Com o aumento do uso das atividades de modelagem em processos de desenvolvimento de software, a participação de pessoas com deficiência visual em tais processos requer esforços dedicados para que os modelos sejam passíveis de entendimento, caso contrário essa participação fica comprometida. Os modelos são em sua maioria visuais e, portanto, seu processo de construção requer o posicionamento de elementos no espaço do documento por meio de um dispositivo de apontar, como o mouse, e sua leitura requer o uso da visão, uma vez que os diagramas são compostos não apenas por textos, mas também por elementos visuais como retângulos e arcos conectando-os. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste projeto foi desenvolver uma técnica textual para representação e interação com diagramas que possibilite que pessoas com deficiência visual sejam capazes de colaborar em projetos de software, tanto utilizando uma abordagem de desenvolvimento orientado a modelos, quanto em uma abordagem de desenvolvimento tradicional. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi desenvolvido um protótipo de uma ferramenta Web, a AWMo (lê-se letra a letra: A-W-M-O), a partir da qual a edição de modelos pode ser realizada por meio de duas visões equivalentes: uma visão gráfica, na qual o engenheiro de software poderá inserir novos elementos no diagrama, posicioná-los e definir suas propriedades de modo visual; e uma visão textual, na qual o engenheiro de software pode inserir novos elementos, propriedades e relacioná-los utilizando uma gramática textual. Um estudo de caso foi conduzido para avaliar sua eficácia e os resultados mostraram que a linguagem textual desenvolvida não representa uma barreira para a utilização da abordagem proposta pela AWMo. Os resultados sugerem que a AWMo é uma opção viável para facilitar o acesso de deficientes visuais a modelos de software, ajudando a promover a colaboração e comunicação efetiva e de maneira independente entre usuários com e sem visão para atividades de modelagem de software / With the growth of modeling activities in software development processes, the participation of visually impaired users requires dedicated efforts so that the models are capable to be understood, otherwise this participation is compromised. The models are mostly visuals and, therefore, their construction process requires the positioning of elements in the document space with a pointing device, like the mouse, and their reading requires the use of vision, since the diagrams are composed not only by text, but also by visual elements such as rectangles and arcs connecting them. In this context, the goal of this project was to develop a textual technique to represent and interact with diagrams to allow visually disabled people to collaborate in software development projects, either using an model driven development approach or a tradicional development approach. To achieve the proposed goal, a prototype Web tool called AWMo was developed. The prototype allows the edition of models to be done in two distinct views: a graphical view, where the software engineer is able to insert new elements and define their position in a visual and traditional way; and a textual view, where the software engineer is able to insert new elements, their properties and relationships using a textual grammar. A case study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the approach and the results show that the textual language developed did not posed itself as a barrier to the use of the AWMo. The results suggest that AWMo is a viable option to allow the access of the visually impaired to software models, promoting collaboration and effective communication between sighted and blind users in software modeling activities, but most importantly, in an independent way

Since the start of 2019 a new law has been introduced in Sweden, it serves to regulate web accessibility conformity for all publicly funded organisations. At the same time, many services and businesses move their physical fronts to the web. With more digitalization comes a greater need for web accessibility and there might be a risk that users with cognitive disabilities are neglected or forgotten when new and advanced tools and technologies are developed. Accessibility often receives low or no priority in the private sector due to the lack of time and resources. Cognitive disabilities do not always show and there is a risk that the difficulties are not taken into account when services or webpages are developed. These disabilities can affect areas such as the ability to learn new things, memory and the ability to plan one's actions. The purpose of this study is to investigate if there is any knowledge and experience among Swedish developers concerning accessibility, cognitive disabilities and the needs those individuals might have. To perform this study the needs had to be identified and connected to the standard that acts as a base for the new Swedish law. For this purpose, theory was gathered through a literature study as a foundation for a qualitative study consisting of a series of interviews with developers from six different organisations in the Swedish private sector. The interview subjects were selected from different organisations so that their views and opinions would not be affected by one and other for the purpose of increasing the studies generalizability. The interviews were held at locations selected by the interviewees by two different interviewers. The result from the literature study showed that there was no direct support for cognitive disabilities in the standard, but there are guidelines that could be applied to some of the needs identified in the study. Furthermore, the results of the interviews showed that the general knowledge and experience concerning accessibility and specifically cognitive accessibility is very low among Swedish developers. This study is aimed towards people working with development but is also suitable for students and teachers who wish to know more about accessibility and cognitive accessibility.

Workshop Mensch-Computer-Vernetzung vom 14.-17. April 2003 in Löbsal (bei Meißen)

Enabling access for people with disabilities, brings benefits to everyone, notonly people with disabilities. Therefore, accessibility is an important aspect to consider when designing a website. The purpose with this research paper is to explore how media agencies within the private sector that provides this service to others, work with web accessibility towards their customers and on their own websites. This report aims to examine media agencies’ level of knowledge  about web accessibility as well as their attitude and perception towards it. Furthermore, possible improvements of media agency’s websites will be investigated and suggested.   To answer our research questions, we have chosen a qualitative research approach. The method chosen is semi-structured interviews, these were conducted with three media agencies in Sweden. Additionally, an accessibility evaluation was performed of the media agencies websites with the accessibility tools AChecker and WAVE.  How much each media agency worked with web accessibility and WCAG differed, one of them did stand out among the others. The media agencies knowledge was broad, and their perception was comparable to the result from the accessibility evaluation of their website. The accessibility was high according to the accessibility tools, but there's room for improvements mainly when it comes to contrast issues, naming and labeling. In conclusion all media agencies are aware of web accessibility and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines which could be  seen on the results from the accessibility evaluation.

Tillgänglighet är ett begrepp som uppmärksammas allt mer idag på grund av insikt om värdet av att skapa en webbplats som är åtkomlig, läsbar samt fungerar för alla människor. Målet med studien var att skapa förutsättningar för att utföra framtida undersökningar och förbättringar inom tillgänglighet på webben. Kandidatexamensarbetet utfördes under våren 2015 som ett projekt i samarbete med företaget Funka där en prototyp skapades för att utvärdera färgkombinationers påverkan på lättlästheten. En genomgående litteraturstudie utfördes som berörde tidigare forskning där målet var att konstruktivt undersöka relevant material. För studien användes en kvalitativ metod för att beskriva utvecklingen av ett testverktyg bestående av en pappersbaserad prototyp, interaktiv prototyp och slutligen en delleverans av implementerat verktyg, där användbarhetstester av prototypen användes som underlag för utformningen. Det utvecklade testverktyget skulle uppfylla givna tillgänglighetskriterier och vara tillgängligt för alla oavsett funktionsförmåga eller användning av IT-hjälpmedel. Med hjälp av testverktyget var målet att företaget Funka skulle kunna utföra en kvantitativ studie genom att skicka ut testverktyget till sina kunder för insamling av data och analys. Resultatet av denna studie var en delleverans av ett testverktyg baserat på en interaktiv prototyp samt analys av kvalitativ data från användbarhetstester. Utifrån de tre dimensionerna ekologiskt, ekonomiskt och social hållbarhet förväntades denna studie bidra inom samtliga dimensioner. Dessutom ansågs den etiska målsättningen för arbetet val uppfylld då tidigare studier konstruktivt presenterades. Dessutom hade design utformats för att tillgodose så många som möjligt genom fokus på tillgänglighet genom hela processen. Därigenom har även studien bidragit till social delaktighet för personer med funktionsnedsättning då testverktyget främjar arbetet med att göra webben mer tillgänglig. / Accessibility is a concept which is receiving increasing attention today when one realize how valuable it is to create a website that is accessible and legible, and will work for all people. The aim of the study was to create the conditions for conducting future investigations and improvements in accessibility on the Web. The bachelor's thesis was completed in Spring 2015 as a project in cooperation with the company Funka where a prototype was created to evaluate the color combinations' impact on the legibility. A thorough literature study was performed involving previous research where the goal was to constructively examine the relevant material. For the study we used a qualitative method to describe the development of a testing tool consisting of a paper-based prototype, online prototype and nally a partial dellivery of an implemented tool. The test tool needed to meet the given accessibility requirements and be accessible to everyone regardless of disability or the use of IT tools. Based on the results from the online prototype and the analysis of the qualitative data from the completed usability testing, we created a partial delivery of the test tool as a basic work for the later development. The goal for the company Funka was to perform a quantitative study by sending out the test tool to its customers for data collection and analysis. The outcome of this study was a partial delivery of a test tool based on the interactive prototype and analysis of the qualitative data from usability testing. This study was expected to contribute in all three dimensions of sustainable development (ecological, economic and social). Based on the ethical objective of the work this was considered to be well-met where targets of the previous studies were constructively presented. In addition, the design focused on the accessibility requirements throughout the entire process. This study has also contributed in social participation for people with disabilities where the test tool encourages and endorses the making of a more accessible web.

Webbtillgänglighet är en viktig aspekt för att säkerställa en bra kundupplevelse. För att uppnå webbtillgänglighet bör webbplatser vara tillgängliga för alla användare oavsett eventuella nedsättningar. Idag regleras webbtillgänglighet enbart på webbplatser av bland annat svenska myndigheter och privata aktörer som drivs av offentlig finansiering. Denna reglering utförs av EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet. Forskning tyder på att Sveriges totala population av seniorer stiger och att ålderdom medför olika grader av nedsättningar. Forskning tyder även på att e-handelsvanor hos äldre stiger i Sverige, framför allt inom kategorin hälsa. Exkludering som berör en senior målgrupp undviks genom webbtillgänglighet. Det kan anses problematiskt att e-handeln i Sverige inte behöver följa EU-direktivet om webbtillgänglighet. Till vilken grad uppfylls webbtillgänglighet inom den svenska e-handeln i kategorin hälsa som offentlig verksamhet förväntas efterfölja? Studien består av en kartläggning över 16 svenska e-handelswebbsidor. Sidorna mättes mot en checklista över webbtillgänglighet baserad på Web Content Accessability Guidelines (WCAG). Resultatet från kartläggningen identifierar styrkor och brister vad gäller tillgänglighet. Ingen webbsida är fullt ut webbtillgänglig. Samtliga webbsidor påvisar brister på grundläggande kriterier inom tillgänglighet som bland annat påverkar individer med synnedsättning. Däremot visar de styrkor som berör responsiv design och navigeringsmöjligheter. / Web accessibility is an important aspect to consider when attempting to ensure a viable customer experience. To obtain web accessibility, websites should be available for everyone, regardless of any impairments. The regulation for web accessibility only applies for Swedish public authorities or for companies that are driven by public financing. These regulations are managed by the EU Web Accessibility Directive. Studies indicate that the total population for senior citizens is rising and that old age naturally brings different degrees of impairments. Research also indicates that e-commerce habits for older people are rising in Sweden, especially in the health category. Exclusion affecting a senior target group is avoided through web accessibility. It can be considered problematic that the Swedish e-commerce are not obligated to follow the EU Web Accessibility Directives. To what degree is web accessibility which public authorities are expected to follow fulfilled in the Swedish e-commerce health category? In this study, a survey of web accessibility on 16 Swedish e-commerce web pages was carried out. The web pages where measured against a web accessibility checklist based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). The results from the survey identifies strengths and weaknesses in terms of accessibility. None of the web pages was fully accessible. All web pages indicate deficiencies in the basic criteria of web accessibility which, among other things, affect individuals with visual impairment. However, they all show strengths related to responsive design and greater opportunities for navigation.

Today's digital products, services and experiences need to be designed with accessibility in mind in order to provide equal opportunities in use and enjoyment for the growing group of users with permanent, temporary and situational impairments. However, the topic still seems to be an afterthought in practice. With the research question 'What are the enablers and inhibitors for integrating accessibility into digital design processes from a systemic perspective?', this thesis aims to identify factors that drive or hinder accessibility efforts among design practitioners in Germany and how these factors may interrelate. Accessibility integration is therefore defined as a system. The research is based on a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with four UX Designers, two UI Designers and one Chief Creative Officer with varying experiences regarding accessibility in past projects. By conducting a content analysis, the responses are grouped into categories and further visualized in the form of system archetypes to understand systemic behavior. The findings indicate that integration of accessibility into digital design processes is influenced by many enabling and inhibiting factors, of technical, individual, societal, institutional, regulatory, economic and financial as well as cliental and organizational nature, turning the topic into a complex, wicked problem. While economic reasons were a dominant force driving the system's behavior, it appears that the underlying mental models of all actors involved are significantly contributing to the state of accessibility in design practice.

This thesis aims to explore the perspectives of people with visual impairments about the internet and web accessibility. How the current status of web accessibility is and how people with visual impairments use the internet are important topics in a society that is more and more digitalized. Nine people with visual impairments were asked through semi-structured interviews. The questions covered what they do on the internet, what devices and assistive technologies they use, how web accessibility affects them and how they become digitally literate. This collected data from the interviews and literature, focused on digital disability divide, digital literacy and web accessibility, guided the analysis which was conducted following a qualitative approach. This thesis shows that, while web accessibility allows for many online actions nowadays, much more is required. More focus on the users and their needs related to technical access is needed and digital literacy should be promoted. The study also concludes that technology, digital literacy and web experience are interconnected, which could provide a framework for future research.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-13T11:40:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Buenaño Ribeiro.pdf: 1392611 bytes, checksum: fe67544614537ae82a93c3fa5c345462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T11:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa Buenaño Ribeiro.pdf: 1392611 bytes, checksum: fe67544614537ae82a93c3fa5c345462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research proposes to present a vision of planning, dissemination and implementation of inclusive educational activities that have didactic support for accessibility applications. Facing this challenge in the pedagogical action, the methodological strategies of Design Thinking linked to accessibility applications with relevance and educational and communicative criteria are identified in the set of tools to develop a service in favor of Inclusive Education. However, it was chosen for the conceptual and design of this service, by an exploratory-qualitative methodology regarding the real interactivity in education and the learning potential of accessibility applications identified in the ethnographic studies through a group of teachers who have experiences with disabled students in state schools in the Eastern Zone of São Paulo. The expected results point to more projects with social responsibility, interdisciplinarity project and educational policy, mediating the greater inclusion of disabled people in Schools / Esta dissertação se propõe a apresentar uma visão da curadoria de conteúdos, do planejamento, da divulgação e da implementação de atividades educacionais inclusivas que tenham como suporte didático os aplicativos de acessibilidade. Diante desse desafio na ação pedagógica, identificam-se nas estratégias metodológicas do Design Thinking atreladas aos aplicativos de acessibilidade com relevâncias e critérios educativos e comunicativos, o conjunto de ferramentas para desenvolver um serviço em prol da educação inclusiva. Optou-se, no entanto, para a concepção conceitual e projetual deste serviço, por uma metodologia exploratório-qualitativa a respeito da interatividade real na educação e do potencial de aprendizagem de aplicativos de acessibilidade identificados nos estudos etnográficos por meio de uma turma de professores que atuam e que tem experiências com alunos deficientes nas escolas estaduais da Zona Leste de São Paulo. Já os resultados esperados apontam para mais projetos com responsabilidade social, voltados para a interdisciplinaridade e para a política educacional, mediando a maior à inclusão de pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais nas instituições de ensino

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:11:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviane Ferreira Silva.pdf: 2434276 bytes, checksum: 00187164a8a10952c74afcd74c0eeb27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-25 / The services and systems offered by Internet are part of cyberculture s quotidian, but they present several access barriers for the group of people with visual disability. The present research problem involves the accessibility processes of blind users at WWW. The research starts with the presentation of legal regulations that aim at assuring the rights to the access of information and communication for all the citizens and proposes the analysis of elements present on several websites interfaces such as services providers, shopping and governability. What are the communicational elements that can improve navigability s functionality and the interactivity of blind people with cyberspaces? How can accessibility be employed on websites interfaces? Eminent issues such as these ones stimulate the research of interface projects that enable an efficient and satisfactory navigation that considers the fundamental elements for the accessibility of interfaces presented on the web, providing an effective interaction of users with visual disability. Methodologically the research is organized in three steps. For the development of the theoretical basis the bibliographic research was accomplished. The study cases were performed based on semiotic analysis. The empiric research has a qualitative nature and involved data collection, personal narratives and questionnaires. The authors and fundamental theories for the discussion about hypermedia languages and digital medias are Leão and Johnson: for the discussion of communication and cognitive processes we adopted Flusser and Sacks. The study cases analyze constructions of accessible interfaces, with the objective of exploring strenghts and weaknesses in their communicational characters. The fieldwork was composed by three moments. The first one involved a form submission to visually disabled users with the objective of mapping fundamental elements for the navigation with accessibility. The questions planning considered three different levels of interaction: accessibility, usability and the user s experience. In a second moment, it was applied a qualitative research with the recognition of the recommendations extracted from the document dowcag 1.0. The empirical procedure is based on the concept of microssocial scale that proposes an investigation of actors in their interfaces analyzed in the context of a concrete system (Alami). The third phase involved a process of interpretation of the collected data with the objective of developing a model of guidelines that regard the improvement of communication and enhancement of web accessibility. The research concluded that in spite there are documents of recommendation for the accessibility of interfaces, the accessible websites are few / Os serviços e sistemas oferecidos pela Internet fazem parte do cotidiano da cibercultura, mas apresentam diversas barreiras de acesso para o grupo de pessoas com deficiência visual. O problema da presente pesquisa envolve os processos de acessibilidade de usuários cegos na WWW. A pesquisa inicia com a apresentação de regulamentações jurídicas que buscam garantir os direitos ao acesso à informação e comunicação a todos os cidadãos e propõe análises de elementos presentes nas interfaces de sites diversos como prestadores de serviços, compras e governança. Quais são os elementos comunicacionais que podem melhorar a funcionalidade da navegação e a interatividade das pessoas cegas com os ciberespaços? Como a acessibilidade pode ser trabalhada nas interfaces dos sites? Questões eminentes como essas impulsionam a pesquisar projetos de interface que possibilitam uma navegação eficiente e satisfatória, que considere os elementos fundamentais para a acessibilidade das interfaces apresentadas na web, proporcionando uma interação efetiva de usuários com deficiência visual. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa se organiza em três etapas. Para o desenvolvimento da fundamentação teórica foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica. Os estudos de casos foram realizados a partir de análises semióticas. A pesquisa empírica foi de natureza qualitativa e envolveu coleta de dados, narrativas pessoais e questionários. Os autores e teorias fundamentais para a discussão sobre a linguagem da hipermídia e das mídias digitais são Leão e Johnson; para a discussão sobre os processos comunicacionais e cognitivos adotamos Flusser e Sacks. Os estudos de casos analisam construções de interfaces acessíveis, com o objetivo de examinar pontos fortes e fracos de seu caráter comunicacional. A pesquisa de campo foi composta por três momentos. O primeiro envolveu a aplicação de um formulário a usuários deficientes visuais, a fim de mapear os elementos fundamentais para a navegação com acessibilidade. O planejamento das questões considerou três níveis diferentes de interação: acessibilidade, usabilidade e experiência do usuário. No segundo momento, foi aplicada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com o reconhecimento das recomendações retiradas do documento dowcag 1.0. O procedimento empírico se fundamenta no conceito de escala microssocial que propõe uma investigação de atores em suas interações analisadas no contexto de um sistema concreto (Alami). A terceira fase envolveu um processo de interpretação dos dados colhidos com objetivo de desenvolver um modelo de diretrizes que vise a melhoria da comunicação e a ampliação da acessibilidade da web. A pesquisa concluiu que, mesmo existindo documentos de recomendações para acessibilidade das interfaces, são poucos os sites acessíveis