Not in every case, the designer is knowledgeable about the potential user. Users can be consulted, in order to obtain knowledge, which is required for the design process. However such a consultation process can be problematic, since users may have difficulty in expressing their needs and problems or they may not be aware of them. The study is devised originating from the idea that if appropriate tools are provided for users, they can express their needs and design related problems. The thesis involves a literature review on the necessity of user knowledge as an input for the design process, and methods, techniques and tools, which provide this knowledge. Based on the findings from the literature review, three fictional case studies were planned and performed by employing two techniques, namely mood boards and drawing and shaping ideal products. These two techniques are developed into a procedure step by step by carrying out the case studies. The thesis proposes guidelines for the procedure of &ldquo / user workshops&rdquo / as a way to elicit users&rsquo / tangible and intangible needs, and user defined problems by directing them to imagine and express a usage context and conceptualize solutions considering their design related problems through a concept development activity and additional creative activities.

From 2006 to 2009, Taiwan's " Performance Workshop" staged the modern Chinese drama ¡¨ Secret Love in Peach Blossom Land¡¨ in various parts of China, and the tickets sold very well. In comparison, China's local performing groups, and even Chinese drama of little theater, but only a few people watch. What¡¦re the reasons for that? And why there are not just a few large-scale performances attract a huge audience, although it¡¦s ticket price significantly higher than general average fare as price reduce everywhere ? This study focused on the success factors of Taiwan¡¦s Modern Troupes in China, and take Taiwan's " Performance Workshop" for example as the case analysis to analyze the reason, why it can have the great box-office. And hope that the domestic and foreign performing groups can know the mainland China people's cultural consumption demands, help them enter the Chinese market of the performing arts. The results found that "income" and "consumer preference" is the most important factor; In addition, the Performance Workshop's drama¡¨ Secret Love in Peach Blossom Land¡¨ can be success is due to the combine of the ¡§high culture" and "mass culture" and use local well-known actors to create promo topic. In script, it performs the different custom of the cross-strait masses by drama. It makes the Chinese people feel curious and fresh, and because word-of-mouth and the reason of endogenisation of tastes, led to the great box-office.

<p>En hållbar utveckling är ett stort begrepp och innefattar det mesta i samhället. Sveriges regering har som uttalat politiskt mål att samhällsplaneringen ska ske mot en hållbar utveckling, men det finns idag ingen allmänt känd metod för kommunerna att använda i planeringen mot ett hållbart samhälle. Syftet med denna fallstudie har varit att genomföra en deltagandebaserad backcasting för att undersöka dess potential som metod i planeringen av en legitim och hållbar stadsutveckling, vilka för- och nackdelar metoden har, samt att undersöka betydelsen av begreppet ”En hållbar stad”. Deltagandebaserad backcasting är en kombination av traditionell backcasting och stakeholder workshops, vilket innebär att en framtidsvision skapas i seminarieform med lokala aktörer, som sedan även diskuterar och tar fram möjliga sätt att uppnå visionen. Fallstudien har genomförts i Borlänge/Falun där backcastingen har använts för att ta reda på styrkor och svagheter i regionen samt för att skapa idéer och om vad som skulle kunna göras för att utveckla regionen mer hållbart.</p><p>Undersökningen konstaterar att en beskrivning av vad som är viktig i en hållbar stad och hur en hållbar stad bör se ut måste klaras ut lokalt, och att det inte går att ge en generell beskrivning av detta eftersom det skiljer sig beroende på människors åsikter och synsätt. Resultatet visar att deltagande i planeringen för en hållbar stadsutveckling är av yttersta vikt, då den lokala situationen hamnar i fokus, engagemanget ökar och en spridning av kunskap sker. Deltagandebaserad backcasting är måluppfyllande och fungerar bra för att skapa visioner och framtidsbilder om en hållbar stad, vilket kan ge planerarna nya idéer att arbeta mot. Den stora nackdelen med metoden är svårigheterna att locka seminariedeltagare med olika bakgrunder och att få de deltagande att släppa sina redan förutfattade meningar. Eftersom alla metodens fördelar är beroende av att det finns ett brett deltagande kan hela processen riskeras om det inte finns ett tillräckligt intresse från omgivningen att delta.</p>

Der Vortrag zeigt Grundlagen und Möglichkeiten der Programmierung von ATMEL-Mikrocontrollern am Beispiel des ATMega32 (ATMega 644). Der integrierte USART-Baustein wird beispielhaft für Debugging und als Interface für einen Bootloader vorgestellt. Für die Kommunikation im Netz wird ein Ethernetcontroller (ENC28J60) am SPI-Interface angebunden. Am Beispiel der TCP/IP-Implementierung von Ulrich Radig wird die Funktionsweise erläutert. Die Anbindung von Sensoren (z.B. OneWire Temperatursensor) runden den Vortrag ab.

The discipline of creative writing is charged "as the most untheorized, and in that respect, anachronistic area in the entire constellation of English studies (Haake What Our Speech Disrupts 49). We need only look at its historical precedents to understand these intimations. It is a discipline which is unaware of the histories that informs its practice. It relies on the tradition of the workshop model as its signature pedagogy, and it is part of a fractured community signaled by its long history of subordination to literary studies, its lack of status and sustaining lore, and its own resistance to reform. These factions keep creative writing from achieving any central core. I argue for the advancement of creative writing studies. As a scholarly academic discipline, creative writing studies explores and challenges the pedagogy of creative writing. It not only supports, but welcomes intellectual analyses that may reveal new theories.Such theories have important teaching implications and insights into the ways creative writers read, write, and respond. My study explores the history of creative writing, its workshop model as its primary practice, and the discipline's major pedagogical practices. Through its pedagogical and historical inquiry of the field, this study has important implications to the development of creative writing studies. Its research includes a workshop survey of undergraduate creative writing teachers as well as scholarship in the field. My argument envisions a more robust, variable, and intelligent workshop model. It considers how an understanding of our pedagogical practices might influence our teaching strategies and classroom dynamics and how we might provide more meaning to the academy, our profession, and our diverse student body. At a curricular level, my study offers course and program development, and it justifies the importance of including graduate level training for teacher preparation to further explore the field's history and pedagogy. Through my inquiries and research, I advance creative writing studies, define its academic home, and better position the discipline to stand alongside composition studies and literary studies as a separate-but-equal entity, fully prepared to claim it own identity and scholarship.

This transformative participatory study was designed to address the issue of limited culturally relevant Spanish or bilingual mentor texts for use in writing workshop. The researcher references critical pedagogy theory, writing instruction theory and transformative education theory to set a theoretical framework. In the study 2 Dual Language teachers currently implementing a Two-Way Dual Language program engaged in a six session book study and article discussion using Alma Flor Ada’s and Isabel Campoy’s book Authors in the classroom: A transformative Education Process (2004). Sessions were audiotaped, reflections were collected, and a pre and post questionnaire was used to gather data. Using grounded theory the data was coded and findings are included in this report. / text

Följande studie behandlar delaktighet för brukarrepresentanter från olika sociala företag. Det övergripande syftet med studien är att undersöka hur delaktighet kan påverkas genom social interaktion mellan blivande socionomer och representanter från sociala företag. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts genom en deltagande observation under två dagar i en framtidsverkstad mellan socionomstudenter, lärare och brukarrepresentanter. Empirin har analyserats med hjälp av symbolisk interaktionism och Goffmans dramaturgiska teaterscen. Åldersspannet på deltagarna i studien ligger på 22 - 70 år, och det var en övervägande kvinnlig deltagarskara. Studiens resultat visar att delaktighet med ett reellt inflytande är något som eftersträvas både från politiskt håll bl.a. av socialstyrelsens riktlinjer och från samhällsmedborgarna, i den här studien i form av studenter och brukarrepresentanter. Detta är dock inget som visar sig i praktiken utan det handlar snarare om en pseudodelaktighet, som innefattar "mycket snack och lite verkstad", där delaktigheten inte leder till något reellt inflytande. Det krävs en jämn maktfördelning mellan olika grupprepresentanter för att ge rätt förutsättningar i skapandet av delaktighet på lika villkor. Tidsbrist är en förhindrande faktor. Det visas att en framgångsfaktor för delaktighet är att vi delar samma verklighetsförståelse och eftersträvar en maktutjämning för bekämpning av stigmatisering. För detta krävs gemensamma mötesplatser. Studien visar att det krävs en långsiktighet för en lyckad implementering i alla led från utbildning till arbetsplats till medborgare. Det är en lång kedja där mycket kan gå fel på vägen. Detta kan förklara den tröghet som påvisas i denna studie. / The following study deals with the participation of user-representatives from various social enterprises. The overall aim of the study is to examine how participation can be influenced by social interactions between future social workers and user-representatives from social enterprises. A qualified study has been carried out through a participant observation for two days in a future-workshop between social work students, teachers and user-representatives. Empirical data has been analyzed by means of symbolic interactionsm and Goffman's dramaturgical theater analysis. The age range of study participants is at 22-70 years and it was predominately female group of participants. The study-results show that the inclusion of real influence is something pursued both from the policies of the National board and from community citizens, in this study in terms of students and user representatives. However, this is nothing that shows in practice, it is rather a pseudoparticipation which includes a lot of talk and little action, where participation does not lead to any real influence. It requires an even division of power between different group representatives to provide the right conditions in the making of participation on equal terms. Lack of time is a preventing factor. It appears that the success of participation is that we share the same understanding of reality and pursue a power leveling to fight stigmatization. This requires common meeting places. The study shows that a long term approach for a successful implementation at all stages from education to the workplace to the citizen is required. There is at long chain where much can go wrong along the way. This may explain the inertia detected in this study.

In this project, I argue for the importance of public engagement as a method of scholarship for the discipline of creative writing, in writing studies, and the broader humanities. I do so by using historical study, ethnography and survey data, in order to trace the history of creative writing's disciplinarity, define its contemporary practices as socially collaborative and inventive, and show how those practices align with the goals and methods of public engagement projects. This dissertation contributes to a growing body of work in composition studies calling for collaboration between composition and creative writing, and I argue that though creative writers in the academy often participate in what is variously called "community outreach" or "public engagement" activities, that work can and should be more clearly articulated as part of the work of the discipline. Higher education's recent turn toward public engagement--as evidenced by monographs on the subject but also by real-world changes like the addition of language about public engagement to the tenure and promotion guidelines and ten-year plans of many universities--presents a compelling opportunity to re-articulate what it means to be a writer in the university. Work in public engagement provides new access to institutional prestige and funding, and opens connections between the various areas of writing studies in order to better serve university communities, teachers, and students.

Genome-wide Association (GWA) studies have become a widely used method for analyzing genetic data. It is useful in detecting associations that may exist between particular alleles and diseases of interest. This thesis investigates the dataset provided from problem 1 of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 (GAW 16). The dataset consists of GWA data from the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC). The thesis attempts to determine a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that are associated significantly with rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, this thesis also attempts to address the question of whether the one-sided alternative hypothesis that the minor allele is positively associated with the disease or the two-sided alternative hypothesis that the genotypes at a locus are associated with the disease is appropriate, or put another way, the question of whether examining both alternative hypotheses yield more information.

No description available.