesis is to create a method for automated accessibility testing of these web application components. The goal is that the created method should be useful for web developers and testers in their work to create a Web that is more accessible for people with disabilities, and therefore contribute in some way to a more accessible society. The chosen research methodology was qualitative and exploratory, and followed the design science research-paradigm. The methodology consisted of four distinct phases, a literature study phase, a preliminary design phase, an evaluation of the preliminary design phase, and an improved design phase. The literature study phase laid the groundwork for creating a method proposal in the preliminary design stage. This method was then evaluated in the evaluation stage. This evaluation consisted of a partial implementation of the framework, together with interviews with respondents with relevant experience. Using this evaluation, an improved method was created in the improved design phase. The result of this thesis is the Automated Accessibility Testing of Web Application Components Method (AAT-WAC). The evaluations that were conducted proved that AAT-WAC method met all of the stipulated evaluation criteria, and that the method was useful when implemented in a real-world industrial context. The literature study proved that no other methods similar to the AAT-WAC method existed. / Det skulle vara svårt att föreställa sig världen vi lever i utan Webben. Vi använder den för kommunikation, underhållning, överföring av kapital, tillgång till livsviktiga tjänster och mycket mer. Även om det kan kännas som att Webben redan är överallt så växer fortfarande dess användning och betydelse. En ansenlig del av världens befolkning är personer med funktionsnedsättningar, och om Webben och dess innehåll inte är tillgängligt för dem kan de inte deltaga i denna oumbärliga del av det moderna samhället. Att säkerställa att de resurser vi tillgodogör oss genom Webben är tillgängliga för personer med funktionsnedsättningar är en utmanande uppgift. De som skapar applikationer för Webben behöver testa dem för att upptäcka tillgänglighetsproblem. Idag är mycket av innehållet på Webben indelad i enheter som kallas för komponenter. Det skulle vara fördelaktigt om det fanns en metod för automatisk tillgänglighetstestning av dessa komponenter. Problemet är att ingen sådan metod existerar. Komponenter, i den här kontexten, syftar på de enheter som tillsammans utgör en webbsida. När du exempelvis besöker en nyhetsartikel på Webben så kan en komponent utgöra rubriken, en annan kommentarsektion, och så vidare. En majoritet av världens webbsidor är konstruerade enligt denna arkitektur, kallad en komponent-baserad arkitektur, där en uppsättning återanvändbara komponenter med olika funktionalitet utgör webbsidan du besöker. Syftet med denna avhandling är att skapa en metod för automatiserad tillgänglighetstestning av webbapplikationskomponenter. Målet är att öka kunskapen om tillgänglighetstestning, och genom detta skapa ett mer tillgängligt samhälle. Forskningsmetodologin var kvalitativ och följde en Design Science-paradigm. Forskningsmetodologin bestod av fyra distinkta faser, en litteraturstudie-fas, en preliminär designfas, en utvärderings av preliminär design-fas och en förbättrad design-fas. Litteraturstudien lade grunden för att skapa en preliminär metod i preliminär design-fasen. Denna preliminära metod utvärderades sedan genom att implementera delar av metoden på en verklig webapplikation, samt genom intervjuer med personer med relevant expertis inom webbutveckling. Dessa utvärderingar användes sedan för att skapa den förbättrade metoden i förbättrad design-fasen. Resultatet av denna avhandling är metoden Automated Accessibility Testing of Web Application Components (AAT-WAC-metoden). Uvärderingarna av AAT-WAC-metoden påvisade att metoden uppfyllde alla utvärderingskriterier som stipulerats, samt att metoden var användbar när den implementerades i en verklig, industriell kontext. Litteraturstudien påvisade att inga metoder som liknar AAT-WAC-metoden existerade.

A grande capacidade de disponibilização de informações que a Web possibilita se traduz em múltiplas possibilidades e oportunidades para seus usuários. Essas pessoas são capazes de acessar conteúdos provenientes de todas as partes do planeta, independentemente de onde elas estejam. Mas essas possibilidades não são estendidas a todos, sendo necessário mais que o acesso a um computador e a Internet para que sejam realizadas. Indivíduos que apresentem necessidades especiais (deficiência visual, cognitiva, dificuldade de locomoção, entre outras) são privados do acesso a sites e aplicações web que façam mal emprego de tecnologias web ou possuam o conteúdo sem os devidos cuidados para com a acessibilidade. Um dos grupos que é privado do acesso a esse ambiente é o de pessoas com dificuldade de leitura (analfabetos funcionais). A ampla utilização de recursos textuais nas aplicações pode tornar difícil ou mesmo impedir as interações desses indivíduos com os sistemas computacionais. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem por finalidade o desenvolvimento de tecnologias assistivas que atuem como facilitadoras de leitura e compreensão de sites e aplicações web a esses indivíduos (analfabetos funcionais). Essas tecnologias assistivas utilizam recursos de processamento de língua natural visando maximizar a compreensão do conteúdo pelos usuários. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas são destacadas: simplificação sintática, sumarização automática, elaboração léxica e reconhecimento das entidades nomeadas. Essas técnicas são utilizadas com a finalidade de promover a adaptação automática de conteúdos disponíveis na Web para usuários com baixo nível de alfabetização. São descritas características referentes à acessibilidade de aplicações web e princípios de design para usuários com baixo nível de alfabetização, para garantir a identificação e entendimento das funcionalidades que são implementadas nas duas tecnologias assistivas resultado deste trabalho (Facilita e Facilita Educacional). Este trabalho contribuiu com a identificação de requisitos de acessibilidade para usuários com baixo nível de alfabetização, modelo de acessibilidade para automatizar a conformidade com a WCAG e desenvolvimento de soluções de acessibilidade na camada de agentes de usuários / The large capacity of Web for providing information leads to multiple possibilities and opportunities for users. The development of high performance networks and ubiquitous devices allow users to retrieve content from any location and in different scenarios or situations they might face in their lives. Unfortunately the possibilities offered by the Web are not necessarily currently available to all. Individuals who do not have completely compliant software or hardware that are able to deal with the latest technologies, or have some kind of physical or cognitive disability, find it difficult to interact with web pages, depending on the page structure and the ways in which the content is made available. When specifically considering the cognitive disabilities, users classified as functionally illiterate face severe difficulties accessing web content. The heavy use of texts on interfaces design creates an accessibility barrier to those who cannot read fluently in their mother tongue due to both text length and linguistic complexity. In this context, this work aims at developing an assistive technologies that assists functionally illiterate users during their reading and understanding of websites textual content. These assistive technologies make use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques that maximize reading comprehension for users. The natural language techniques that this work uses are: syntactic simplification, automatic summarization, lexical elaboration and named entities recognition. The techniques are used with the goal of automatically adapting textual content available on the Web for users with low literacy levels. This work describes the accessibility characteristics incorporated into both resultant applications (Facilita and Educational Facilita) that focus on low literacy users limitations towards computer usage and experience. This work contributed with the identification of accessibility requirements for low-literacy users, elaboration of an accessibility model for automatizing WCAG conformance and development of accessible solutions in the user agents layer of web applications

隨著身心障礙者資訊素養的提升，「網頁可及性」成為各國發展電子化政府服務必須關注的議題，政府對身心障礙者(Government to the Disabled, G2D)的服務在近年逐漸受到重視。由於不同類型身心障礙者的電子治理需求和網路使用方式互異，行政院研究發展考核委員會參考WCAG 1.0，並參照各國在制訂無障礙網頁相關政策和推廣策略，以及國內近年來在身心障礙者保護政策等相關措施，於2002年6月訂定「無障礙網頁開發規範」，建立具體的無障礙網路推廣目標與策略，並自2003年6月展開「無障礙網路空間服務推廣」。 本研究欲瞭解無障礙網路空間計畫對身心障礙者的使用影響，經由電子化政府評估和網站服務品質評估等文獻檢閱，結合Heeks (2006)電子化政府價值鏈模型與DeLone & McLean (2003)資訊系統成功模型，建構以使用者為中心的無障礙網路空間計畫成效評估因果模型，以行政院研考會2010年委託研究案「電子治理成效指標與評估：G2A與G2D」為次級資料，驗證模型各構面間的因果關係暨群組分析。 研究結果證實本研究之無障礙網路空間計畫成效評估因果模型具相當程度的解釋力，同時根據研究結果提出無障礙網路空間計畫未來發展暨後續研究之建議。整體而言，政府現階段應加強計畫行銷推廣，全面優化網站品質，以提升使用效益與滿意度，循序漸進地引導無障礙網路空間計畫長期影響的正向發展。 / In the development of e-government system, Government to the Disabled (G2D) e-service and the issue of web accessibility have becoming gained much attention in many countries all over the world in recent years. Based on the international Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG 1.0), Research, Development and Evaluation Commission (RDEC) has launched a Web Accessibility Initiative Program to improve the web accessibility for disabled users in Taiwan since 2003. In the study, we propose a demand-side causal model consisting of web quality, program quality, and project impacts based on the e-government value chain model (Heeks, 2006) and the information system success model (DeLone and McLean, 2003). The data analysis is obtained from questionnaire collected in the program “Constructing and Evaluating an Assessment Framework for E-Governance Impacts on Association and Disabled”. Many causal assumptions in the model we propose are verified and some suggestions for the development of Web Accessibility Initiative Program and future research are made. To promote benefit and satisfaction and further enhance public trust as a long term objective, the government should emphasize more on marketing strategy and overall optimization of web quality at this stage.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RomeuFO_DISSERT.pdf: 4788717 bytes, checksum: 385df6854e63e9219358e4b7d5fe1ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In the context of Software Engineering, web accessibility is gaining more room, establishing itself as an important quality attribute. This fact is due to initiatives of institutions such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and the introduction of norms and laws such as Section 508 that underlie the importance of developing accessible Web sites and applications. Despite these improvements, the lack of web accessibility is still a persistent problem, and could be related to the moment or phase in which this requirement is solved within the development process. From the moment when Web accessibility is generally regarded as a programming problem or treated when the application is already developed entirely. Thus, consider accessibility already during activities of analysis and requirements specification shows itself a strategy to facilitate project progress, avoiding rework in advanced phases of software development because of possible errors, or omissions in the elicitation. The objective of this research is to develop a method and a tool to support requirements elicitation of web accessibility. The strategy for the requirements elicitation of this method is grounded by the Goal-Oriented approach NFR Framework and the use of catalogs NFRs, created based on the guidelines contained in WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guideline) proposed by W3C / No contexto de Engenharia de Software, a Acessibilidade Web vem ganhando cada vez mais espa?o, se firmando como um importante atributo de qualidade. Esse fato se deve a iniciativas de institui??es como a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) e ao surgimento de normas e leis como a Section 508 que fundamentam a import?ncia de elaborar sites e aplica??es Web acess?veis. Apesar dessas melhorias, a falta de acessibilidade na web ainda ? um problema persistente, e pode est? relacionada ao momento ou a fase em que este requisito ? tratado dentro do processo de desenvolvimento. Tendo em vista que a Acessibilidade Web geralmente ? considerada como um problema de programa??o ou tratada quando o aplicativo j? est? totalmente desenvolvido. Dessa forma, considerar a acessibilidade j? durante as atividades de an?lise e especifica??o de requisitos se mostra uma estrat?gia para facilitar o andamento do projeto, evitando retrabalho em fases avan?adas do desenvolvimento de software por causa de poss?veis erros, falhas ou omiss?es na elicita??o. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? desenvolver um m?todo e uma ferramenta para apoiar a elicita??o dos requisitos de acessibilidade web. A estrat?gia de elicita??o presente neste m?todo ? fundamentada atrav?s da abordagem orientada a metas do NFR Framework e na utiliza??o de cat?logos de RNFs, criados com base nas diretrizes contidas no WCAG 2.0 (Web Content Accessibility Guideline) proposto pela W3C

[pt] À medida que mais recursos vêm sendo disponibilizados online, a Internet está se tornando um participante de grande importância na vida dos indivíduos. No entanto, nem todo segmento das distintas populações mundiais é capaz de acessá-la e usá-la livremente. Uma nova abordagem de navegação na web, na qual os usuários fazem uso de processos automáticos criados por uma comunidade de voluntários, é apresentada nesta dissertação. O primeiro objetivo desta abordagem é ajudar usuários cegos e analfabetos funcionais a navegar na web e acessar tais recursos. Isto, no entanto, é o passo inicial para futuras investigações com outros públicos de necessidades especiais. Esta dissertação apresenta um sistema web colaborativo, desenhado sobre uma ferramenta já existente, para melhorar a acessibilidade na web. / [en] As more and more resources become available online, the World Wide Web is turning into an important stakeholder in every individuals lives. Nevertheless, not every segment of the distinct populations worldwide is able to freely access and use it. A new approach of navigating the web, in which users make use of automated processes created by a community of volunteers, is presented in this dissertation. The primary intent of this approach is to help blind and functionally-illiterate users in navigating the web and accessing its resources. This, though, is only the starting point for further investigations with other populations with special needs. This dissertation presents a collaborative web system, designed on top of an existing tool, for improving web accessibility.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cusin_ca_dr_mar.pdf: 1228370 bytes, checksum: a747f372cff92df585b6946f91e7cb8e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A natureza atual da World Wide Web (Web) que destaca a participação colaborativa dos usuários em diversos ambientes informacionais digitais conduz ao desenvolvimento de diretrizes que enfocam a Arquitetura da Informação Digital Inclusiva para diferentes públicos nas mais diversas ambiências informacionais. O conceito de acessibilidade digital visa à inclusão de usuários com deficiência em ambientes informacionais digitais, com foco na melhoria da interação dos sujeitos com o ambiente de modo a proporcionar a melhoria de qualidade de vida. A pesquisa propõe diretrizes para um ambiente informacional digital inclusivo, visando apontar os elementos de acessibilidade que permitem a promoção da inclusão informacional digital, de forma a destacar os referenciais da Arquitetura da Informação Digital, de recomendações internacionais e das estruturas de representação das informações, em especial dos atributos de acessibilidade, com o olhar da Ciência da Informação e das novas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação. Têm-se como hipóteses: os atributos de acessibilidade utilizados para representação de conteúdos em ambientes informacionais digitais não contemplam satisfatoriamente as descrições dos recursos digitais que atendam as necessidades especiais dos usuários; a Arquitetura da Informação carece de novos elementos de acessibilidade digital com foco nas necessidades especiais dos usuários; as recomendações de acessibilidade internacionais, isoladamente, não fornecem subsídios para o acesso universal. Tem-se como tese a necessidade de desenvolvimento de metodologias com diretrizes que contemplem os elementos de acessibilidade digital focados na tarefa do usuário. Como problema de pesquisa tem-se que a de que as atuais metodologias e recomendações utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de ambientes informacionais digitais não contemplam integralmente... / The current nature of World Wide Web (Web), which highlights the collaborative participation of users in some digital information environments, lead to development of guidelines with a focus on Inclusive Digital Information Architecture for a different audiences in multiples informational ambiences. The concept of digital accessibility aims to include users with special needs in digital information environments, focusing on improving the interaction between subjects and the environment in order to provide improved quality of life. This research proposes guidelines for a inclusive digital information environment, aiming to identify the elements of accessibility that allow the promotion of inclusion digital information, in order to highlight the references of the Architecture of Digital Information, the international recommendations and the structures representation of information (specially accessibility attributes), with the look of Information Science and New Technologies of Information and Communication. The research have the follow hypotheses: the accessibilities attributes used to represent the content in digital information environments do not satisfactorily contemplate descriptions of digital resources that supplies the special needs of users; the Information Architecture needs new elements of digital accessibility with a focus on special needs of users, international accessibility guidelines, in a singular way, does not provide subsidies to a universal access. The thesis is as to the need to develop methodologies with guidelines that contemplate the elements of digital accessibility focused on the task of the user. The research problem is that actual methodologies and recommendations used for the development of digital information environments do not cover all the elements of accessibility with a focus on user needs. The proposition is to present, through a methodological approach... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)