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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

New Materials for Spintronics : Electronic structure and magnetism

Knut, Ronny January 2012 (has links)
Materials exhibiting new functionalities due to interdependent electric (e.g. conductivity) and magnetic properties are potentially interesting for spintronics applications. We have investigated electronic and magnetic properties by means of x-ray spectroscopies and SQUID magnetometry in several magnetic materials, often in the form of thin films, which have shown promising properties for applications. One of the main subjects has been studies of inter-diffusion between layers in multilayer structures, which is an important factor for spin-dependent transport and magnetic properties. These studies have been performed by high kinetic (HIKE) photoemission spectroscopy where high photon energies increase the bulk sensitivity in comparison to soft x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Cu/Ni multilayers were studied mainly as a model system and revealed a diffusion process that was dependent on layer thicknesses and capping materials. CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB, which is used as a magnetic field sensor in hard drives, has recently been shown to exhibit a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) switchable by electric fields. We have studied both the interface quality and magnetic properties of thin CoFeB layers exhibiting PMA. Layered structures of full Heusler alloys Co2MnGe/Rh2CuSn have been proposed as a promising candidate for current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magneto-resistance sensors. Using HIKE,we have shown that diffusion of atoms, mainly Mn, occurs at temperatures lower than what is used in device fabrication, which likely contributes to the limited magneto-resistance values obtained. Lately, a large body of research has been performed on semiconductors doped with transition metal elements with the hope to find a ferromagnetic semiconductor at room temperature, a foundation for new devices combining spin and charge in their functionality. We have investigated Co and Fe doping in ZnO for different concentrations of the dopants and different annealing temperatures. The Co and Fe atoms are shown to forms clusters for which antiferromagnetic interactions are dominating.
192

Surface chemistry of Al and Si (hydr)oxides, with emphasis on nano-sized gibbsite (α-Al(OH)3)

Rosenqvist, Jörgen January 2002 (has links)
This thesis contains an introduction to the surface chemistry of minerals in aqueous environment, and a summary of five manuscripts concerning adsorption reactions at the surfaces of nano-sized gibbsite (α-Al(OH)3), amorphous silica and kaolinite. Nano-sized gibbsite was synthesized and thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption of protons and the development of charge at the surfaces were studied using high precision potentiometry and zeta potential measurements. The results showed that singly coordinated surface sites at the particle edges protonate/deprotonate, while ion pairs with the medium ions are formed at doubly coordinated surface sites at the basal planes. This ion pair formation is a slow reaction, requiring long equilibrium times. The adsorption of o-phthalate, maleate, fumarate, malonate and oxalate onto gibbsite surfaces was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, adsorption measurements and theoretical frequency calculations. All ligands were found to form outer-sphere complexes at the basal planes. Significant amounts of inner-sphere complexes at the particle edges were found for malonate and oxalate only. The observed adsorption was described using surface complexation models. The proton reactions at the surface of amorphous silica were described using a two-site model. XPS indicated that Na+ is accumulated in the vicinity of the surface. Proton reactions at kaolinite surfaces were explained using a nonelectrostatic model, assuming that only the aluminol and silanol sites at the particle edges are reactive. Extensive modeling provided support for this assumption.
193

Surface Characterisation Using ToF-SIMS, AES and XPS of Silane Films and Organic Coatings Deposited on Metal Substrates

Bexell, Ulf January 2003 (has links)
This work focuses on the surface and interfacial characterisation of silane films of a non-organofunctional silane, 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE), and an organofunctional silane, γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS), deposited on Al, Zn and Al-43.4Zn-1.6Si (AlZn) alloy coated steel. Furthermore, a tribological study of a vegetable oil coupled to an aluminium surface pre-treated with γ-MPS is presented and, finally, the tribological response of thin organic coatings exposed to a sliding contact as evaluated by surface analysis is discussed. The main analyses techniques used were time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results presented in this thesis show that the combination of ToF-SIMS, AES and XPS analysis can be used in order to obtain useful and complementary information regarding the surface and interface characteristics of silane films and organic coatings deposited on metal substrates. The major result regarding the silane films is that the silane film composition/structure is not dependent of pH-value during deposition or type of metal substrate. The presence of Si-O-Me ion fragments in the ToF-SIMS spectra is a strong indication that a chemical interaction between the silane film and the metal substrate exists. Furthermore, it has been shown that it is possible to bond a vegetable oil to a thiol functionalised aluminium surface and to produce a coating thick enough to obtain desired friction and wear characteristics. Finally, the use of ToF-SIMS analysis makes it possible to distinguish between mechanical and tribochemical wear mechanisms.
194

Nuclear Dynamics in X-ray Absorption and Raman Scattering

Minkov, Ivaylo January 2006 (has links)
This thesis presents theoretical studies of several x-ray spectroscopies - x-ray absorption, x-ray photoelectron emission, radiative and non-radiative resonant Raman scattering spectroscopy. The main focus point is investigating the influence of nuclear dynamics on these spectra for a variety of small molecules - naphthalene, biphenyl, ethylene, the water dimer, HCl, CO. The theoretical tools used consist of the basic equations of the relevant x-ray spectroscopy. Wave packet methods are also used. The molecular parameters needed for our simulations are obtained through suitable quantum chemical calculations, based on either wave function or density functional methods. Our simulations are compared to experimental data, where available. Simulations of x-ray absorption and x-ray photoionization spectra for naphthalene and biphenyl show that the spectral shapes are heavily influenced by the joint effect of two factors -- chemical shifts and excitations of vibrational progression. Comparison between the two molecules and also comparison to a reference case -- benzene, provides useful insight into the molecular behavior under core excitation. In a further step, we consider the O1s x-ray photoelectron spectrum of the water dimer. A substantial broadening of the two bands originating from the donor and the acceptor oxygen is found. It is caused by excitations of soft intermolecular vibrational modes, associated with the hydrogen bond. Another strong influence of the nuclear dynamics is clearly seen in the resonant x-ray Raman scattering of HCl. Vibrational collapse is observed experimentally and confirmed theoretically for distinctive situations. This effect allows to eliminate completely the vibrational broadening, and hence, considerably increase the spectral resolution. We considered also the vibrational dynamics in resonant soft x-ray Raman scattering from ethylene. The importance of vibronic coupling and symmetry effects is discussed and emphasized. We obtained excellent agreement with the experimental data. We predict an interference effect in the resonant Auger scattering from fixed-in-space molecules. By exciting a molecule to a dissociative state and measuring the angular distribution of the Auger electrons in coincidence with the molecular ion, one can observe this effect. The interference pattern can be used after Fourier transformation for extracting structural data about the studied system. We have found that two-center interference leads to an enhancement of the recoil effect. Finally, it is shown that core excitation to doubly-excited dissociative Pi state is accompanied by Doppler splitting of the atomic peak in resonant Auger scattering from carbon monoxide. / QC 20100910
195

Near-surface study of structure-property relationships in electrochemically fabricated multi-component catalysts

Rettew, Robert E. 21 September 2011 (has links)
This work outlines a series of developments and discoveries related to surface chemistry of controlled near-surface architectures. Through a combination of various X-ray spectroscopy techniques and innovative electrochemical fabrication techniques, valuable knowledge has been added to the fields of electrochemical fabrication, electrocatalysis, and fundamental surface chemistry. Described here is a specific new development in the technique of surface limited redox replacement (SLRR). This work, along with an accompanying journal publication1, reports the first-ever use of nickel as an intermediary for SLRR. In addition, this work identifies specific deviations from the nominal reaction stoichiometry for SLRR-grown films. This led to the proposal of a new reaction mechanism for the initial stages of the SLRR process, which will assist future fabrication attempts in this field. This work also discovered fundamental changes in Pt overlayer systems as the thickness of the overlayer on a gold support is increased from less than a single atomic monolayer to multilayer thicknesses. It was found that Pt overlayers below a certain threshold thickness exhibited increased affinity for hydroxyl groups, along with an increased propensity for formation of oxide and chloride species. These films were also studied for methanol, carbon monoxide, and ethylene glycol electro-oxidation. Finally, this work reports controlled surface architectures of Pt and Cu deposits on application-oriented TiO₂ nanotube arrays and Au-carbon supports.
196

Mécanismes de corrosion des couches minces d'argent en milieu sulfuré

Li, Ning 06 April 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Les couches minces d'argent (10 nm d'épaisseur) sont largement utilisées dans l'industrie verrière pour leur performance dans l'isolation thermique des bâtiments. Cependant, elles sont sensibles à la corrosion pendant le transport et le stockage. L'objectif de la thèse est de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de sulfuration de ces couches, en solution aqueuse sulfurée, avec un système modèle Ag/Ti/SiO2 préparé par PVD. Le comportement électrochimique, les modifications structurales superficielles, les aspects cinétiques et la chimie de surface ont été étudiés aux échelles macroscopique et atomique. Un comportement électrochimique similaire à celui observé pour des couches épaisses est démontré. Le mécanisme d'adsorption 2D du soufre sur monocristal Ag(111) dans Na2S 1 mM + NaOH 0,1 M a été étudié par EC-STM. Les surstructures (2√3 × 2√3)R.30°, (√3 × √3)R.30° et (√7 × √7)R.19° du soufre adsorbé sont formées successivement, avec l'augmentation du potentiel, jusqu'à la saturation de la surface. Les bords de marches seraient des sites de réaction privilégiés et, en extrapolant à une couche polycristalline orientée préférentiellement (111), ce sont les joints de grains qui joueraient ce rôle. La cinétique de formation spontanée du sulfure d'argent au potentiel de circuit ouvert (OCP) a été suivie in situ par EQCM. La vitesse moyenne de croissance d'Ag2S est estimée à 750 ng.cm-2.min-1. La formation d'Ag2S en îlots 3D est mise en évidence : le taux de recouvrement du sulfure augmente jusqu'à environ 85%, tandis que les îlots croissent en hauteur. La sulfuration augmente la rugosité de surface et détruit la structure stratifiée de l'empilement initial.
197

Etude de couches minces de CuO pour électrode positive à forte capacité surfacique : Application aux microbatteries au lithium

Poinot, Delphine 28 November 2011 (has links) (PDF)
La miniaturisation des appareils électroniques et la multiplication de leur fonctionnalités explique l'intérêt croissant porté aux microsources d'énergie telles que les microbatteries au lithium. Ces dernières sont principalement conçues pour une utilisation rechargeable, mais des systèmes non rechargeables peuvent également êtes envisagés pour certaines applications. Actuellement, la principale limitation de ces systèmes est leur capacité surfacique, n'excédant pas 200 µAh.cm-2. Afin d'obtenir une forte capacité surfacique, nous nous sommes intéressés à CuO, un matériau réagissant avec le lithium suivant un mécanisme de conversion, et présentant une capacité volumique théorique élevée (425 µAh .cm-2.µm-1). Des couches minces de CuO ont ainsi été préparées par pulvérisation radiofréquence à cathode magnétron sous atmosphère réactive (Ar + O2). L'influence des paramètres de dépôts (concentration d'oxygène, pression totale, température des substrats, distance cible-substrat, configuration de la cible) sur leurs propriétés chimiques, morphologiques et structurales a été étudiée. Ces dernières ont également été corrélées à leurs performances électrochimiques, obtenues avec un électrolyte liquide ou un électrolyte solide.
198

Plasma-assisted deposition of nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon films onto polytetrafluoroethylene for biomedical applications

Foursa, Mikhail 05 December 2007
With growing demand for cardiovascular implants, improving the performance of artificial blood-contacting devices is a task that deserves close attention. Current prostheses made of fluorocarbon polymers such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) suffer from early thrombosis and require periodic replacement. A great number of attempts have already been made to improve blood compatibility of artificial surfaces, but only few of them found commercial implementation. One of the surfaces under intensive research for cardiovascular use is amorphous carbon-based coatings produced by means of the plasma-assisted deposition. However, this class of coatings can be produced using various techniques leading to a number of coatings with different properties. Carbon coatings produced in different plasmas may be of hard diamond-like type or soft graphite-like type, doping with different elements also changes the surface structure and properties. Taking this into account, the search for blood-compatible coating requires the understanding of surface composition and structure and its influence on blood-compatibility. This work attempts to advance our knowledge of this field. Here, commercial PTFE thin film was used as a working material, which composition corresponds to the composition of modern ePTFE vascular grafts and which compatibility with blood we tried to improve by deposition of nitrogenated amorphous carbon (a-CN) coatings in the plasma. Biocompatibility was assessed by a number of tests including the interaction with whole blood and various cells such as platelets, endothelial cells, neutrophils, and fibroblasts. Most of tests showed the blood compatibility of coated surface is better than that of untreated PTFE. Physico-chemical and morphological properties of coated surfaces were studied in parallel using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM). Some correlation between the structure of coatings and blood compatibility was inferred. It was found that at first nitrogen incorporation into amorphous carbon film stimulates blood compatibility. However, when nitrogen fraction increases over 23-25 %, no further improvement but reduction of blood compatibility was observed. Conclusion is made that for best biomedical performance, nitrogen percentage in a-CN coatings must be adjusted to the optimum value.
199

Etude par spectroscopies électroniques de la nitruration du phosphure d'indium

Petit, Matthieu 08 November 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Ce mémoire a trait à la nitruration du phosphure d'indium. Le phosphure d'indium est un semiconducteur III-V présentant un fort potentiel dans les domaines de la micro et de l'optoélectronique. La nitruration est un traitement de surface intervenant dans la croissance d'hétérostructures du type InN/InP.<br /> L'étude du processus de nitruration de l'InP(100) nécessite d'avoir une parfaite connaissance de l'état de la surface des substrats. Cette étude a été menée en employant différentes spectroscopies électroniques : spectroscopie des électrons Auger, des photoélectrons X, des pertes d'énergie des électrons et spectroscopie des électrons réfléchis élastiquement. Les effets du bombardement ionique -étape préalable à la nitruration- et du chauffage à une température égale à celle utilisée pour la nitruration ont été analysés. Le bombardement ionique entraîne la création de cristallites d'indium métallique qui subissent une transformation 3D-2D sous l'effet de la température.<br />La nitruration est réalisée dans un bâti ultravide. L'échantillon d'InP est exposé à un flux d'azote actif produit par une source à décharge haute tension. Les espèces azotées consomment les cristallites d'indium métallique précédemment créés par le bombardement ionique pour former de l'InN. Les effets du temps d'exposition au flux d'azote ainsi que de l'incidence du flux par rapport à la surface de l'échantillon ont été étudiés. Il s'est avéré que pour 40 minutes d'exposition sous une incidence rasante l'épaisseur des couches de nitrure était la plus importante. <br />L'étude d'un recuit des monocouches atomiques d'InN sur substrat d'InP à 450°C a montré le pouvoir passivant du film de nitrure puisque aucune détérioration du substrat n'a été constaté alors que la température de congruence de l'InP est de 370°C.
200

Effets de la radiolyse de l'air humide et de l'eau sur la corrosion de la couche d'oxyde du Zircaloy-4 oxydé

Guipponi, Claire 15 December 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Les Colis Standards de Déchets Compactés (CSD-C) sont des déchets issus du retraitement des assemblages de combustibles nucléaires. Ils sont en partie constitués des gaines oxydées de Zircaloy-4. Ces pièces métalliques sont cisaillées avant d'être placées dans un étui en acier et compactées sous forme de galettes. Ces galettes contiennent des traces de produits d'activation, de produits de fission et d'actinides présents à la surface du Zircaloy-4 oxydé. Dans l'hypothèse d'un éventuel stockage en couche géologique profond, le relâchement des radioéléments contenus dans les CSD-C s'effectuerait après l'altération des pièces métalliques par corrosion au contact de l'eau de re-saturation du site. En effet, cette eau, sous forme vapeur lors de l'entreposage (due à l'humidité résiduelle), puis liquide pendant le stockage sera irradiée. L'irradiation provoque le phénomène de radiolyse de l'eau susceptible d'accélérer les processus de corrosion du Zircaloy-4 oxydé. Cette thèse a pour objectifs de comprendre les mécanismes d'altération du Zircaloy-4 oxydé au contact de l'air humide et de l'eau liquide soumis à des rayonnements ionisants. Nous avons choisi de porter notre attention sur l'impact de la radiolyse induite par irradiations protons et par irradiations gamma. Pour cela, différentes atmosphères gazeuses et différents milieux aqueux ont été utilisés. Pour l'atmosphère gazeuse, nous avons fait varier la pression partielle de vapeur d'eau présente dans un mélange représentatif de l'air. Pour l'eau, l'effet de trois compositions de solutions aqueuses sur le comportement du Zircaloy-4 oxydé a été étudié (eau déminéralisée, eau basique et eau simulant l'eau de re-saturation). Nous avons également fait varier l'énergie déposée dans la solution. Deux comportements distincts ont été mis en évidence dans les conditions expérimentales étudiées. La radiolyse de l'air humide donne lieu à des réactions chimiques en surface du Zircaloy-4 oxydé conduisant à la formation du composé Sn3(OH)4(NO3)2 et du complexe [Zr4 (OH)8 (H2 O) 16]8+ . La radiolyse de l'eau augmente la vitesse de dissolution du Zircaloy-4. Ce phénomène semble s'effectuer par formation de l'ion HZrO−3 à la surface de l'oxyde puis par sa mise en solution. Les vitesses de dissolution dépendent des conditions d'irradiations et de la composition initiale de la solution aqueuse. Elles sont de l'ordre de quelques nanomètres par an à quelques micromètres par an.

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