Avec les récents développements des mesures de champs, il est devenu possible deréaliser des expériences sur un échantillon de sol en effectuant des mesures simultanémentaux différentes échelles pertinentes : celle de l'échantillon, et celle des grains, et ceci en3D volumique. Ces progrès ont permis une meilleure compréhension des processus qui seproduisent dans le sol, en les observant au cœur même des échantillons.Cette thèse vise à caractériser les comportements de rétention d'eau et hydro-mécaniquedu sable d'Hostun non saturé à l'échelle du grain. Pour ce faire, des essais de rétentiond'eau et des essais triaxiaux ont été effectués, qui ont nécessité le développement d'outils detraitement d'image et des montages expérimentaux spécifiques. L'installation de tomographie à rayons X du Laboratoire 3SR de l'Université des Grenoble a été utilisée pour générer des images en 3D de la microstructure du sol non saturé. Une technique de trinarization a été mise en œuvre pour permettre la séparation des phases (les grains, l'eau et l'air) dans les images 3D, et d'effectuer différentes mesures à l'échelle du grain. La porosité et le degré de saturation ont été mesurées macroscopiquement en utilisant les images segmentées, et microscopiquement en utilisant un code de cartographie spécialement développé. Les mesures microscopiques ont été réalisées sur un volume élémentaire représentatif (VER), dont la taille a été déterminée en utilisant une analyse développée sur la base d'outils statistiques. Plusieurs analyses discrets ont été développées pour étudier l'évolution de la phase fluide (l'eau et l'air) avec le chargement (succion, et chargement mécanique). La corrélation d'images numérique 3D volumique a été mise en œuvre systématiquement pour ces deux types d'essais.Pour analyser le comportement de rétention d'eau du sable d'Hostun pendant les processus de séchage et de mouillage, une cellule spécifique a été développée. La succion a été appliquée en utilisant la technique de tensiomètre. L'échantillon (cylindrique 1x1cm) a été préparé en utilisant la technique de la pluviation sous l'eau et scanné avec une résolution de 7,5micron. La courbe de rétention d'eau, surface et les domaines hydriques ont été obtenus et le phénomène d'hystérésis et la cohésion du sol ont été analysés à l'échelle du grain.Pour le comportement hydro-mécanique des sols non saturés, des essais triaxiaux ontété effectué sous trois conditions: saturé drainé, non saturé drainé et non saturé non drainé. Un appareil triaxial que l'on peut placer à l'intérieur de la cabine du tomographe à rayons X a été développé afin de permettre le suivi des changements dans la microstructure du sable et la distribution de l'eau lorsque l'on soumet l'échantillon à chargement mécanique. L'échantillon (cylindre de dimensions hxd=2x1cm) a été préparé en utilisant la technique de la pluviation sous l'eau (complétement saturé au début des trois tests), amené ensuite au niveau de saturation désiré (dans le cas des essais non saturés), puis chargé par étapes successives avec scan à chaque étape avec une résolution de 13micron, jusqu'à arriver à 21% de déformation axiale pour les trois types d'essai. Les courbes contrainte-déformation, la réponse volumétrique et les déformations ont été obtenus et le profil de déformation, l'hétérogénéité de l'échantillon, la cohésion et la distribution de l'eau ont été analysés. / With the recent developments of full field measurements, it has become possible to do experiments on a soil specimen, and perform measurements at different scales. This progress has allowed greater understanding for all the processes that occur within the soil, and also created better environment to observe these mechanisms in 3D. This PhD work aims to characterize water retention and hydro-mechanical behaviours of unsaturated Hostun sand at the grain scale. To achieve this goal, water retention and triaxial tests were performed and a set of experimental and image processing tools was developed and used for the two series of tests. X-ray computed tomography set up available at 3SR Laboratory in Grenoble University was used to generate 3D images of the unsaturated soil microstructure non-destructively. A developed region growing systematic technique (trinarization technique) was used to allow the separation of the phases (i.e., grains, water and air) in the 3D images, and performing different measurements at the grain scale. Porosity and degree of saturationwere measured macroscopically using the trinarized images and microscopically using a developed mapping code. The microscopic measurements were performed over an REV, whose size was determined using a developed analysis based on statistical tools. Several microscopic-discrete analyses were developed to investigate the evolution of fluid phase (water and air) with loading (suction and mechanical loading). Digital Image Correlation was performed for the two tests.To analyze water retention behaviour of Hostun sand during drying and wetting processes, a pressure plate apparatus was developed. Suction was applied using tensiometry technique. The specimen (cylindrical 1x1cm) was prepared using water pluviation technique and scanned with a resolution 7.5micron. As a result, water retention curve, surface and domains were obtained and hysteresis phenomenon and soil cohesion were analyzed at the grain scale.For the mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils, triaxial test were performed at three conditions: saturated drained, unsaturated drained and unsaturated undrained. A triaxial apparatus that can be placed inside the x-ray cabinet was developed in order to facilitate monitoring the changes in sand microstructure and water distribution when subjecting the soil specimen to loading. The specimen (cylinder of hxd=2x1cm) was prepared using water pluviation technique (completely saturated at the beginning of the three tests), loaded then scanned with a resolution 13micron, repeatedly till reaching 21% axial strain forthe three tests.Consequently, stress-strain curves, volumetric response and deformations measurements were obtained and deformation pattern, specimen heterogeneity, cohesion and water distribution were analyzed.

Introdução: A pressão crítica de fechamento da faringe (PCrit) é a pressão nasal em que há colapso da faringe. Conceitualmente a Pcrit reflete a contribuição anatômica na gênese da apnéia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). No entanto, a relação entre a PCrit e a anatomia das vias aéreas superiores (VAS) tem sido pouco estudada. A PCrit determinada durante o sono requer pesquisadores experientes durante a noite. A indução do sono com midazolam é usada na prática clínica para a realização de procedimentos ambulatoriais e poderia ser uma alternativa mais conveniente para se determinar a Pcrit. Porém, o midazolam pode provocar sedação além de simples indução do sono, reduzir a atividade muscular das VAS e aumentar a colapsabilidade quando comparado com o sono normal. Objetivos: 1. validar a determinação da PCrit durante o dia após a indução do sono com midazolam; 2. comparar a arquitetura do sono induzido com baixa dose de midazolam com o sono natural; 3. correlacionar a PCrit com a anatomia das VAS. Métodos: Homens com graus variados de sintomas sugestivos de AOS foram submetidos a polissonografia completa noturna, determinação da PCrit durante o sono natural e após a indução do sono com midazolam bem como tomografia computadorizada de cabeça e pescoço para avaliação das VAS. Resultados: Foram estudados 15 sujeitos com idade (média±DP) de 54 ± 10 anos, índice de massa corporal de 29,9 ± 3,9 kg/m2 e índice de apnéiahipopnéia (IAH) de 38 ± 22 (variação: 8-66 eventos/h). A indução do sono foi obtida em todos os sujeitos, utilizando doses mínimas de midazolam (mediana [intervalo interquartil]) (2,4 [2,0-4,4] mg). A PCrit durante o sono natural e induzido foram semelhantes (-0,82 ± 3,44 e -0,97 ± 3,21 cmH2O, P = 0,663) e se associaram (coeficiente de correlação intraclasse=0,92 (IC 95% 0,78-0,97 P<0,001). A distribuição das fases do sono durante sono natural e induzido foi similar, com excessão da fase 1 (10,5 ± 5,1% vs. 20,6 ± 8,1, respectivamente; P=0,001). A Pcrit determinada durante o sono natural e induzido se correlacionaram com o IAH (r=0,592, P=0,020 e r=0,576, P=0,025, respectivamente). Além disso tanto a Pcrit determinada por sono natural e induzido se correlacionaram com diversas variáveis tomográficas de VAS, incluindo a posição do osso hióide, ângulo da base do crânio e as áreas seccionais da velofaringe e hipofaringe (r variando de 0,577 a 0,686, P<0,05). A regressão linear múltipla revelou que o IAH foi independentemente associado com a Pcrit durante sono induzido, circunferência da cintura e idade (r2 = 0,785, P = 0,001). Conclusão: A PCrit determinada durante o dia com indução do sono é semelhante à determinada durante o sono natural e é um método alternativo promissor para determinar a PCrit. O sono induzido por doses baixas de midazolan promove um sono similar ao sono natural. A Pcrit determinada tanto durante o sono natural e induzido correlaciona-se com várias características anatômicas das VAS / Introduction: The pharyngeal critical closing pressure (Pcrit) is the nasal pressure at which the airway collapses. Pcrit is thought to reflect the anatomical contribution to the genesis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the relationship between Pcrit and upper airway anatomy has been poorly investigated. Pcrit determined during sleep requires experienced investigators at night. Sleep induction with midazolam is frequently used in clinical practice during ambulatory procedure and could be a more convenient alternative to assess Pcrit. On the other hand, midazolam could induce sedation rather than sleep, decrease upper airway muscle activity and increase collapsibility compared with natural sleep. Objectives: 1. validate Pcrit determination during the day after sleep induction with midazolam; 2. compare the sleep architecture of induced sleep after low doses of midazolam with natural sleep; 3.correlate Pcrit with upper airway anatomy. Methods: Men with different severity of OSA symptoms underwent baseline full polysomnography, Pcrit determination during natural sleep and after sleep induction with midazolam and head and neck computed tomography. RESULTS: Fifteen men aged (mean±SD) 54±10ys, body mass index=29.9 ± 3.9 Kg/m2 and apnea hypopnea index=38±22, range: 8-66 events/h were studied. Sleep induction was obtained with minimum doses of midazolam (median[interquartile range] (2.4 [2.0-4.4] mg). Sleep phase distribution during natural and induced sleep was similar, except for stage 1 (10.5 ± 5.1% vs. 20.6 ± 8.1, respectively; P=0.001). Natural and induced sleep Pcrit were similar (-0.82 ± 3.44 and -0.97 ± 3.21 cmH2O, P=0.663) and closely associated (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.92 (95%CI 0.78-0.97, P<0.001). Natural and sleep induced Pcrit correlated with AHI (r=0.592, P=0.020; r=0.576, P=0.025, respectively). Pcrit determined both during natural and induced sleep were significantly associated with several tomographic variables, including hyoid position, cranial base angle and cross sectional areas of the velopharynx and hypopharynx (r range: 0.577 to 0.686, P<0.05). Multiple linear regression revealed that AHI was independently associated with induced sleep Pcrit, waist circumference and age (r2=0.785, P=0.001). Conclusion: Pcrit determined during the day with sleep induction is similar to natural sleep and is a promising alternative method to determine Pcrit. Sleep induction with small doses of midazolam promoted sleep similar to natural sleep. Pcrit determined both during natural and induced sleep correlates with several anatomical characteristics of the upper airway

Introdução: raquitismo e osteomalácia hipofosfatêmicos de origem genética mediados por FGF23 (RQ/OM-FGF23) são caracterizados pelo aumento patológico dos níveis séricos de FGF23 com consequentes hiperfosfatúria e hipofosfatemia. A forma hereditária mais comum é a ligada ao X dominante (XLHR) ocasionada por mutações inativadoras no gene PHEX. Objetivos: identificar a etiologia molecular; avaliar a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e a microarquitetura óssea e, determinar a prevalência de nefrocalcinose (NC), nefrolitíase (NL) e de alterações metabólicas urinárias em 47 pacientes com RQ/OM-FGF23 (16 crianças e 31 adultos). Métodos: as análises dos genes PHEX e FGF23 foram realizadas pelos métodos de Sanger e MLPA. A DMO areal (DMOa) foi avaliada por densitometria óssea (DXA), enquanto a DMO volumétrica (DMOv) e os parâmetros de microarquitetura óssea foram analisados por HR-pQCT. A NC foi classificada segundo uma escala de 0-3 (0 = ausência de NC; 3 = NC grave) pelas ultrassonografia (US) e tomografia computadorizada (TC) renais. A presença de NL foi analisada pela TC renal. Fatores de risco para NC e NL foram avaliados pela urina de 24 horas. Resultados: foram identificadas mutações no PHEX em 41 pacientes (87,2%). A avaliação óssea foi realizada em 38 pacientes com XLHR que foram comparados a controles saudáveis. Os pacientes tiveram maior DMOa em L1-L4 (p=0,03) e menor DMOa em 1/3 distal do rádio (p < 0,01). Em rádio distal, a DMOv total (Total.vBMD) e os componentes trabecular (Tb.vBMD) e cortical (Ct.vBMD) foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Na tíbia distal, os pacientes apresentaram menor Total.vBMD em relação aos controles devido ao déficit no Tb.vBMD (p < 0,01). Além do mais, ao separarmos por status metabólico, os pacientes descompensados tiveram menor Ct.vBMD em tíbia distal comparados aos controles (p=0,02). Quanto aos parâmetros estruturais, em rádio distal, os pacientes apresentaram menor número de trabéculas (Tb.N; p=0,01), maior espessura trabecular (Tb.Th; p < 0,01) e maior falta da homogeneidade trabecular (SD.1/Tb.N; p=0,02). Na tíbia distal, eles tiveram menor Tb.N (p < 0,01), maior separação trabecular (Tb.Sp; p < 0,01) e maior SD.1/Tb.N (p < 0,01). A avaliação renal foi feita em 39 pacientes com XLHR. A NC foi diagnosticada em 15 (38,5%) pacientes pelas US e TC, principalmente no grupo pediátrico em uso intensivo de fosfato. A US detectou NC em 37 (94,8%), majoritariamente como grau 1 (97%), enquanto a TC identificou NC medular em 15 (38,5%): 10 (66,7%) como grau 1 e cinco (33,3%) como grau 2. Quatro (10,2%) pacientes adultos tinham NL determinada pela CT. Além da hiperfosfatúria presente em todos os pacientes, a hipocitratúria foi a alteração metabólica mais comum (30,7%); somente dois pacientes apresentaram hipercalciúria (5,1%) e nenhum apresentou hiperoxalúria. Conclusões: nesta casuística, a XLHR foi a principal forma hereditária de RQ/OM-FGF23. A HR-pQCT foi mais informativa do que a DXA e o compartimento ósseo trabecular foi mais afetado pela doença, particularmente na tíbia distal. Finalmente, a NC foi mais prevalente que a NL; o principal fator de risco metabólico foi a hiperfosfatúria e o tratamento intensivo com fosfato parece ser um agravante na formação da NC / Background: FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic rickets is a group of diseases characterized by a pathological increase of FGF23 serum levels, resulting in hyperphosphaturia and hypophosphatemia. In this group, the most common form of inheritance is the X-linked dominant (XLHR) caused by inactivating mutations in the PHEX gene. Aims: to identify the molecular basis; to evaluate the bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture; to determinate the prevalence of nephrocalcinosis (NC), nephrolithiasis (NL) and their related metabolic factors in 47 patients with FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemic rickets (16 children and 31 adults). Methods: PHEX and FGF23 were analyzed by conventional Sanger sequencing and MLPA. The areal BMD (aBMD) was evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while the volumetric BMD (vBMD) and the bone microarchitecture were analyzed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). NC was investigated by renal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) and classified using a 0-3 scale (0= no NC and 3= severe NC). The presence of NL was determined by renal CT. Risk factors for NC and NL were evaluated by 24-hour urinary samples. Results: 41 patients (87.2%) presented mutations in PHEX. The bone analysis was made in 38 XLHR patients compared to healthy controls. XLHR patients presented higher aBMD at L1-L4 (p=0.03) and lower aBMD at the distal third of the radius (p < 0.01). At the distal radius, HR-pQCT showed no differences in the vBMD neither in its trabecular (Tb.vBMD) and cortical (Ct.vBMD) components. At the distal tibia, the XLHR patients showed lower Total.vBMD (p < 0.01) compared to controls due to decreased Tb.vBMD (p < 0.01). Moreover, after XLHR patients were sorted by metabolic status, the noncompensated ones revealed lower Ct.vBMD at the distal tibia compared to their respective controls (p=0.02). Regarding to the microarchitectural parameters, at the distal radius, XLHR patients showed lower trabecular number (Tb.N; p=0.01), greater trabecular thickness (Tb.Th; p < 0.01) and more inhomogeneous trabecular network (SD.1/Tb.N; p=0.02). At the distal tibia, they had lower Tb.N (p < 0.01), larger trabecular separation (Tb.Sp; p < 0.01) and greater SD.1/Tb.N (p < 0.01). The renal assessment was done in 39 XLHR patients. NC was diagnosed in 15 (38.5%) patients by US and CT, mainly in the pediatric group that was in phosphate treatment. US identified NC in 37 (94.8%), mostly as grade 1 (97%), meanwhile CT determined medullary NC in 15 (38.5%) patients: 10 (66.7%) as grade 1 and five (33.3%) as grade 2. Four (10.2%) adults patients had NL determined by CT. Besides hyperphosphaturia present in all XLHR patients, hypocitraturia was the most common metabolic factor (30.7%); hypercalciuria occurred in only two patients (5.1%) and none had hyperoxaluria. Conclusions: in our cohort, XLHR was the most prevalent form of FGF23-mediated inherited hypophosphatemic rickets. HR-pQCT was more informative than DXA and the cancellous bone compartment was the most affected by the disease particularly at the distal tibia. Finally, NC was more prevalent than NL; the main metabolic risk factor was hyperphosphaturia and the intensive treatment with phosphate seems to be an aggravating factor in the formation of NC

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:21:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao luciana pimenta e silva machado.pdf: 1454474 bytes, checksum: 09a4d7c1496bba377b1749ce79194bbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / The aim of this study was to investigate the opinion of specialists in radiology, from different parts of the world, regarding to the proposed criteria for image acquisition and interpretation by Computed Tomography (CT), Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and Resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing temporomandibular joint disorders (DATM) as part of Diagnostic Criteria for Research of Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Radiology specialists were invited by email to participate as volunteers in the study from three different eligible populations: researchers with publication DATM indexed on PubMed, ORADLIST members and individual contact. The link to access the questionnaire was mailed to volunteers interested in participating who matched the inclusion criteria. The sample was composed of specialists in radiology with experience in the interpretation of sectional images (CT, CBCT and/or MRI) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) who answered a questionnaire in English, which was developed and maintained online (LimeSurvey 1.87+). In a three months period, two recalls were sent and a period of 40 days after the last notification was given for responses submission. The questionnaire was divided into three parts with closed and open questions. Part I was related to issues of participant identification (gender, age, country of activity, area of activity, time and experience as a radiologist in the interpretation of sectional images of the TMJ and monthly time dedicated to the activity of interpreting sectional images of ATM). Part II contained questions related to the adequacy of the proposed criteria for the interpretation of sectional images of the ATM as part of the RDC/TMD. The criteria were presented into two columns' tables and the participants were asked whether that set of criteria was considered adequate or not for assessement and diagnosis of TMJ osseous and non-osseous tissues according to each imaging modality. If the respondent not considered criteria appropriate, he/she should indicate what type of suggestion: if insertion of new items, the modification or deletion of existing items. Part III had questions related to the need to include a minimal technical protocol for TMJ CT, CBCT and MRI acquisition as part of the RDC/TMD. If deemed necessary, the respondent should indicate which would be his/her suggestion protocol for acquisition of each imaging technique (CT, CBCT and MRI). Fifty-seven radiologists from different countries completed the questionnaire. The results indicate that 87 to 98% of radiologists considered the criteria adequate and that 81.6% of respondents considered necessary to include a minimal technical protocol for CT, CBCT and MRI acquisition as part of the RDC/TMD. Two to thirteen percent of respondents suggested insertion, modification and deletion of items in the proposed criteria. Ninety percent of respondents considered necessary to include a minimal technical protocol for CT/CBCT and 81.7% for MRI. We conclude that, according to the opinion of the worldwide community of specialists in radiology, the need for adjustments in the criteria for assessment of sectional images of the ATM is minimal, however, the need for the inclusion of a protocol to acquire minimal technical parameters of those images as part of protocol standardization of studies using the RDC/TMD is clear. / O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a opinião de especialistas em radiologia, de várias partes do mundo, quanto aos critérios propostos para aquisição e interpretação de imagens por Tomografia Computadorizada (TC), Tomografia Computadorizada por Feixe Cônico (TCFC) e Ressonância Magnética (RM) no diagnóstico das desordens da articulação temporomandibular (DATM) como parte dos Critérios de Diagnóstico para Pesquisa das Desordens emporomandibulares (RDC/TMD). Especialistas em radiologia foram convidados por meio de e-mail a participar como voluntários do estudo a partir de três diferentes populações elegíveis: pesquisadores com publicação indexada sobre DATM no PubMed, membros da ORADLIST e contato individual. O link de acesso ao questionário foi enviado por email aos voluntários interessados em participar os quais preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A amostra foi composta por especialistas em radiologia com experiência na interpretação de imagens seccionais (TC, TCFC e/ou RM) da articulação temporomandibular (ATM) que responderam um questionário na língua inglesa, desenvolvido e mantido online (LimeSurvey 1.87+). Num período de três meses, duas notificações foram enviadas e um prazo de 40 dias após a última notificação foi estabelecido para o envio das respostas. O questionário foi dividido em três partes com perguntas fechadas e abertas. A parte I relacionava-se às questões de identificação do participante (gênero, idade, país de atuação, área de atividade, tempo de experiência como radiologista e na interpretação de imagens seccionais da ATM e o tempo de dedicação mensal à atividade de interpretar imagens seccionais da ATM). A parte II continha questões relacionadas à adequação dos critérios propostos para interpretação das imagens seccionais da ATM como parte do RDC/TMD. Os critérios foram apresentados em tabelas de duas colunas e os participantes eram questionados se aquele conjunto de critérios era considerado adequado ou não para a interpretação e diagnóstico dos tecidos ósseos e não-ósseos da ATM de acordo com cada modalidade de imagem. Caso não os considerasse adequado, deveria indicar qual o tipo de sugestão: se inserção de novos items, a modificação ou eliminação de itens existentes. A parte III continha perguntas relacionadas à necessidade de se incluir um protocolo técnico mínimo para a aquisição de TC, TCFC e RM como parte do RDC/TMD. Caso considerasse necessário, deveria indicar qual seria sua sugestão de protocolo para aquisição de cada uma das técnicas de imagem (TC, TCFC e RM). Cinqüenta e sete radiologistas de vários países responderam o questionário. Os resultados indicam que 87 a 98% dos radiologistas consideraram os critérios adequados e que 81,6% dos respondentes consideram necessária a inclusão de um protocolo técnico mínimo para aquisição das imagens por TC, TCFC e RM como parte do RDC/TMD. Dois a treze porcento dos respondentes sugeriram inserção, modificação e eliminação de items nos critérios propostos. Noventa porcento dos respondentes consideram necessária a inclusão de protocolo técnico mínimo para TC/TCFC e 81.7% para a RM. Conclui-se que, de acordo com a opinião da comunidade mundial de especialistas em radiologia, é mínima a necessidade de ajustes nos critérios para interpretação de imagens seccionais da ATM, entretanto, é clara a necessidade da inclusão de um protocolo técnico mínimo para a aquisição das referidas imagens como parte do protocolo de normatização das pesquisas que utilizam o RDC/TMD.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estenose e obstruções venosas são achados frequentes após o implante de cabos-eletrodos transvenosos. Manifestações clínicas dessas lesões venosas, entretanto, são raramente reportadas. Embora exista consenso de que fenômenos tromboembólicos sejam mais comuns após reoperações que envolvam o implante de novos cabos-eletrodos ou procedimentos de extração transvenosa, ainda não existem evidências que comprovem essa observação. OBJETIVOS: Em pacientes submetidos a reoperações para corrigir disfunção em cabos-eletrodos ou para mudar o modo de estimulação, o estudo visou identificar: a) a incidência de tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) e de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) do membro superior ipsilateral ao procedimento; b) a prevalência de lesões venosas prévias ao procedimento cirúrgico, pelo estudo venográfico, e a ocorrência de modificações desse padrão seis meses após o procedimento; e c) fatores prognósticos para a ocorrência dos eventos clínicos e das alterações venográficas. MÉTODOS: No período de abril de 2013 a julho de 2016 foram estudados 84 pacientes. A avaliação pré-operatória incluiu: ultrassonografia com doppler dos membros superiores, angiotomografia de tórax com protocolo para TEP, venografia por subtração digital e coleta de biomarcadores laboratoriais específicos do sistema de coagulação e hemostasia. Os exames diagnósticos foram repetidos no momento pós-operatório para detectar os desfechos do estudo. Todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses. Os desfechos primários foram a ocorrência de TEP ou TVP em até 30 dias após o procedimento. Os desfechos secundários foram as alterações venográficas no sexto mês após a intervenção cirúrgica. Na análise da associação das variáveis demográficas, clínicas, operatórias e laboratoriais com os desfechos do estudo, empregou-se os testes Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher ou \"t\" de Student. Modelos de regressão logística multivariados foram utilizados para identificar fatores prognósticos. RESULTADOS: Entre os 84 pacientes incluídos, houve equilíbrio entre os sexos e a idade média de 59,3 ± 15,2 anos. O principal motivo para realizar o procedimento cirúrgico foi a disfunção de cabos-eletrodos (75%). A remoção de cabos-eletrodos foi efetuada em 52,4% dos casos. A taxa de eventos clínicos e subclínicos pós-operatórios foi de 35,7%, representada por TVP em 24 (28,6%) casos e TEP em seis (7,1%). Alterações no padrão venográfico seis meses após a operação foram identificadas em 34,5% dos pacientes. Os fatores prognósticos independentes para TVP foram: a presença de circulação colateral significativa na venografia pré-operatória ([odds ratio (OR) = 4,7]), (intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%); 1,1 - 19,8; P = 0,037), a extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos (OR = 27,4; IC 95%; 5,8 - 128,8; P < 0,0001) e o aumento do fibrinogênio no pós-operatório (OR = 1,02; IC 95%; 1,01 - 1,03; P = 0,018). O histórico de tabagismo foi o único fator prognóstico relacionado com a ocorrência de TEP (OR = 14,6; IC 95%; 2,3 - 91,8; P = 0,004). Somente a extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos foi fator prognóstico independente (OR = 5,0; IC 95%; 1,6 - 15,4; P = 0,004) para alterações venográficas pós-operatórias. CONCLUSÃO: Reoperações envolvendo o manuseio de território venoso com cabos-eletrodos previamente implantados apresentam elevados índices de complicações tromboembólicas e de alterações venográficas. Extração transvenosa de cabos-eletrodos apresentou impacto significativo no desenvolvimento de TVP e de alterações venográficas. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de novos estudos específicos para avaliar o papel de estratégias preventivas para esse subgrupo de pacientes / INTRODUCTION: Venous stenosis or occlusion is a frequent finding in patients with previously-implanted transvenous leads. Clinical manifestations of these venous lesions, however, are rarely reported. Although there is a consensus that thromboembolic events are more frequent after reoperation involving the implantation of new leads or lead removal, there is still no evidence to support this observation. OBJECTIVES: In patients submitted to reoperations due to lead dysfunction or device upgrade, the study aimed to determine: a) the incidence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) ipsilateral to the cardiac device; b) the prevalence of venous lesions determined by preoperative venography, and the occurrence of modifications or progression of these lesions six months after the procedure; and c) prognostic factors for clinical and venographic outcomes. METHODS: From April/2013 to July/2016, 84 patients were studied. The preoperative evaluation included: upper extremity venous ultrasound, computed tomography pulmonary angiography, digital subtraction venography and specific laboratory tests for coagulation and hemostasis. Diagnostic exams were repeated postoperatively to detect the study outcomes. All patients were followed for 12 months. Primary outcomes were occurrence of PE or UEDVT within 30 days after the procedure. Secondary outcomes were venographic changes six months after the surgical intervention. Student\'s t test, Chi-square or Fisher\'s Exact test were used in the univariate analysis of demographic, clinical, operative and laboratory variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify prognostic factors. RESULTS: Among the 84 patients included, there was a balance between gender and the mean age was 59.3 ± 15.2 years. Lead malfunctioning (75%) was the main surgical procedure indication. Lead removal was performed in 52.4% of the cases. The rate of postoperative clinical and subclinical events was 35.7%, represented by UEDVT in 24 (28.6%) cases and PE in 6 (7.1%). Alterations in the venography findings six months after the surgery were identified in 34.5% of the patients. Independent prognostic factors for UEDVT were: the presence of significant collateral circulation in the preoperative venography ([odds ratio (OR)= 4.7; [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1 - 19.8; P=0.037), transvenous lead extraction (OR= 27.4; 95% CI 5.8-128.8; P < 0.0001) and fibrinogen variation (OR= 1.02; 95% CI 1.01 - 1.03; P=0.018). Smoking history was the only prognostic factor related to the occurrence of PE (OR= 14.6; 95% CI 2.3 - 91.8; P=0,004). Transvenous lead extraction was the only independent prognostic factor (OR= 5.0; 95% CI 1.6 - 15.4; P=0.004) for postoperative venographic endpoints. CONCLUSION: Reoperations involving previously transvenous implanted leads present high rates of thromboembolic complications and venographic alterations. Transvenous lead extraction had a significant impact on the development of UEDVT and venographic alterations. These results show the need for further studies to evaluate the role of preventive strategies for this subgroup of patients

This work focuses on using the linear prediction based projection completion for the fan-beam and cone-beam reconstruction algorithm with no backprojection weight. The truncated data problems are addressed in the computed tomography research. However, the image reconstruction from truncated data perfectly has not been achieved yet and only approximately accurate solutions have been obtained. Thus research in this area continues to strive to obtain close result to the perfect. Linear prediction techniques are adopted for truncation completion in this work, because previous research on the truncated data problems also have shown that this technique works well compared to some other techniques like polynomial fitting and iterative based methods. The Linear prediction technique is a model based technique. The autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) are the two important models along with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. The AR model is used in this work because of the simplicity it provides in calculating the prediction coefficients. The order of the model is chosen based on the partial autocorrelation function of the projection data proved in the previous researches that have been carried out in this area of interest. The truncated projection completion using linear prediction and windowed linear prediction show that reasonably accurate reconstruction is achieved. The windowed linear prediction provide better estimate of the missing data, the reason for this is mentioned in the literature and is restated for the reader’s convenience in this work. The advantages associated with the fan-beam reconstruction algorithms with no backprojection weights compared to the fan-beam reconstruction algorithm with backprojection weights motivated us to use the fan-beam reconstruction algorithm with no backprojection weight for reconstructing the truncation completed projection data. The results obtained are compared with the previous work which used conventional fan-beam reconstruction algorithms with backprojection weight. The intensity plots and the noise performance results show improvements resulting from using the fan-beam reconstruction algorithm with no backprojection weight. The work is also extended to the Feldkamp, Davis, and Kress (FDK) reconstruction algorithm with no backprojection weight for the helical scanning geometry and the results obtained are compared with the FDK reconstruction algorithm with backprojection weight for the helical scanning geometry.

INTRODUÇÃO: Não obstante os bons resultados e reprodutibilidade da derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR), discutem-se ainda aspectos técnicos que podem influenciar tanto o resultado na perda de peso, como a qualidade de vida pós-operatória (PO). Atribui-se hoje a efeitos restritivos, como volume da bolsa gástrica e sua velocidade de esvaziamento, assim como a fatores metabólicos, o resultado da cirurgia. As influências morfofuncionais não são totalmente compreendidas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do volume da bolsa gástrica e sua velocidade de esvaziamento sobre a perda de peso e a tolerância alimentar no PO de DGYR. MÉTODO: Pacientes em PO tardio de DGYR; foram avaliados a percentagem de perda de excesso de peso (%PEP), reganho de peso (%PEPreganho), tolerância alimentar por questionário de tolerância (ES), volume da bolsa (V) por tomografia computadorizada tridimensional (TC3D) e velocidade de esvaziamento da bolsa por cintilografia, avaliada por percentual de retenção (%Ret) em 1, 2 e 4 horas. Foram identificados pontos de corte para V e %Ret em 1 hora (%Ret1). A partir destes parâmetros a amostra foi categorizada por V e %Ret1, e os dados correlacionados com resultados em perda de peso e tolerância alimentar. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 67 pacientes. A idade mediana foi 51 anos, 91,04% sexo feminino, e IMC mediano inicial de 51,44 kg/m2. O tempo de seguimento PO mediano foi de 47 meses. A amostra apresentou 60,27%PEPnadir como mediana da maior perda de peso PO e 16,13%PEPreganho. A mediana de V foi de 28mL; a %Ret em 1, 2, 4 horas foras foram 8%, 2%, 1%, respectivamente. A pontuação mediana do ES foi 21. Os pontos de corte considerados foram V=40mL, e %Ret1 de 12% e 25%. Foram comparados subgrupos por V (V <= 40mL, V > 40mL) e por %Ret1 (%Ret1 <= 12%, 12%<%Ret1 < 25%, e %Ret1>=25%). Na análise categorizada por V, houve associação entre V <= 40mL e maior velocidade de esvaziamento até 2 horas (V <= 40mL: %Ret1=6, %Ret2=2, p=0,009; V > 40mL: %Ret1=44, %Ret2=13,5, p=0,045). Na análise categorizada por %Ret1, observou-se associação entre maior velocidade de esvaziamento em 1 hora e melhor evolução ponderal tardia, representada por menor %PEPreganho (p=0,036), e maior %PEPatual (p=0,033) no grupo com %Ret1 <= 12%. Na avaliação do ES, associou-se melhor tolerância alimentar (ES > 24) e menor %Ret1 (p=0,003). CONCLUSÕES: Houve associação do volume da bolsa gástrica com a velocidade de esvaziamento. O esvaziamento mais rápido correlacionou-se com maior %PEP tardia, menor reganho de peso e melhor tolerância alimentar. Estes dados sugeriram que a presença de bolsa gástrica pequena, com menos de 40 mL, e com rápido esvaziamento, são parâmetros importantes para adequado resultado tardio na DGYR. O uso da TC3D e da cintilografia para avaliação morfofuncional da DGYR podem contribuir para investigação do reganho de peso e intolerância alimentar PO / INTRODUCTION: Despite the good results and good reproducibility of the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP), discussions about technical aspects still remain. Postoperative anatomy can influence the result in weight loss, as the postoperative (PO) quality-of-life. Surgical results are nowadays attributed to restriction, promoted by the small neo-stomach volume and its emptying, as well as metabolic factors. These anatomical and functional influences on surgical results are often poorly evaluated, and yet not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the gastric pouch volume and its emptying rate on weight loss, and food tolerance, in the late PO of GBP. METHOD: Patients followed-up at HC-FMUSP in late PO of GBP; percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), weight regained (%EWLregain), food tolerance with specific questionnaire (Suter Score, SS), gastric pouch volumetry (V) by three-dimensional computed tomography (CT3D), and pouch emptying rate by scintigraphy, evaluated by retention percentage (%Ret) in 1, 2, 4 hours, were assessed. Cutoffs were identified for %Ret at 1 hour (%Ret1) and V. From these parameters the sample was categorized by V and %Ret1, looking for associations between V and %Ret and results in weight loss and food tolerance. RESULTS: Eighty patients were enrolled and 67 completed the study. The median age was 51 years, 91.04% were female, with initial median BMI of 51.44 kg/m2. The PO median follow-up time was 47 months. The sample showed median of 60.27% as EWLnadir as PO better weight loss, with 16.13% of EWLregain. The median V was 28mL; %Ret at 1, 2, 4 hours were 8%, 2%, 1%, respectively. The median score of SS was 21. The cutoff points considered were V=40mL, and %Ret1=12% and 25%. Subgroups were compared by V (V <= 40mL, V > 40mL) and Ret1% (%Ret1 <= 12%, 12% < %Ret1 < 25%, and %Ret1 >= 25%). The categorized analysis by V found associations between V<=40mL and higher emptying speeds up to 2 hours (V <= 40mL: %Ret1=6, %Ret2=2, p=0.009; V > 40mL: %Ret1=44, %Ret2=13.5, p=0.045). In the categorized analysis by %Ret1, it was found association between higher emptying speed in 1 hour and higher late PO weight loss, represented by lower %EWLregain (p=0.036), and higher late %EWL (p=0.033) in the group with %Ret1<=12%, compared to the group %Ret1 >= 25%. Better food tolerance, assessed by Suter questionnaire (SS > 24), was associated with lower %Ret1 (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: There was an association between gastric pouch volume and emptying rate. Smaller gastric pouch have shown faster gastric emptying. The fastest gastric emptying was correlated with higher late %EWL, less weight regain and better PO food tolerance. These data suggest that the construction of small gastric pouch, with less than 40 mL, and with rapid emptying rate, are important parameters for good outcomes in late postoperative in GBP. The use of CT3D and scintigraphy for morphological and functional assessment of GBP can contribute in the evaluation of possible causes of late postoperative weight regain and food intolerance

Introdução: No momento, pouco se conhece sobre o desempenho diagnóstico da angiotomografia de coronárias com 64 colunas de detectores (Angio-TC 64) frente aos achados do ultrassom intracoronário com técnica de histologia virtual (USIC-HV). Este estudo compara a capacidade diagnóstica de ambos os métodos para a avaliação das dimensões vasculares e para avaliação da composição da placa aterosclerótica através da análise de toda extensão dos três vasos epicárdicos principais. Métodos e Resultados: Um total de 21 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença arterial coronária obstrutiva foi incluído neste estudo. Angio-TC 64 foi realizada em todos os pacientes antes da realização do USIC-HV, com intervalo<72horas entre os dois exames. No total, 70 vasos foram avaliados (3,3 vasos por paciente) e divididos em 641 subsegmentos de 4 mm de extensão cada. Um total de 5.972 cortes seccionais de USIC-HV e 5.233 cortes seccionais da Angio-TC 64 foram analisados. As medidas de área luminar, área do vaso, área da parede arterial e carga de placa à Angio-TC 64 e ao USIC-HV foram significativamente correlacionadas (r-Spearman: 0,81; 0,78; 0,55 e 0,49; respectivamente - p<0,001 para todas as correlações). A Angio-TC 64 subestimou a área luminar ao USIC-HV (em mediana: 0,4mm2 ,variando entre -5,6 mm2 e 10,2 mm2). A Angio-TC 64 superestimou a área do vaso, a área da parede arterial (placa+média) e a carga de placa (em mediana: 3,0 mm2; 3,2 mm2 e 13,9%, respectivamente). O aumento da densidade média da placa à Angio-TC 64 foi significativamente associado com o aumento da contribuição percentual dos componentes cálcio denso e núcleo necrótico ao USIC-HV. O aumento da densidade média da placa à Angio-TC 64 foi significativamente associado com a diminuição da contribuição percentual do componente fibro-lipídico ao USIC-HV. Parâmetros de qualidade da imagem (atenuação luminar, ruído da atenuação luminar e relação sinal ruído) influenciaram significativamente os resultados da Angio-TC 64. Conclusão: Nosso estudo demonstra que as imagens da Angio-TC 64 se correlacionam significativamente com as imagens do USIC-HV. Estes achados indicam que a Angio-TC 64 pode ser uma ferramenta útil para a avaliação quantitativa da luz arterial e da placa aterosclerótica; bem como para a avaliação da composição da placa aterosclerótica in vivo / Background: Currently, little is known about the comparative diagnostic performance for coronary assessment of 64-slice multidetector computed tomography (64-MDCT) versus virtual histology intravascular ultrasound technique (VH-IVUS). The present study compares the diagnostic ability of both methods for the evaluation of coronary lumen and vessel wall dimensions as well as plaque composition in a three-vessel whole-artery analysis protocol. Methods and Results: A total of 21 patients with diagnosed obstructive coronary artery disease was included. 64-MDCT was performed within 72 hours before the VH-IVUS examination. Overall, 70 vessels were imaged (3.3 vessels per patient), and divided into 641 subsegments of 4 mm each. A total of 5,972 VH-IVUS cross-sections and 5,233 64-MDCT cross-sections were analyzed. 64-MDCT and VH-IVUS measurements for luminar area, vessel area, arterial wall area (plaque plus media area) and plaque burden were significantly correlated (r-Spearman: 0.81; 0.78; 0.55 e 0.49; respectively - p<0,001 for all correlations). 64-MDCT underestimated VH-IVUS measurements for luminar area (median: 0.4mm2, range: -5.6 mm2 to 10,2 mm2). 64-MDCT overestimated VH-IVUS measurements for vessel area, arterial wall area, and plaque burden (median: 3.0 mm2; 3.2 mm2 e 13.9%, respectively). Increasing plaque density at 64-MDCT was significantly associated with increasing dense calcium and necrotic core percent composition at VH-IVUS. Increasing plaque density at 64-MDCT was significantly associated with decreasing fibrofatty percent composition, and decreasing necrosis-to-calcium ratio at VH-IVUS. Image quality parameters (i.e. lumen attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio) significantly influenced the results of 64-MDCT. Conclusion: Our study shows that 64-MDCT imaging significantly correlates with VH-IVUS. These findings indicate that 64-MDCT may be a useful non-invasive tool for quantitative evaluation of lumen and plaque parameters, as well as for the in vivo assessment of atherosclerotic plaque composition

The diploma thesis deals with the design of three length standards, which will serve to ensure metrological traceability between Rigaku nano3DX, SIOS NMM-1, Zeiss UPMC Carat 850 and other devices located at ÚVSSR BUT and CEITEC Brno. The first part of the thesis focuses on the theoretical acquaintance with concepts closely related to the issue of ensuring metrological traceability. In addition, this section deals with computed tomography and the description of individual devices. The second part of the thesis is devoted to design, production process and testing of individual standards. The last part describes the ensuring the calibration of the smallest standard, the so-called Nano standard and the calculation of the uncertainty of measuring its calibrated length. At the end of the thesis, the outputs of these activities are evaluated.

La tomodensitométrie par rayons-X (CT) est une modalité d’imagerie produisant une carte tridimensionnelle du coefficient d’atténuation des rayons-X d’un objet. En radiothérapie, le CT fournit de l’information anatomique et quantitative sur le patient afin de permettre la planification du traitement et le calcul de la dose de radiation à livrer. Le CT a plusieurs problèmes, notamment (1) une limitation au niveau de l’exactitude des paramètres physiques quantitatifs extraits du patient, et (2) une sensibilité aux biais causés par des artéfacts de durcissement du faisceau. Enfin, (3) dans le cas où le CT est fait en présence d’un agent de contraste pour améliorer la planification du traitement, il est nécessaire d’effectuer un deuxième CT sans agent de contraste à des fins de calcul de dose, ce qui augmente la dose au patient. Ces trois problèmes limitent l’efficacité du CT pour certaines modalités de traitement qui sont plus sensibles aux incertitudes comme la protonthérapie. Le CT spectral regroupe un ensemble de méthodes pour produire plusieurs cartes d’atténuation des rayons-X moyennées sur différentes plages énergétiques. L’information supplémentaire, pondérée en énergie qui est obtenue permet une meilleure caractérisation des matériaux analysés. Le potentiel de l’une de ces modalités spectrales, le CT bi-énergie (DECT), est déjà bien démontré en radiothérapie, alors qu’une approche en plein essor, le CT spectral à comptage de photons (SPCCT), promet davantage d’information spectrale à l’aide de détecteurs discriminateurs en énergie. Par contre, le SPCCT souffre d’un bruit plus important et d’un conditionnement réduit. Cette thèse investigue la question suivante : y a-t-il un bénéfice à utiliser plus d’information résolue en énergie, mais de qualité réduite pour la radiothérapie ? La question est étudiée dans le contexte des trois problèmes ci-haut. Tout d’abord, un estimateur maximum a posteriori (MAP) est introduit au niveau de la caractérisation des tissus post-reconstruction afin de débruiter les données du CT spectral. L’approche est validée expérimentalement sur un DECT. Le niveau de bruit du pouvoir d’arrêt des protons diminue en moyenne d’un facteur 3.2 à l’aide de l’estimateur MAP. Celui-ci permet également de conserver généralement le caractère quantitatif des paramètres physiques estimés, le pouvoir d’arrêt variant en moyenne de 0.9% par rapport à l’approche conventionnelle. Ensuite, l’estimateur MAP est adapté au contexte de l’imagerie avec agent de contraste. Les résultats numériques démontrent un bénéfice clair à utiliser le SPCCT pour l’imagerie virtuellement sans contraste par rapport au DECT, avec une réduction de l’erreur RMS sur le pouvoir d’arrêt des protons de 2.7 à 1.4%. Troisièmement, les outils développés ci-haut sont validés expérimentalement sur un micro-SPCCT de la compagnie MARS Bioimaging, dont le détecteur à comptage de photons est le Medipix 3, qui est utilisé pour le suivi de particules au CERN. De légers bénéfices au niveau de l’estimation des propriétés physiques à l’aide du SPCCT par rapport au DECT sont obtenus pour des matériaux substituts à des tissus humains. Finalement, une nouvelle paramétrisation du coefficient d’atténuation pour l’imagerie pré-reconstruction est proposée, dans le but ultime de corriger les artéfacts de durcissement du faisceau. La paramétrisation proposée élimine les biais au niveau de l’exactitude de la caractérisation des tissus humains par rapport aux paramétrisations existantes. Cependant, aucun avantage n’a été obtenu à l’aide du SPCCT par rapport au DECT, ce qui suggère qu’il est nécessaire d’incorporer l’estimation MAP dans l’imagerie pré-reconstruction via une approche de reconstruction itérative. / X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an imaging modality that produces a tridimensional map of the attenuation of X-rays by the scanned object. In radiation therapy, CT provides anatomical and quantitative information on the patient that is required for treatment planning. However, CT has some issues, notably (1) a limited accuracy in the estimation of quantitative physical parameters of the patient, and (2) a sensitivity to biases caused by beam hardening artifacts. Finally, (3) in the case where contrast-enhanced CT is performed to help treatment planning, a second scan with no contrast agent is required for dose calculation purposes, which increases the overall dose to the patient. Those 3 problems limit the efficiency of CT for some treatment modalities more sensitive to uncertainties, such as proton therapy. Spectral CT regroups a set of methods that allows the production of multiple X-ray attenuation maps evaluated over various energy windows. The additional energy-weighted information that is obtained allows better material characterization. The potential of one spectral CT modality, dual-energy CT (DECT), is already well demonstrated for radiation therapy, while an upcoming method, spectral photon counting CT (SPCCT), promises more spectral information with the help of energy discriminating detectors. Unfortunately, SPCCT suffers from increased noise and poor conditioning. This thesis thus investigates the following question: is there a benefit to using more, but lower quality energy-resolved information for radiotherapy? The question is studied in the context of the three problems discussed earlier. First, a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator is introduced for post-reconstruction tissue characterization for denoising purposes in spectral CT. The estimator is validated experimentally using a commercial DECT. The noise level on the proton stopping power is reduced, on average, by a factor of 3.2 with the MAP estimator. The estimator also generally con- serves the quantitative accuracy of estimated physical parameters. For instance, the stopping power varies on average by 0.9% with respect to the conventional approach. Then, the MAP estimation framework is adapted to the context of contrast-enhanced imaging. Numerical results show clear benefits when using SPCCT for virtual non-contrast imaging compared to DECT, with a reduction of the RMS error on the proton stopping power from 2.7 to 1.4%. Third, the developed tools are validated experimentally on a micro-SPCCT from MARS Bioimaging, which uses the Medipix 3 chip as a photon counting detector. Small benefits in the accuracy of physical parameters of tissue substitutes materials are obtained. Finally, a new parametrization of the attenuation coefficient for pre-reconstruction imaging is pro- posed, whose ultimate aim is to correct beam hardening artifacts. In a simulation study, the proposed parametrization eliminates all biases in the estimated physical parameters of human tissues, which is an improvement upon existing parametrizations. However, no ad- vantage has been obtained with SPCCT compared to DECT, which suggests the need to incorporate MAP estimation in the pre-reconstruction framework using an iterative reconstruction approach.