Whey protein isolate (WPI) contains at least 90% protein and should ideally possess a bland flavor without typical dairy flavors including sweet aromatic and cooked/milky notes. However, its flavor may be highly variable due to factors including original whey source, processing and storage conditions. Novel technologies removing nonpolar compounds responsible for off-flavors and off-flavor formations are desirable. The major objective of this research was to evaluate impacts of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction, a known green process, on volatile profiles of WPI. A prior sub-objective was to establish an analytical technique for characterization of volatiles. Specifically, adsorption conditions in a well-established head-space solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method were used for quick and reliable assays of volatiles in WPI, using a divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber. The adsorption of volatiles on the SPME fiber was studied at 21, 40 or 50 °C, each with durations of 5, 15 and 20 min, and analyzed by GC/MS. Based on the number of GC/MS peaks and the corresponding peak areas, adsorption conditions of 50 °C for 20 min were selected for subsequent studies. In the second sub-objective, GC/MS profiles of WPI were characterized after scCO2 extraction using a continuous stream of CO2 at 50 g/min, controlled at various combinations of temperature (30-65°C), pressure (7.0-30.0 MPa), and duration (10-90 min). Extractions with a higher temperature and a higher pressure for a longer time were generally more effective in removing volatiles, and most peaks on the chromatogram of the unprocessed WPI sample disappeared or were reduced very significantly after all studied extraction conditions, even at subcritical conditions of 7.0 MPa and 30 °C for 1 hour. Our findings demonstrated that supercritical or subcritical CO2 may provide a green approach to reduce volatiles in whey protein preparations for novel food applications.

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the combined effects of protein, creatine, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation during resistance training. These nutritional supplements are popular during resistance training and we wanted to determine if they would have additive effects for improving body composition and strength. Forty-four participants (32 males, 12 females, mean age 20y) were randomized into three groups to receive: 1) 36 g/d protein (PRO), 2) protein and 9 g/d creatine (PRO/CR), or 3) protein, creatine and 6 g/d CLA (PRO/CR/CLA) for 5 weeks while resistance training on a four-day cycle (three days of resistance training, followed by one day of rest). Measurements at pre- and post-testing included body composition, muscle thickness of the elbow and knee flexors and extensors, and bench and leg press strength. There were time main effects (p<0.01) for strength, and muscle thickness. The PRO/CR/CLA group had significant increases in knee extensor muscle thickness over time compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There were no other differences between groups over time. The combinations of creatine and protein, or creatine, protein and CLA had no effects on body composition. It is concluded that combining protein, creatine, and CLA has minimal effects on muscular strength, muscle thickness, and body composition.

The purpose of this thesis was to determine the combined effects of protein, creatine, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation during resistance training. These nutritional supplements are popular during resistance training and we wanted to determine if they would have additive effects for improving body composition and strength. Forty-four participants (32 males, 12 females, mean age 20y) were randomized into three groups to receive: 1) 36 g/d protein (PRO), 2) protein and 9 g/d creatine (PRO/CR), or 3) protein, creatine and 6 g/d CLA (PRO/CR/CLA) for 5 weeks while resistance training on a four-day cycle (three days of resistance training, followed by one day of rest). Measurements at pre- and post-testing included body composition, muscle thickness of the elbow and knee flexors and extensors, and bench and leg press strength. There were time main effects (p<0.01) for strength, and muscle thickness. The PRO/CR/CLA group had significant increases in knee extensor muscle thickness over time compared to the other groups (p<0.05). There were no other differences between groups over time. The combinations of creatine and protein, or creatine, protein and CLA had no effects on body composition. It is concluded that combining protein, creatine, and CLA has minimal effects on muscular strength, muscle thickness, and body composition.

Orientador: Flavia Maria Netto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T02:53:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VillasBoas_MarianaBattaglin_M.pdf: 1570328 bytes, checksum: 8264ab45a2d69c56c77f60117495628a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O leite bovino contém várias proteínas que são consideradas antigênicas e capazes de induzir resposta imune, dentre elas, a ß-lactoglubulina (ß-Lg) é uma das mais antigênicas. A enzima transglutaminase (TG) é a única enzima utilizada comercialmente que catalisa reação de ligação cruzada inter ou intramolecular em diversas proteínas, formando polímeros de alta massa molar. Até o momento, pouco se conhece sobre a modificação dos epítopos antigênicos na estrutura das proteínas do soro de leite modificada ou polimerizada pela enzima TG. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da reação de polimerização induzida pela TG na atividade antigênica da ß-Lg. A modificação da ß-Lg com a TG foi realizada em dois experimentos: (1) a ß-Lg foi tratada termicamente (80 °C/60 min) em diferentes concentrações (3, 5 e 7%) e polimerizada com TG (5, 10, 25 e 50 U/g de proteína) e (2) a ß-Lg (3, 5 e 7%) foi polimerizada com TG 25 U/g de proteína na presença de agente redutor Cys nas concentrações 0,05, 0,1, 0,25 e 0,4 mol/L. A caracterização da ß-Lg polimerizada foi realizada por eletroforese (SDS-PAGE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de exclusão molecular (CLAE-EM). A antigenicidade da proteína foi avaliada por métodos imunoquímicos, utilizando soro de camundongos BALB/c e técnicas de Immunoblotting e ELISA. Quando a ß-Lg 3% foi tratada termicamente e polimerizada com TG, 40% da ß-Lg permaneceu nas formas monomérica e dimérica. Já as amostras tratadas com maior concentração de proteína (5% e 7%) apresentaram de 70% a 87% de material com massa molar (MM) > 100 kDa, sendo que ß-Lg 7% polimerizada com 25U TG/g foi a que apresentou maior grau de polimerização. Na presença de Cys, observou-se maior percentual de produtos com MM > 100 kDa que o obtido com o tratamento térmico. Nas amostras ß-Lg 5% e ß-Lg 7%, a presença da Cys possivelmente aumentou a susceptibilidade da ß-Lg à polimerização. As amostras selecionadas para avaliação da antigenicidade foram ß-Lg nativa, ß-Lg 7% tratada termicamente e polimerizada com 25U TG/g de proteína (ß-Lg 7% TT 25TG) e ß-Lg 7% polimerizada com 25 U/g de proteína na presença de Cys 0,25 mol/L (ß-Lg 7% 0,25Cys TG). Os resultados mostraram que os animais sensibilizados com ß-Lg polimerizada na presença de agente redutor Cys apresentaram níveis séricos de IgE e IgG menores, comparados aos grupos imunizados com ß-Lg nativa e ß-Lg tratada termicamente e polimerizada com TG, sugerindo que a polimerização na presença de agente redutor Cys pode reduzir o potencial antigênico da proteína ao modificar .e/ou ocultar regiões de epítopos na proteína / Abstract: The bovine milk contains several proteins that are considered antigenic and capable of inducing immune responses, among them ß-lactoglubulin (ß-Lg) is one of the most antigenic protein. The enzyme transglutaminase (TG) is the only enzyme commercially used that catalyzes reaction of crosslinking inter or intramolecular in several proteins, forming polymer of high molecular mass. Up to now, little is known about modification of epitopes of whey proteins by the TG. The present study examines the effect of the polymerization reaction induced by TG on the antigenic activity of ß-Lg. The ß-Lg was modified by TG in two experiments: (1) ß-Lg was heat treated (80 °C/60 min) at different concentrations (3, 5 and 7%) and modified with TG (5, 10 , 25 and 50U / g protein), and (2) ß-Lg (3, 5 and 7%) was modified with TG 25U / g of protein in the presence of reducing agent Cys ( 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.4 mol/L). The characterization of the modified ß-Lg was performed by electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) and high performance liquid chromatography molecular exclusion (HPLCMS). The antigenicity of the protein was measured by Immunoblotting and ELISA, using serum from BALB/c mices. When ß-Lg 3% was heat treated and modified by TG, 40% of the ß-Lg remained as monomeric and dimeric forms. However, the samples treated at higher protein concentration (5% and 7%) showed 70% to 87% of material with molecular weigh > 100 kDa. ß-Lg 7% modified with 25U TG / g presented the greatest degree of polymerization. In the presence of Cys, higher percentage of products with MW > 100 kDa was obtained than with the previous heat treatment. The presence of Cys increased the susceptibility of ß-Lg for polymerization, especially those treated at protein 5 and 7% concentrations. The samples selected for evaluation of the antigenicity were native ß-Lg, 7% ß-Lg treated with 25U TG / g of protein (ß-Lg 7% TT 25TG) and 7% ß-Lg treated with 25U TG / g protein in the presence of Cys 0.25 mol / L (ß-Lg 7% 0.25 Cys TG). The results showed that animals sensitized with ß-Lg in the presence of reducing the agent Cys had lower levels of IgG and IgE, compared to the groups immunized with native ß-Lg and ß-Lg treated with high temperature and modified with TG, suggesting that the polymerization in the presence of reducing agent Cys can modify or hide epitopes and reduce the potential antigenic of the protein / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Flavia Maria Netto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sabadin_IsabeleSerimarco_M.pdf: 18689391 bytes, checksum: fc0347d65995a6512c7579ac02277fea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Celio Kenji Miyasaka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T03:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cavalheiro_LauraAndrade_M.pdf: 809451 bytes, checksum: 708c6f3b4585edd72f8cc635a5c73faf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As proteínas presentes no soro de leite têm demonstrado um grande número de efeitos benéficos, como atividade anticarcinogênicas, efeito antiulcerogênica e função imunoestimulatória. Esta propriedade imunoestimulatória está sendo relacionada à possível manipulação da glutationa intracelular. Os linfócitos são importantes células do sistema de defesa celular e humoral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos da suplementação com soro de leite sobre os linfócitos de ratos Wistar. Cento e vinte animais foram divididos em 4 grupos (n = 30), sendo um grupo controle (C) e os demais suplementados com caseinato de cálcio (K), isolado protéico de soro de leite (I) e hidrolisado protéico de soro de leite (H). Os ratos foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais com água e ração à vontade. Aos 18 dias de suplementação amostras de sangue foram recolhidas para realização de hemograma. Dez dias depois, os animais foram sacrificados e os linfócitos mesentéricos retirados, contados em câmara de Neubauer e incubados (5x107células/ml) em presença de peróxido de hidrogênio. A viabilidade celular foi avaliada antes e depois da incubação. Também foram avaliadas as atividades enzimáticas da glutationa redutase (GSH-Red) e da glutationa peroxidase (GSH-Px). Apesar de um maior consumo de ração, os animais do grupo C não foram os que apresentaram maior ganho de peso. Estatisticamente, seu ganho de peso foi maior que o do grupo K, menor que do grupo I e não diferiu significantemente do grupo H. Os animais do grupo H apresentaram número de linfócitos 134% maior quando comparado aos grupos I e K e 158% mais elevado em relação ao grupo C. Na análise de sangue o número de linfócitos (x10³ celulas/mL) dos animais dos grupos H e I foram estatisticamente maiores que os demais grupos. Os linfócitos dos animais do grupo H tiveram a sua viabilidade diminuída apenas 4,08% após incubação com peróxido de hidrogênio enquanto que no grupo C a diminuição de viabilidade foi de 28,9%. A enzima GSH-Red dos animais do grupo H (38,22 pmols . min-1. mg proteina-1) se mostrou maior que dos animais do grupo C (17,64 pmols . min-1. mg proteina-1). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos na determinação de GSH-Px. Assim, verificou-se a qualidade nutricional atribuída ao soro de leite e que este pode interferir no metabolismo de linfócitos / Abstract: The whey proteins have demonstrated some beneficial effects, as anticarcinogenic activity, antiulcerogenic effect and immunostimulanting function. These immunostimulanting properties have being related to the possible manipulation of intracellular glutathione. The lymphocytes are important cells of the cellular and humoral defense system. The aim of this work was to study the effect of the whey proteins supplementation on lymphocytes of Wistar rats. One hundred and twenty animals were randomly distributed in 4 groups (n = 30): one control group (C) while the others were supplemented with calcium caseinate (K), whey protein isolated (I) and whey protein hydrolysate (H). The rats were maintained in individual cages with water and ration ad libitum. After 18 days of supplementation, blood samples were collected for hemogram accomplishment. Ten days later, the animals were killed and the mesenteric lymphocytes were counted in Neubauer¿s camara and incubated (5x107células/ml) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The cellular viability was evaluated before and after the incubation. The enzymatic activities of glutathione reductase (GSH-Red) and of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were also evaluated. Animals of group C had the highest feed consumption, although its body weight gain was the same as group H, greater than group K and lesser than group I. The group H animals have presented number of lymphocytes 134% greater when compared with groups I and K and 158% more than group C animals. The blood analysis have shown that the number of lymphocytes (x103 cells/mL) of group H animals were bigger than the others groups / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:19:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_GiovanaErmeticedeAlmeida_D.pdf: 896103 bytes, checksum: 9bd11829f054f3e4de67f748821a4ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A atividade física (AF) de resistência provoca diversas respostas fisiológicas, dentre elas a alteração dos padrões de células sangüíneas e atividade enzimática. Recursos alimentares são freqüentemente utilizados para aumentar o rendimento esportivo e minimizar os danos causados pelo exercício. O tipo de proteína e sua forma são determinantes dos efeitos que estas podem proporcionar. As proteínas do soro do leite (PSL) são fontes de aminoácidos indispensáveis, dentre eles, os de cadeia ramificada que estão envolvidos na sinalização da síntese protéica e no metabolismo energético, e os sulfurados que se destacam por serem precursores para a formação de glutationa. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos do consumo de dietas contendo proteínas do soro do leite, nas formas intacta e pré-hidrolisada, no desempenho, composição corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de ratos submetidos à atividade física em esteira. Foram utilizados animais machos divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a prática (treinados) ou não (sedentários) de AF, sendo estes subdivididos em três grupos conforme o tipo de proteína (AIN-93M): caseína (controle), e PSL nas formas intactas ou pré-hidrolisadas como única fonte de proteínas, totalizando 6 grupos experimentais. Os ratos ativos correram cinco dias por semana, durante nove semanas consecutivas seguindo protocolo de treinamento com velocidade e tempo progressivos. O desempenho dos animais foi crescente ao longo do experimento em todos os grupos e a evolução de peso foi similar independentemente da dieta ou da prática de AF. Os resultados hematológicos e bioquímicos mostraram efeito redutor do treinamento sobre os parâmetros analisados sem interferência especifica da dieta, à exceção da concentração de glutationa total em eritrócitos que foi significativamente superior em animais sedentários que consumiram PSL intactas. A composição química da carcaça revelou um perfil lipídico reduzido em animais treinados em comparação aos sedentários, com significância estatística somente em relação aos grupos que receberam PSL, mostrando ser um efeito positivo e dependente da ação conjunta da dieta e da AF. Dados de peso dos órgãos apontam possível influência das PSL sobre o fígado e pâncreas, mas o peso e o comprimento dos fêmures não mostraram alteração nem pelo tipo de dieta nem pelo treinamento. Assim, concluiu-se que os resultados obtidos nesse estudo são, em sua maioria, decorrentes do efeito do treinamento, e que as PSL ao nível oferecido na dieta (12%), mesmo apresentando diferente forma físico-química, não causaram variações hematológicas e bioquímicas significativas quando avaliadas, respectivamente, após 24 horas da última sessão de treino e passadas 48 horas do teste de desempenho final. Ressalta-se, entretanto, o potencial antioxidante dessas proteínas pelo incremento da glutationa intracelular / Abstract: Endurance exercise leads to many physiological responses, as changes in the blood cells and enzymatic activity. Food resources are often used to improve the sport performance and diminish injuries caused by exercise. The type and form of protein are determinant of the effects that they can provide. Milk whey proteins (MWP) are sources of indispensable amino acids, among them the branched-chain amino acids are involved in protein synthesis signaling and energetic metabolism, and sulfur ones point out in order to be precursors for glutathione formation. This work was conducted with the objective of verifying the effects of consuming diets containing MWP, in intact or pre-hydrolyzed forms over performance, body composition, biochemical and hematological parameters in rats undergoing a treadmill exercise. Male animals, segregated into two groups according to the practice (trained) or not (sedentary) of exercise, were used. They were subsegregated into three groups regarding the type of protein in the diet (AIN-93M): casein (control), and intact or pre-hydrolyzed MWP as the only source of protein, for a total of 6 groups. Active rats run 5 d/wk, during nine consecutive weeks, following a progressive time and speed protocol. The performance of the animals increased for all groups along the experiment and weight evolution remained similar independent of the diet and exercise. Hematological and biochemical results showed that training had a diminishing effect over the analyzed parameters without specific interference of the diet, except for total glutathione concentration in erythrocytes that was significantly higher in the sedentary animals that consumed intact MWP. Carcass chemical composition revealed a decreased lipid profile in trained animals compared to sedentary, with statistical significance only related to the groups that received MWP showing a positive dependence from the combined action of diet and exercise. Analyses of organ weight data suggest a possible influence of MWP upon liver and pancreas, but weight and length of femurs did not show to be changed either by diet or exercise. Thus, it was concluded that outcomes obtained in this study are mostly due to training, and that MWP at the level offered in the diet (12%), even in different physical-chemical forms, did not cause significant hematological and biochemical variation when analyzed, respectively, 24 hours after the last training session and 48 hours from the final performance test. It should be noted, however, the antioxidant potential of these proteins by increased intracellular glutathione / Doutorado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Jaime Amaya Farfan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:55:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lollo_PabloChristianoBarboza_D.pdf: 1703113 bytes, checksum: 420e19e11b5feb4766bf0be0c9076acc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Em situacoes especiais e desejavel estimular o anabolismo e reduzir o catabolismo. As proteinas do soro de leite apresentam excelente balanco de aminoacidos para o anabolismo. A suplementacao com L-leucina vem sendo relacionada a inibicao do catabolismo e ao estimulo do anabolismo, assim como o exercicio fisico. Na busca de estrategias para estimular o anabolismo e reduzir o catabolismo, optou-se por estudar o efeito combinado do consumo de proteinas do soro lacteo e a suplementacao com L-leucina, aliados ao exercicio fisico. Objetivo: verificar o efeito dose-resposta da suplementacao com L-leucina na composicao corporal, ganho de massa corporal, parametros bioquimicos e ativacao da proteina mTOR de ratos Wistar, consumindo proteinas do soro de leite (PSL), quando submetidos ao exercicio. Metodologia: 96 ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em 16 grupos recebendo dieta AIN93 com PSL ou caseina (C) como fonte proteica, com 3, 4.5, ou 6% de suplementacao de L-leucina, exercitados e sedentarios, a saber: a) n=6, exercitados, dieta AIN93 com PSL (PSL E); b) n=6, exercitados dieta AIN93 com PSL + 3% de L-leucina; (PSL L3 E); c) n=6, exercitados, dieta AIN93 com PSL + 4,5% de L-leucina (PSL L4.5 E) e d) n=6, exercitados, dieta AIN93 com PSL + 6% de L-leucina (PSL L6 E). Para cada grupo exercitado houve um grupo controle sedentario e o mesmo desenho experimental foi repetido, com grupos sedentarios e exercitados, alterando somente a fonte proteica da dieta para caseina que foi a proteina controle. Foram analisados: ingestao alimentar; evolucao ponderal; perfil de aminoacidos plasmaticos; composicao corporal dos animais; atividades de CK, LDH, AST ALT e mTOR (muscular, cardiaca e diafragmatica), acido urico, creatinina e massa relativizada do gastrocnemio, coracao e diafragma, tudo em funcao da dieta e da atividade fisica. Para analise estatistica foi utilizado o software SPSS, versao 11.0 for Windows para analise de variancia ¿ ANOVA ¿ utilizando o criterio de significancia de p = 0,05, com teste post-hoc de Tukey. Resultados: A ativacao da via mTOR ocorreu com suplementacao de L-L-leucina em ambas dietas por 30 dias no coracao, diafragma e grastrocnemio dos ratos sedentarios e exercitados. Indicadores gerais de saude, nao pareceram alterados, exceto insulina e glicose, que demosntraram anormalidades nos animais sedentarios com altas doses de Lleucina. O ganho de massa corporal foi significativamente menor nos animais submetidos a suplementacao com 6% de L-L-leucina. As enzimas de prova hepatica (TGO e TGP) mantiveram-se em niveis plasmaticos normais, assim como os indicadores de prova renal (acido urico e creatinina) nao indicando dano renal com a suplementacao descrita. Conclusão: A via mTOR foi ativada no coracao, diafragma e musculo dos animais suplementados com L-L-leucina. A maior dose utilizada (6%) prejudicou o crescimento, niveis de glicose e insulina dos animais / Abstract: In both animals and humans L-L-leucine can activate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by mTOR thus stimulating body growth. Currently, however, it is not clear if heart tissue is also subject to the same regulatory mechanism of protein synthesis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess heart mTOR activation, heart mass, growth and liver function in young Wistar rats fed standard AIN93-G diet supplemented with L-L-leucine at three levels. Methods: Ninety-six weanling male Wistar rats were divided into sixteen groups and fed one of the following diets for 30 days: a) Control (AIN 93-G); b) 3% (AIN93-G +3% L-L-leucine); c) 4,5% (AIN93-G +4,5% L-L-leucine); d) 6% (AIN93- G +6% L-L-leucine). Modified AIN 93-G diets containing whey protein instead of casein performed another 4 groups completing 8 sedentary groups, another set of 8 groups was trained, with the total of 16 groups. The supplemented diets, energy was adjusted at the expense of carbohydrate. mTOR pathway was quantified by Westernblot analysis. Serum insulin, uric acid, glucose, AST, ALT, and cardiac mass, total and body mass-adjusted protein were determined by standard methods. ANOVA and pos-hoc Duncan were applied to compare the means (significance p<0.05). Results: mTOR activation (phosphorylated mTOR/ total mTOR) was reached with L-L-leucine supplementation in heart, diaphragm and gastrocnemius. General health indicators did not show significant modifications except for glucose and insulin levels, which increased compared to control group. Supplementation did not adversely affect liver function as determined by AST, ALT, but body mass in the 6% group was significantly lower than that of the 4.5% group, showing a negative effect of the highest dose on body mass accretion. Either absolute heart mass or adjusted heart mass showed no difference between any two groups. Conclusion: mTOR activities of heart, diaphragm and gastrocnemius of Wistar rats were increased by supplementing the AIN 93-G diet with L-L-leucine, loss of the body mass and abnormalities in insulin and glucose levels were shown in 6% of L-L-leucine supplementation. Even the 6% supplementation did not alter liver function, but this concentration adversely affected normal growth / Doutorado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Flavia Maria Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T08:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_CeliadeJesus_M.pdf: 1711635 bytes, checksum: 8b68d7bd0f495d93e2c2949a9229045c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Estudos indicam que cerca de 2,5% dos recém-nascidos sofrem reações de hipersensibilidade ao leite bovino. Os principais componentes alergênicos do soro do leite bovino são as proteínas ß-Lactoglobulina (ß-Lg) e a-Lactoalbumina (a-La). A enzima transglutaminase (TG) tem sido utilizada para modificar as proteínas do soro do leite, podendo reduzir o seu potencial antigênico. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito do pH e relação enzima substrato (E:S) na polimerização do Isolado proteico do soro do leite (IPS) com a TG em diferentes condições utilizando a Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, e avaliar a redução do potencial antigênico das proteínas pela suscetibilidade dos produtos obtidos à digestão com pepsina. O estudo da polimerização do IPS foi realizado por meio de experimentos fatoriais 22, nos quais as variáveis independentes foram a relação enzima:substrato (E:S) (15,7 ¿ 56,9 U TG /g de proteína) e pH (5,0 ¿ 8,4). A variável dependente foi a polimerização das amostras avaliada pela concentração relativa das proteínas ß-Lg ([ß-Lg]) e a-La ([a-La]) após a reação de polimerização, medida por densitometria do gel. Para o estudo da polimerização, foram realizados dois DCCR(Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional): DCCR 1 no qual foi utilizado o IPS sem qualquer tratamento e DCCR 2 no qual foi utilizado o IPS tratado termicamente. Para condição do DCCR 2, foi realizado um experimento preliminar afim de obter as melhores condições de tempo e temperatura de polimerização pela TG. A caracterização das amostras de IPS polimerizado foi realizada por eletroforese (SDS-PAGE). As amostras que apresentaram a menor [ß-Lg] foram empregadas para o estudo de resistência à pepsina, foram utilizados dois modelos de simulação da digestão gástrica: o adulto (182 U de pepsina/g de proteína, pH 2,0) e o infantil (23 U de pepsina/g de proteína, pH 4,0) seguida por caracterização por eletroforese (SDS-PAGE). A avaliação in vitro da antigenicidade dos digeridos gástricos foi realizada por ELISA, utilizando soro de camundongos BALB/c sensibilizados com ß-Lg na forma nativa. A polimerização do IPS pela TG foi mais eficiente quando a proteína foi previamente desnaturada por tratamento térmico. No DCCR 1 ocorreu maior polimerização da a-La do que da ß-Lg, indicando que esta proteína reage facilmente com a TG, mesmo sem tratamento térmico prévio. A digestão in vitro do IPS foi mais eficiente nas condições fisiológicas simulando o modelo adulto do que o infantil. Em ambos os modelos, a amostra tratada termicamente e polimerizada com TG (IPS/TT-TG) foi mais susceptível à pepsina e também foi a que apresentou a menor resposta frente IgE anti- ß-Lg. A diminuição moderada do potencial alergênico após os tratamentos realizados sugerem que houve modificação e ou ocultação de epítopos da estrutura da proteína / Abstract: Studies indicate that about 2.5% of newborns suffer from hypersensitivity reactions to cow¿s milk. The main allergenic components of bovine whey proteins are ß-lactoglobulin (ß-Lg) and a-lactalbumin (a-La). The enzyme transglutaminase (TG) has been used for modifying whey proteins, and may reduce their antigenic potential. The present work aimed at studying the effect of pH and enzyme substrate (E:S) on the polymerization of the IPS with TG under different conditions using Response Surface Methodology, and evaluate the reduction of potential of the antigenic proteins using the susceptibility of products to pepsin digestion. The study of the IPS polymerization was performed by factorial experiments 22, in which the independent variables were enzyme: substrate ratio (E: S) (15.7 to 56.9 U TG / g of protein (U g-1) ) and pH (5.0 - 8.4). The dependent variable was polymerization of the samples evaluated by the relative concentration of the ß-Lg ([ß-Lg]) and a-La ([La-a]) after the polymerization reaction, evaluated by densitometry of the gel. To study the polymerization, two CRCD (Central Rotatable Composite Design) were performed: CRCD 1 in which untreated WPI was used and CRCD 2 in which WPI denatured by heat treatment was used. The characterization of the samples was performed by SDS-PAGE. The evaluation of the polymerization was achieved by the relative concentration of the proteins ß-Lg ([ß-Lg]) and a-La (([a-La]) after polymerization, determined by densitometry. The samples with the lowest [ß-Lg] were chosen for the study of resistance to pepsin using two simulation models of gastric digestion, the adult (182 U pepsin / g of protein and pH 2.0) and infant (23 U pepsin / g of protein, pH 4.0). The resistance of the proteins to the action of pepsin was evaluated by SDS-PAGE. Evaluation of the antigenicity of the samples before and after gastric digestion was performed by ELISA using sera from BALB/c mice sensitized with ß-Lg in its native form. Between the two designs carried out for the polymerization of WPI by TG, the one in which the WPI has previously been denatured by heat treatment was more effective. The in vitro digestion of WPI was more efficient under conditions simulating the physiological adult model than the infant model. In both models the sample which was heat treated and subsequently polymerized by TG was more susceptible to pepsin, and showed the lowest anti-IgE response against ß-Lg, indicating that the allergenic potential was decreased after treatment. These results suggested that there was a modified and/or hidden of the epitopes / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Jayendra K. Amamcharla / In recent years, the interest in functional components such as phospholipids (PLs) is increasing as a result of growing awareness of their health benefits. PLs affect several cell functions, such as growth, molecular transport system, memory processing, stress responses, and central nervous system myelination. Many studies have shown that the neutral lipids can be successfully extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO₂) from different types of foods such as egg, canola, pumpkin seed, fish and dairy powders. It is an alternative method to avoid the use of large quantities organic solvents. The SCO₂ is a safe, environmentally friendly and economical process to extract edible lipids from a variety of matrices. However, a modifier such as ethanol is needed to fractionate PLs due to limited solubility of PLs in SCO₂. The objectives of this study were to optimize the SFE process parameters and to determine the effect of pressure, temperature, and ethanol concentration on the extraction efficiency of PLs from whey protein phospholipid concentrate (WPPC) and buttermilk powder (BMP). Three different batches of WPPC and BMP were obtained from a commercial manufacturer and followed a unique two-step extraction process to isolate PLs from WPPC and BMP. In Step-1, neat supercritical CO₂ was used to remove all the neutral lipids at 414 bar pressure, 60 °C sample temperature, and 5 L/min CO₂ flow rate. The spent solids, the powder left after the first step extraction, were used to extract PLs in the second step. The Step-2 (SCO₂-Ethanol) process was optimized in terms of pressure (350, 414 and 550 bar), temperature (40 °C and 60 °C) and concentration of ethanol (10%, 15% and 20%) as independent factors. All the lipid fractions were analyzed by high performance lipid chromatography (HPLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). For WPPC, only ethanol concentration had significant effect (P < 0.05) on the amount of PLs extracted after the Step-2. On the other hand, temperature and ethanol concentration were significantly (P < 0.05) affected the efficiency of SFE for BMP. The optimal processing conditions for WPPC and BMP were 350 bar pressure, 60 °C sample temperature and 15% concentration of ethanol, and 550 bar of pressure, 60 °C sample temperature and 15% concentration of ethanol, respectively. This study allowed obtaining PLs from dairy co-products such as WPPC and BMP as a separate ingredient and this could be useful in nutraceutical and infant formulations as well as different food products formulations.