L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier l’intégration, la didactisation et la modification de la théorie ramiste, de son statut et de sa finalité dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle en France, à travers les ouvrages didactiques sur l’écriture musicale. Elle vise à comprendre et à expliquer, d’une part, le remplacement des ouvrages théoriques de Rameau par des ouvrages de ses interprètes et, d’autre part, le rejet de la théorie de la basse fondamentale au début du XIXe siècle. La première partie de la thèse présente l’œuvre théorique de Rameau, la réception, l’interprétation et la propagation de son système par ses contemporains. Dans une deuxième partie, la pratique des partisans ramistes est située dans son contexte (scientifique, socio culturel, éducatif, philosophique et didactique), pour examiner la démarche de ces auteurs, esquisser une typologie de leurs ouvrages et déterminer la place qu’ils occupent dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Enfin, la troisième partie, consacrée à l’analyse des ouvrages didactiques, cherche à faire émerger le rôle de ces médiateurs dans le devenir paradoxal de la théorie ramiste et à dégager les transformations théoriques et didactiques de cette théorie ainsi que les facteurs influençant positivement ou négativement son interprétation et sa diffusion. / This work is concerned with the analysis of the integration, didactisation and modification of Rameau’s theory, as well as of its status and definiteness in the second half of the XVIIIth century in France, via the study of the didactic treatises on music. This thesis aims in understanding and explaining, first, the substitution of the theoretical works of Rameau by the studies of its interpreters, and second, the rejection of the fundamental bass theory in the beginning of the XIXth century. More specifically, the first part of the thesis presents the theoretical work of Rameau, in particular, the reception, interpretation and transmission of his system by his contemporaries. In the second part of the thesis, the practice of Rameau’s supporters is put into context (scientific, socio-cultural, educational, philosophical and didactic), in order to investigate the reasoning of these authors, to outline the typology of their treatises and to determine the significance of their work in the second half of the XVIIIth century. Finally, the third part of this thesis deals with the analysis of the didactic works on music and attempts to bring out the role of Rameau propagators to the paradoxical fate of Rameau’s theory in order to remove its theoretical and didactic transformations as well as to reveal and eliminate the positive or negative influential factors of its interpretation and diffusion.

L’Écosse du XVIIIe siècle connaît de grands changements qui seront à l’aune des transformations socio-économiques sous-tendant sa Révolution industrielle. L’historiographie sur le sujet est divisée entre deux visions du développement – nommées pour le bienfait de cette étude traditionnelle et révisionniste – à savoir si ces transformations valident la notion d’une « révolution agraire ». Cette étude propose une recension de ces deux courants et propose d’appliquer leur analyse sur une région circonscrite, l’Aberdeenshire. À l’aide de l’Old Statistical Account, source majeure pour l’étude de l’histoire moderne écossaise, nous tenterons de démontrer que le caractère particulier du développement des régions ne correspond pas à l’application des conclusions nationales. Nous accorderons une attention spéciale à la propriété foncière, à l’impact des enclosures et à la temporalité des changements. De par ses spécificités, et son retard de modernisation agraire et agricole, nous croyons que la région suit le schéma dressé par les historiens révisionnistes, c.-à-d. des changements structurels s’étendant sur un temps long et ne s’inscrivant pas directement dans la période 1755-1815, traditionnellement désignée comme « révolution agraire ». Il s’agirait plutôt d’une adaptation partielle et originale des nouvelles idées mises de l’avant par les protagonistes de la modernisation. / During the eighteenth century, Scotland underwent numerous structural changes that ultimately led to its entry into the Industrial Revolution. Concerning its historiography, there is an ongoing debate between two factions – named for the purpose of this study traditionalists and revisionists – in order to determine the validity of the “Agricultural revolution” notion of development. This study aims to explore both visions and to apply their conclusions to a particular region, in this case Aberdeenshire. Using the Old Statistical Account, one of the major documentary resources concerning Scottish modern history, we will try to demonstrate that the regional experience of development differs from the general assertions applied to Scotland. We will focus on land property, the impact of enclosures and the timeframe of the changes. Owing to its specific characteristics, we believe that the entry of Aberdeenshire into agricultural modernity followed the path of long-term structural changes, as favoured by the writers of the revisionist persuasion. In other words, this region did not experience but more or less adapted the new ideas and techniques to its own particular characteristics.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée à la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives. / L'histoire d'Iphigénie et de son sacrifice fut au 18e siècle un sujet important et une source de créativité pour la peinture et le théâtre. Alors qu'Iphigénie (1674) de Jean Racine est encore abondamment jouée à la Comédie-Française, et que Christoph Willibald Gluck présente son opéra Iphigénie en Aulide (1774), plusieurs peintres représentent également l'histoire dans leurs oeuvres. Ce mémoire a donc pour sujet la médiation spectaculaire du sacrifice d'Iphigénie dans le domaine de la peinture au 18e siècle. L'étude se penche dans un premier temps sur les origines antiques du sacrifice d'Iphigénie, pour ensuite analyser les textes dramaturgiques de Racine et Gluck et relever les images du sacrifice présentes dans le texte. Dans un deuxième temps, un survol de la situation du théâtre au 18e siècle permet d'examiner plusieurs aspects qui entrent en jeu dans la médiation spectaculaire: les décors, les costumes, le public, les effets spéciaux, et le jeu d'acteur. En dernier lieu, une étude de cas est effectuée afin de relever le caractère interartial et les rapports complexes entre peinture, texte dramaturgique et mise en scène théâtrale et de démontrer que leur influence mutuelle forme une boucle, et non une voie d'influence théâtre-peinture à sens unique, ainsi que le perçoit Michael Fried dans Absorption and Theatricality. Painting & beholder in the age of Diderot (1980). L'interartialité, telle que définie par Walter Moser dans « L'interartialité: pour une archéologie de l'intermédialité » (2007), entre ces deux domaines de l'art est étudiée à partir de dessins et maquettes théâtraux, tirés en grande majorité des archives de la Comédie-Française, ainsi que de quatre Sacrifice d'Iphigénie de cette époque, soit: François Le Moyne (1728), Carle Van Loo (1757), Jean-Bernard Restout (1760), Jean-Baptiste François Désoria (1798). / During the 18th century, the story of Iphigenia and her sacrifice was an important subject and a source of creativity for both painting and theater. While Iphigénie (1674) by Jean Racine was still regularly played at the Comédie-Française, and Christoph Willibald Gluck was presenting his opera Iphigénie en Aulide (1774), many painters were also representing this story in their works. This master's thesis studies this spectacular mediation of the theme of the sacrifice of Iphigenia in the medium of painting during the 18th century. This study first looks into the antique origins of Iphigenia's myth, and then analyses the dramaturgical texts of Racine and Gluck and notes the images of the sacrifice found in the text. Secondly, a survey of the situation of theater in the 18th century makes possible to look into many aspects that come into play in the spectacular mediation of the theme: the costumes, the decor, the public, the special effects and the acting. Lastly, a case study is done to pick up the interartial character and the complex connections between painting, dramaturgical text and theatrical stage setting, and to demonstrate that their mutual influence forms a loop and not a one-sided theater-painting way of influence, as perceived by Michael Fried in Absorption and Theatricality. Painting & beholder in the age of Diderot (1980). The interartiality, as defined by Walter Moser in his article « L'interartialité: pour une archéologie de l'intermédialité » (2007), of those two domains of art is investigated with drawings and theatrical models, taken in great part from the archives of the Comédie-Française, and also with four Sacrifice d'Iphigénie, from artists of this time : François Le Moyne (1728), Carle Van Loo (1757), Jean-Bernard Restout (1760) and Jean-Baptiste François Désoria (1798).

Esta tese analisa as políticas destinadas à área fronteiriça entre a Capitania do Rio Negro e a Província de Maynas, bem como as circulações e experiências que caracterizaram esse espaço amazônico. O recorte cronológico abarca, inicialmente, os trabalhos de demarcação de limites empreendidos por representantes das Coroas espanhola e portuguesa, na década de 1780, compreendendo ainda os anos de crise política do Antigo Regime e a eclosão dos movimentos de independência na América nas primeiras décadas do século XIX. Nesse trabalho, privilegia-se uma análise que atente para as relações transfronteiriças, os impactos no espaço em questão das grandes transformações vivenciadas pelos impérios ibéricos e as leituras, interpretações e ações gestadas pelos sujeitos que habitavam essa fronteira ibero-americana. / This thesis examines the policies concerning the border area between the Captaincy of Rio Negro and the Province of Maynas, as well as the circulations and experiences that characterize this Amazonian space. Initially, the chronological period considered includes the demarcation of boundaries undertaken by representative members of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns in the 1780s, the years of political crisis of the Old Regime, and the outbreak of the independence movements in America in the early decades of the XIXth century. In this work, the analysis attempts to cross-border relations, the impacts this space has suffered due to great changes experienced by the Iberian empires, and also, the readings, interpretations and actions generated by the subjects who inhabited this Iberoamerican frontier.

Esta dissertação parte de dois eixos de investigação: um deles é Crisanto Neranda, um Guarani letrado das missões jesuíticas do Paraguai, membro de uma congregação e integrante da administração da redução de São Luís; o outro, um relato escrito que é atribuído a esse sujeito. Esse registro narra as situações que Crisanto teria vivenciado no ano de 1754 após ser capturado por portugueses durante os conflitos conhecidos como “Guerra Guaranítica”, que estão associados à demarcação do Tratado de Madri (1750). O texto, no entanto, não se restringe a esse momento específico, pois o relato foi instrumentalizado por diversos outros personagens, se vinculando também a conjunturas posteriores. A primeira parte deste estudo examina a trajetória do documento, com o objetivo de compreender como ele foi difundido e conservado, e o papel desempenhado não apenas pelo “autor” da narrativa, mas também por aqueles que se encarregaram de copiá-la, traduzi-la e citá-la. As seções seguintes buscam identificar quem foi Crisanto Neranda e quais lugares ocupava no contexto reducional, bem como o conteúdo comunicado pelo relato, as formas pelas quais faz isso, as motivações para sua produção e quais seriam os seus possíveis destinatários, visando observar como esses aspectos se relacionavam ao manuseio do seu testemunho por outros sujeitos e ao caráter de “autor” que é conferido a esse indígena da redução de São Luís. A análise desse caso possibilita, assim, o estabelecimento de considerações acerca dos usos da escrita e das possibilidades apresentadas por essa tecnologia no contexto da fronteira americana meridional entre os impérios ibéricos na segunda metade do século XVIII. / This dissertation departs from two lines of investigation: one of them is Crisanto Neranda, a Guaraní from the missions of Paraguay who was a literate member and administrator at the Jesuit reduction of São Luís, and also belonged to a congregation; the other, a written report that is attributed to this person. This record narrates the situations that Crisanto would have experienced in the year of 1754 after being captured by the Portuguese army during the conflicts known as “Guaraní War”, related to the demarcation of the Treaty of Madrid (1750). This text, however, is not restricted to this specific moment, because the report was utilized by several other characters, and is also linked to later conjunctures. The first part of this study examines the document’s trajectory, with the objective of understandig how it was widespread and preserved, and the role played not only by its “author”, but also by those who took charge of translating, copying and citing it. The following sections seek to identify who was Crisanto Neranda and which places he ocuppied in the context of the mission, as well as the content communicated by the report, the ways in which it does this, the motivations for its production, and which would be its possible recipients, aiming to observe how these aspects were related to the handling of the testimony by other subjects and to the character of “author” that is conferred to this native of the reduction of São Luís. The analysis of this case makes it possible to establish considerations about the uses of writing and the possibilities presented by this technology in the context of the southern American frontier between the Iberian empires in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Durant la période pharaonique, l’Etat égyptien pris le contrôle du Levant à deux reprises, dès la période prédynastique et au Nouvel Empire. Le premier temps d’occupation égyptienne est connu par des traces archéologiques qui plaident pour un intérêt économique. L’Egypte y installe des colonies et gère en direct ces zones où les colons présents vivent largement séparés des populations locales.Le Nouvel Empire voit apparaître de nouvelles solutions. Le Levant ne connaît plus de colonisation ; les objectifs égyptiens ont changé. L’exploitation économique de la région est désormais une conséquence de l’occupation. La présence égyptienne revêt alors une valeur stratégique. La constitution d’une zone tampon séparant l’Egypte de ses principaux compétiteurs septentrionaux devait limiter leurs propres velléités stratégiques ou économiques.C’est bien la sécurité de l’Egypte qui est en jeu et qui dicte son comportement dans cette région ; un comportement au seul profit de l’Egypte qui ne fait aucun effort visant à permettre l’intégration a posteriori de quelque manière que ce soit de cette région dans un vaste système égyptien comme c’est apparemment le cas avec la Basse Nubie et comme on pourrait l’attendre d’un empire en cours de constitution.Il apparaît que sa gestion ne vise qu’une efficacité à court terme, sensible aux évolutions extérieures. Néanmoins la fin du Nouvel Empire est une lente dégradation de sa situation au Levant, peut-être parce que les menaces à l’origine de sa présence diminuent. La dernière réaction notable de l’Egypte est de contrecarrer l’avancée des Peuples de la mer, non pour restaurer un empire perdu au Levant, mais parce qu’encore une fois ils menacent l’intégrité territoriale de l’Egypte même. / During the Pharaonic period, the Egyptian State took the control of the Levant twice, as soon as the predynastic period and in the New Kingdom. This first example of Egyptian occupation is known by archaeological traces which plead for an economic interest. Egypt settles colonies to control these zones directly where the Egyptian inhabitants live widely separated from the local populations.In the New Kingdom new solutions appear. The Levant knows no more colonisation; Egyptian goals have changed. The economic exploitation of the region is in fact a consequence of its occupation. The Egyptian presence acquires then a strategical value. The constitution of an exclusive zone of control separating Egypt from its main northern opponents was aimed at limiting their own strategical or economic ambitions.It is the security of Egypt that is in balance and dictates its behaviour in this region; a behaviour in the sole benefit of Egypt who makes no effort aiming at allowing an integration of any kind of this region in a large Egyptian system as it is obviously the case with Lower Nubia and as it would be expected from an empire whose constitution is still in progress.It appears that its management aims only at a short-term effectiveness, influenced by external evolutions. Nevertheless the end of the New Kingdom is a slow deterioration of its situation in the Levant, perhaps because threats at the beginning of its presence are decreasing. The last noteworthy reaction of Egypt is to thwart the advance of the People of the Sea, not to restore a lost eastern empire, but only because once again the territorial integrity of Egypt is threatened.

Esta tese analisa as políticas destinadas à área fronteiriça entre a Capitania do Rio Negro e a Província de Maynas, bem como as circulações e experiências que caracterizaram esse espaço amazônico. O recorte cronológico abarca, inicialmente, os trabalhos de demarcação de limites empreendidos por representantes das Coroas espanhola e portuguesa, na década de 1780, compreendendo ainda os anos de crise política do Antigo Regime e a eclosão dos movimentos de independência na América nas primeiras décadas do século XIX. Nesse trabalho, privilegia-se uma análise que atente para as relações transfronteiriças, os impactos no espaço em questão das grandes transformações vivenciadas pelos impérios ibéricos e as leituras, interpretações e ações gestadas pelos sujeitos que habitavam essa fronteira ibero-americana. / This thesis examines the policies concerning the border area between the Captaincy of Rio Negro and the Province of Maynas, as well as the circulations and experiences that characterize this Amazonian space. Initially, the chronological period considered includes the demarcation of boundaries undertaken by representative members of the Spanish and Portuguese crowns in the 1780s, the years of political crisis of the Old Regime, and the outbreak of the independence movements in America in the early decades of the XIXth century. In this work, the analysis attempts to cross-border relations, the impacts this space has suffered due to great changes experienced by the Iberian empires, and also, the readings, interpretations and actions generated by the subjects who inhabited this Iberoamerican frontier.

La ricerca ha messo a tema i diversi aspetti della vita privata e pubblica di una famiglia nobiliare a Mantova nel passaggio dall’Antico Regime alla Restaurazione, indagata in quanto rappresentativa del ceto nobiliare di appartenenza: la famiglia di Francesco Alberto d’Arco e Amalia Sanvitale. Di provincia ma non provinciale, la famiglia d’Arco è stata letta nelle sue varie scelte, come, ad esempio, l’educazione dei figli, i collegi frequentati, le strategie di carriera individuate per i figli maschi o l’assegnazione delle doti e la scelta delle alleanze per i matrimoni delle figlie femmine. Tale lettura è stata resa possibile dalla disponibilità dei carteggi conservati nell’archivio della Fondazione d’Arco, fonte che è stata messa a confronto con la coeva documentazione di tipo istituzionale. Dimensione privata e dimensione pubblica hanno trovato un punto di incontro nella lettura di questi carteggi, che con il loro carattere ibrido, a metà tra la “scrittura di sé” e la trascrizione di notizie, bene si prestano all’incrocio di fonti diverse e apparentemente lontane. / The aim of the research is to examine the diverse aspects of the public and private life of a noble family in Mantua in the transition from the Ancien Régime to the period after the Congress of Vienna. The d’Arco were chosen because they were representative of the noble class they belonged to and of the forms of aristocratic life style. From the province but by no means provincial, the d’Arco family has been studied in its various choices, as, for example, the education of its children and the colleges they attended, the strategies employed for the careers of its sons or the dowries and the choice of marriage alliances made for the daughters. Such study has been made possible by access to a privileged source - the family papers and correspondence preserved in the archives of the D’Arco Foundation. A source which was then critically compared with the contemporary institutional documentation. The private and public dimensions meet in the reading of these papers, which with their hybrid character, half way between “writing of oneself” and the transcription of news, lend themselves perfectly to a cross-match between sources that are diverse and apparently distant.

Este estudio trata de los ritos, costumbres y gustos en las diferentes fases de la vida de los individuos de Murcia y Cartagena durante los reinados de Carlos III y Carlos IV y del tipo de posesiones a las que tuvieron acceso en lo relativo al vestido, el adorno y el modo de decorar y amueblar la salas de recibir de las viviendas. Artículos indispensables para abordar en qué medida impactaron las modas y usos extranjeros en una sociedad en que la apariencia y la sociabilidad se convirtieron en requisitos indispensables para exhibir lo que se quería demostrar ante los demás. Aspectos que ahondan en la cotidianeidad e identidad de los antiguos pobladores de dos ciudades pertenecientes al mismo Reino con semejanzas y diferencias entre sí en una etapa de cambios y permanencias, de modernidad y tradición. / This study deals with the rituals, customs and tastes in the different phases of life of individuals from Murcia and Cartagena during the reigns of Carlos III and Carlos IV and with the kind of belongings which they had access to as regards clothing, adornment and how to decorate and refurnish the receiving rooms of the houses. Articles necessary to address the extent of the impact if foreign fashions and customs in a society where the appearance and sociability became prerequisites to show off what they wanted to demonstrate to others. Aspects that delve into the everyday and identity of the ancient inhabitants of two towns belonging to the same kingdom with similarities and differences among them in a time of change and permanence, of modernity and tradition.