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Towards realistic modelling of free solution electrophoresis a case study on charged macromoleculesGrass, Kai Christian Unknown Date (has links) (PDF)
Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Diss., 2009
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Mikroskopische Thermodynamik kolloidaler TeilchenBlickle, Valentin. January 2007 (has links)
Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2008.
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Dynamics and structure of a colloidal glass former in two dimensionsEbert, Florian. January 2008 (has links)
Konstanz, Univ., Diss., 2008.
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Aggregation behavior of Pluronic P123 in bulk solution and under confinement at elevated temperatures near its cloud point / Aggregationsverhalten von Pluronic P123 in Lösung und an Grenzflächen bei hohen Temperaturen nahe des TrübungspunktesSochor, Benedikt January 2021 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis aims to investigate the form-phase diagram of aqueous solutions of the triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 focusing on its high-temperature phases. P123 is based on polyethylene as well as polypropylene oxide blocks and shows a variety of di erent temperaturedependent micelle morphologies or even lyotropic liquid crystal phases in aqueous solutions. Besides the already well-studied spherical aggregates at intermediate temperatures, the size and internal structure of both worm-like and lamellar micelles, which appear near the cloud point, is determined using light, neutron and X-ray scattering. By combining the results of time-resolved dynamic light as well as small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering experiments, the underlying structural changes and kinetics of the sphere-to-worm transition were studied supporting the random fusion process, which is proposed in literature. For temperatures near the cloud point, it was observed that aqueous P123 solutions below the critical crystallization concentration gelate after several hours, which is linked to the presence and structure of polymeric surface layers on the sample container walls as shown by neutron re ectometry
measurements. Using a hierarchical model for the lamellar micelles including their periodicity as well as domain and overall size, it is possible to unify the existing results in literature and propose a direct connection between the near-surface and bulk properties of P123 solutions at temperatures near the cloud point. / Ziel dieser Dissertation ist die Untersuchung des Form-Phasendiagrams des Dreiblock-Co- polymers Pluronic P123 mit dem besonderen Fokus auf dessen Phasenverhalten bei hohen Temperaturen. P123 besteht aus Polyethylen- und Polypropylenoxid-Blöcken und zeigt in wässriger Lösung vielfältige, temperaturabhängige Mizellformen oder sogar Flüssigkristallphasen. Neben den bereits intensiv untersuchten sphärischen Aggregaten bei mittleren Temperaturen, werden die Größen und inneren Strukturen der wurmartigen und lamellearen Aggregate mittels Licht-, Neutronen- und Röntgenstreumethoden untersucht, welche nahe des Trübungspunktes der Lösungen auftreten. Durch die Kombination von zeitaufgelösten dynamischen Licht- und Kleinwinkelstreuung-Experimenten wurden die strukturellen Änderungen und kinetischen Prozesse während des Kugel-Wurm-Übergangs untersucht, welche den bereits in der Literatur vorgeschlagenen zufälligen Fusionsprozess weiter bestätigen. Es wurde beobachtet, dass wässrige P123-Lösungen unterhalb der kritischen Kristallisationskonzentration nach mehreren Stunden gelieren, was durch Neutronenreflektometrie mit dem Auftreten und der Struktur von oberflächennahen Monolagen auf den Messzellwänden in Verbindung gebracht wurde. Wenn ein hierarchisches Model für die lamellaren Mizellen verwendet wird, das deren Periodizität, Domänen- und Gesamtgröße berücksichtigt, ist es außerdem möglich, die bisherigen Ergebnisse in der Literatur zu vereinigen und eine direkte Verbindung zwischen dem Aggregationsverhalten von P123 auf Oberflächen und in Lösung bei Temperaturen nahe des Trübungspunktes zu ziehen.
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Messung kritischer Casimir-Kräfte mit TIRMHertlein, Johann Christopher, January 2008 (has links)
Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2008.
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Dynamics and non-equilibrium structure of colloidal dumbbell-shaped particles in dense suspensionsHeptner, Nils 23 May 2016 (has links)
Neben ihrer Bedeutung in industriellen Anwendungen dienen Kolloide als Modellsysteme in Experimenten und in der Theorie, um die Struktur und Dynamik von kondensierter Materie zu untersuchen. Kürzlich wurde experimentell gezeigt, dass eine kleine Anisotropie ausreicht, um die viskoelastische Antwort im Vergleich zu harten Kugeln drastisch zu ändern. Die mikroskopischen Ursachen hierfür sind bisher nicht verstanden. In dieser Arbeit werden daher Nichtgleichgewichts-Brownsche-Dynamik-Simulationen (NEBD) von harten kolloidalen Dumbbells in oszillatorischen Scherfeldern entwickelt und eingesetzt, um diese Resultate mit Verbindung zu Rheologie- und Neutronenstreuexperimenten zu erklären. Weiterhin wird die Bedeutung der Anisotropie für Struktur und Dynamik von solchen Suspensionen im Gleichgewicht mit Hilfe von "Linear-Response"-Theorie und Brownsche-Dynamik-Simulationen analysiert. Im linearen Limit zeigt die Scherviskosität bei hohen Packungsdichten einen dramatischen Anstieg jenseits eines kritischen Anisotropieparameters. Dies weist darauf hin, dass schon bei den kleinen Anisotropien kollektive Rotations-Translations-Kopplungen für langsame Zeitskalen verantwortlich sind. Weiterhin wird ein Nichtgleichgewichtsübergang mittels NEBD-Simulationen von Suspensionen harter Dumbbells im PC unter oszillatorischer Scherung ersichtlich. Es wird gezeigt, dass der kontinuierliche Übergang nur für sehr kleine Aspektverhältnisse erhalten bleibt. Oberhalb eines bestimmten Aspektverhältnisses wird der Übergang durch einen ungeordneten Zustand vermittelt. Außerdem wird ein Sliding-Layer Zustand mit kollektiver Ordnung der Teilchenausrichtung bei hohen Scheramplituden beobachtet. Somit zeigt diese Arbeit, dass die NEBD-Simulationen Phänomene in Rheologie- und Streuexperimenten erklären. Angesichts dieser Experimente wird gezeigt, dass der Orientierungsfreiheitsgrad einen starken Einfluss auf den strukturellen Übergang bei steigenden Amplituden hat. / Besides being important for industrial applications, colloidal suspensions have long served as model systems for investigating the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. Recently, it has been demonstrated experimentally that apparently a small particle anisotropy is sufficient to dramatically change the viscoelastic response under external shearing fields, of which the microscopic mechanisms are not yet sufficiently understood. In the present work, NEBD simulations of colloidal hard dumbbells in oscillatory shear fields are developed and employed to elucidate the novel findings in close connection with comprehensive rheology and SANS experiments. Furthermore, by utilising BD simulations and linear response theory, the impact of anisotropy on structure and dynamics of such suspensions in equilibrium is analysed. In the linear response limit, the shear viscosity exhibits a dramatic increase at high packing fractions beyond a critical anisotropy of the particles. This indicates that newly occurring, collective rotational-translational couplings must be made responsible for slow time scales appearing in the PC. Moreover, a non-equilibrium transition emerging at moderate aspect ratios is revealed by NEBD of plastic crystalline suspensions under oscillatory shear. This transition behaviour is systematically studied. It is demonstrated that the continuous nature of the transition is retained for very low aspect ratios only. Above a certain aspect ratio, the transition is mediated by an intermediate disordered state. Furthermore, a partially oriented sliding layer state featuring a finite collective order in the particles'' orientations is observed at high strains. Hence, this thesis demonstrates that the NEBD simulations explain novel phenomena in rheology and scattering experiments. In the light of these experiments, it is shown that the orientational degree of freedom has a vigorous impact on the structural transition under increasing oscillatory shear.
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Active and Passive Biomechanical Measurements for Characterization and Stimulation of Biological CellsGyger, Markus 26 September 2013 (has links) (PDF)
From a physical perspective biological cells consist of active soft matter that exist in a thermodynamic state far from equilibrium. Not only in muscles but also during cell proliferation, wound healing, embryonic development, and many other physiological tasks, generation of forces on the scale of whole cells is required. To date, cellular contractions have been ascribed to adhesion dependent processes such as myosin driven stress fiber formation and the development of focal adhesion complexes. In this thesis it is shown for the first time that contractions can occur independently of focal adhesions in single suspended cells.
To measure mechanical properties of suspended cells the Optical Stretcher – a dualbeam laser trap – was used with phase contrast video microscopy which allowed to extract the deformation of the cell for every single frame. For fluorescence imaging confocal laser scanning microscopy was employed. The ratio of the fluorescence of a temperature sensitive and a temperature insensitive rhodamine dye was utilized to determine the temperatures inside the optical trap during and after Optical Stretching. The rise in temperature at a measuring power of 0.7W turned out to be enough to open a temperature sensitive ion channel transfected into an epithelial cell line. In this way a massive Ca2+ influx was triggered during the Optical Stretcher experiment. A new setup combining Optical Stretching and confocal laser scanning microscopy allowed fluorescence imaging of these Ca2+ signals while the cells were deformed by optically induced surface forces, showing that the Ca2+ influx could be manipulated with adequate drugs. This model system was then employed to investigate the influence of Ca2+ on the observed contractions, revealing that they are partially triggered by Ca2+.
A phenomenological mathematical model based on the fundamental constitutive equation for linear viscoelastic materials extended by a term accounting for active contractions allowed to quantify the activity of the measured cells. The skewness and the median of the strain distributions were shown to depend on the activity of the cells. The introduced model reveals that even in measurements, that seemingly are describable by passive viscoelasticity, active contractililty might be superimposed. Ignoring this effect will lead to erroneous material properties and misinterpretation of the data.
Taken together, the findings presented in this thesis demonstrate that active processes are an essential part of cellular mechanics and cells can contract even independently of adhesions. The results provide a method that allows to quantify active contractions of suspended cells. As the proposed model is not based on specific assumptions on force generating processes, it paves the way for a thorough investigation of different influences, such as cytoskeletal structures and intra-cellular signaling processes, to cellular contractions. The results present an important contribution for better mechanical classification of cells in future research with possible implications for medical diagnosis and therapy.
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Characterization of heterogeneous diffusion in confined soft matterTäuber, Daniela 26 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
A new method, probability distribution of diffusivities (time scaled square displacements between succeeding video frames), was developed to analyze single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments. This method was then applied to SMT experiments on ultrathin liquid tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane (TEHOS) films on Si wafer with 100 nm thermally grown oxide, and on thin semectic liquid crystal films. Spatial maps of diffusivities from SMT experiments on 220 nm thick semectic liquid crystal films reveal structure related dynamics. The SMT experiments on ultrathin TEHOS films were complemented by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The observed strongly heterogeneous single molecule dynamics within those films can be explained by a three-layer model consisting of (i) dye molecules adsorbed to the substrate, (ii) slowly diffusing molecules in the laterally heterogeneous near-surface region of 1 - 2 molecular diameters, and (iii) freely diffusing dye molecules in the upper region of the film. FCS and SMT experiments reveal a strong influence of substrate heterogeneity on SM dynamics. Thereby chemisorption to substrate surface silanols plays an important role. Vertical mean first passage times (mfpt) in those films are below 1 µs. This appears as fast component in FCS autocorrelation curves, which further contain a contribution from lateral diffusion and from adsorption events. Therefore, the FCS curves are approximated by a tri-component function, which contains an exponential term related to the mfpt, the correlation function for translational diffusion and a stretched exponential term for the broad distribution of adsorption events. Lateral diffusion coefficients obtained by FCS on 10 nm thick TEHOS films, thereby, are effective diffusion coefficients from dye transients in the focal area. They strongly depend on the substrate heterogeneity. Variation of the frame times for the acquisition of SMT experiments in steps of 20 ms from 20 ms to 200 ms revealed a strong dependence of the corresponding probability distributions of diffusivities on time, in particular in the range between 20 ms and 100 ms. This points to average dwell times of the dye molecules in at least one type of the heterogeneous regions (e.g. on and above silanol clusters) in the range of few tens of milliseconds.
Furthermore, time series of SM spectra from Nile Red in 25 nm thick poly-n-alkyl-methacrylate (PnAMA) films were studied. In analogy to translational diffusion, spectral diffusion (shifts in energetic positions of SM spectra) can be studied by probability distributions of spectral diffusivities, i.e. time scaled square energetic displacements. Simulations were run and analyzed to study contributions from noise and fitting uncertainty to spectral diffusion. Furthermore the effect of spectral jumps during acquisition of a SM spectrum was investigated. Probability distributions of spectral diffusivites of Nile Red probing vitreous PnAMA films reveal a two-level system. In contrast, such probability distributions obtained from Nile Red within a 25 nm thick poly-n-butylmethacrylate film around glass transition and in the melt state, display larger spectral jumps. Moreover, for longer alkyl side chains a solvent shift to higher energies is observed, which supports the idea of nanophase separation within those polymers.
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Einfache Modelle für komplexe Biomembranen / Simple Models For Complex BiomembranesSchultze, Hergen 06 October 2003 (has links)
No description available.
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Non-equilibrium dynamics in ordered modulated phasesRiesch, Christian 09 July 2015 (has links) (PDF)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Dynamik geordneter modulierter Phasen außerhalb des thermischen Gleichgewichts untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf einem zweidimensionalen, streifenbildenden System, genannt Modell B mit Coulomb-Wechselwirkung, welches aus einem geordneten Anfangszustand unter dem Einfluß eines Rauschterms relaxiert. Aus den mittels numerischer Simulationen gewonnenen Daten wird die lokale Orientierung der Streifen extrahiert und deren raum-zeitliche Korrelationsfunktionen berechnet. Wir beobachten eine langsame Dynamik und Alterungseffekte in der Zwei-Zeit-Autokorrelationsfunktion, welche einer Skalenform folgt, die aus kritischen Systemen bekannt ist. Dies geht einher mit dem Wachstum einer räumlichen Korrelationslänge senkrecht zu den Streifen. Zu sehr späten Zeiten klingt die zugehörige räumliche Korrelationsfunktion mit einem Potenzgesetz ab. Weiterhin wird der Einfluß der Systemgröße und verschiedener Seitenverhältnisse auf die Dynamik des Orientierungsfeldes studiert, wobei ein Wachstumsprozeß parallel zur Ausrichtung der Streifen identifiziert wird. Es zeigt sich, daß dieser Prozeß für die Nichtgleichgewichtsdynamik entscheidend ist. Zwei weitere Modelle für modulierte Phasen werden in ähnlicher Weise untersucht. Die Swift-Hohenberg-Gleichung in der Variante mit erhaltenem sowie nicht erhaltenem Ordnungsparameter zeigt ebenfalls Alterungseffekte in der Dynamik der Streifenorientierung. In einem System, welches zweidimensionale hexagonale Muster bildet, werden Alterungseffekte in der Autokorrelationsfunktion der Verschiebung beobachtet. Jedoch sättigt die zugehörige räumliche Korrelationslänge bei einem endlichen Wert, was auf eine Unterbrechung der Alterung hindeutet.
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