Tidigare forskning menar att barn i vårt samhälle är allt mer stillasittande och inte rör på sig i samma utsträckning som tidigare. Samtidigt tillbringar många barn den största delen av sin vakna tid på förskolan, därmed läggs ansvaret på förskolorna att tillgodose barn den motoriska stimulans de behöver. Oftast görs detta genom den fria leken ute på gården, och gården bör vara utformad för att bemöta varje barn på dess individuella nivå. Studier visar att förskolegårdar idag kan vara bristfälliga och att de har nedprioriterats de senaste decennierna. Tidigare forskning visar att gårdar med stora ytor och mycket växtlighet gynnar barns motoriska utveckling. Föreliggande kvalitativa studie genomfördes genom intervjuer med pedagoger från förskoleverksamhet samt miljöobservationer av förskolegårdarna. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna har stor medvetenhet kring barns behov av rörelse och att förskolegårdarna kan ha skiftade standard. Pedagogerna lyfter svårigheter att bemöta barn i skilda åldrar på samma gårdar, och att den ofta kan vara mer passande för antingen äldre eller yngre barn. Jag tycker att svaren jag fick på mina frågeställningar är positiva, men tror att studien kunde ha gett ett helt annat utfall i en annan kommun eller med ett annorlunda urval. / Previous research has showed that children in our society are becoming increasingly more sedentary. At the same time, a lot of children spend most of their waking hours at preschool, which leaves the preschools with the responsibility of making sure that every child gets the motoric stimuli that it needs. Generally, this is done through unstructured play in the yard of the preschool. The yard needs to be designed in a way that challenges every child on their own individual level. Studies show that preschool yards can be deficient and that they have been under-prioritized during the last few decades. Research shows that preschool yards with big open spaces and a lot of vegetation furthers children's motoric development. This qualitative study was carried out through interviews with preschool teachers and scientific observation of the preschool yards. The result shows that the educators have a lot of awareness when it comes to children's need for movement and also that the preschool yards can have a varying degree of sufficiency. The preschool teachers mentions difficulties with having children of different ages in the same yard, the yards are often more appropriate for either older or younger children. I think my results are positive, but I also think that the study could have had a completely different outcome in another municipality or with a different selection of preschools.

Det sägs i olika medier t ex i TV och tidningar att barn blir allt mer stillasittande. Eftersom lek och rörelse är mycket betydelsefulla för barns utveckling och välbefinnande så är det ju viktigt att förskolans utemiljö kan locka, inspirera och utmana barnen till lek och rörelse. Vad i utemiljön kan göra det? Vad kan man göra för att förbättra en förskolegårds utemiljö? Det är frågor som jag sökt svar på genom att intervjua barn och pedagoger på två olika förskolor. Resultatet visar att det bör finnas naturinslag och en variation av platser med olika karaktär på en gård. Då skapas det lätt dynamik mellan platserna och en dynamisk miljö inbjuder till nya upptäckter och utmaningar. / Different media for example TV and newspapers report that children become more and more immobile. Since children's play and movement are very important for their development and wellbeing, it is important that the preschool outside environment can tempt, inspire and challenge the children to play and movement. In what ways can the outside environment do this? What can be done to improve the outdoor environment of a preschool? I have searched the answers to these questions by interviewing children and teachers at two different preschools. The results show that there should be elements of nature and a variety of places with different characteristics in a yard. Then dynamic between places can easily be created and a dynamic environment invites to new discoveries and challenges.

Magistro darbe tiriamos elninių žvėrių žiemos ganyklos Kazlų Rūdos miškų masyve. Tyrimo objektas – Kazlų Rūdos miškų masyvas, Kazlų Rūdos mokomosios miškų urėdijos teritorijoje. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti elninių žvėrių žiemos ganyklų būklę ir ją sąlygojančius veiksnius. Tyrimo metodai – S.E. Aldous pašarinių apkrovų apskaitos maršrutinėje juostoje metodas, R. McCain elninių žvėrių apskaitos pagal ekskrementus metodas. Tyrimo rezultatai – Pagrindinė elninių žvėrių rūšis Kazlų Rūdos masyve, atsižvelgiant į plotų tinkamumą yra briedis (Alces alces), šalutinė – stirna (Capreolus capreolus), o taurusis elnias (Cervus elaphus) yra nepageidaujama elninių žvėrių rūšis.Tyrimo metu apskaitos aikštelėse nustatyta atskirų rūšių sumedėjusių augalų gausa, skabymo intensyvumas bei dalis elninių žvėrių žiemos pašarų balanse. Kazlų Rūdos miškų masyve nustatytos labiausiai elninių žvėrių alinamos pomiškio bei trako rūšys, jų sutinkamumas, bei apskaitos aikštelėse rastų augalų pažeidimų tendencijos. Įvertinus kiekvienos medelių bei krūmų pomiškio ir trako rūšies dalį elninių žvėrių žiemos pašarų sudėtyje, išaiškintos pagrindinės rūšys, dominuojančios gyvūnų maisto racione. Apskaičiuotas atskirų rūšių elninių žvėrių tankis: briedžio – 0,9 vnt./1000 ha, tauriojo elnio - 4,6 vnt./1000 ha, stirnos – 58,5 vnt./1000 ha. / Master research was based on assessment of Cervine animals winter yards in the Kazlų Rūda forests. The Object – Kazlų Rūda forests in the framework of Kazlų Rūda Training State Forest Enterprise. The Goal – to evaluate condition of Cervine animals winter yards and to estimate determinative factors. Research Methods – Deer browse survey method by S.E. Aldous, a method for measuring deer range use by R. McCain. Results – Leading species of Cervines in Kazlų Rūda forests is moose (Alces alces), secondary – roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) is unwanted species. Abundance, browsing intensity and share in winter forage of particular species of ligneous plants during the research were estimated. Most wasted species, their frequency and tendency of lesion of undergrowth and underbrush. Measurement of several species of trees and scrubs had showed which of them are main, dominant in relation to animals ration. Estimated density of particular Cervine species: moose – 0,9 unit/ha, red deer – 4,6 units/ha, roe deer – 58,5 units/ha.

This thesis is the result of a study that considers children’s encounters with others; participation and influence in a pedagogical outdoor environment in three different preschool playgrounds. More specifically, a study is under-taken of how children’s encounters are shaped in the pedagogically adapted outdoor environment of the preschool with the focus on how children’s par-ticipation and influence finds expression in the preschool playground’s dif-ferent facilities. The physical environment is seen as meaningful and the focus is on which affordances arise in the physical environment related to facility. The study’s theoretical approach is based mainly on G. H. Mead’s social psychological theory and the meeting with the other which is com-bined with theories that call attention to the significance of the facility. An ethnographic method has been applied. By way of two years’ field studies, with a total of 78 days spent in the three different environments, data has been collected through observations and photography and by listening to, and talking with, children and preschool teachers. To participate in the chil-dren’s everyday life has been a precondition for understanding children’s different encounters and meeting places in the preschool playgrounds. On the basis of the analysed results, the study shows that all three preschool playgrounds had pedagogical outdoor environments which were designed so that the majority of the facilities gave a variety of offerings, something that contributed to different children being able to relate to, and find, their own affordances in different facilities. The results of the study also show that the majority of preschool children in the studied activities were socially compe-tent and good negotiators. Thereby, they were shown to have good precondi-tions for participating and exercising influence in the day-to-day outdoor activities. At the same time, the study results demonstrate that the children’s agency and interaction at all three preschool playgrounds are determined on the basis of the level of recognition they received in their encounter with other children and in the encounter with teachers.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera pedagogers arbete med matematik på förskolans utegård. Studien genomfördes i form av intervjuer och observationer. Resultatet visar att pedagogers arbete med matematik på förkolans utegård främst sker genom att de benämner vad barnen gör med matematiska begrepp och utmanar dem genom att ställa frågor och på så sätt utveckla aktiviteterna. Vissa pedagoger nämner att de arbetar på ett undersökande sätt med problemlösning. Vissa pedagoger skapar även lärtillfällen inom matematik genom att förse barnen med material eller genom att arbeta med planerade aktiviteter på utegården som berör matematik. Pedagogerna ser bara fördelar med att arbeta med matematik på utegården och att det främst är deras eget förhållningssätt som påverkar hur detta arbete ser ut. Slutsatsen är att pedagoger har en viktig roll när det gäller hur arbetet med matematik på utegården ser ut. Detta gör att det är intressant att se att resultatet ändå visade att arbetet med matematik på utegården främst sker på barnens initiativ. / The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze how preschool teachers use preschool yard in their work with mathematics. The method that was selected to collect data was qualitative interviews and observations. The result shows that preschool teachers work with mathematics mainly occurs through use of mathematics concept to term what the children are doing and by challenging them by asking questions that can develop thechildren´s activities. Some preschool teachers mention that they work in an exploratory manner with problem solving.Some preschool teachers also create learning opportunities by providing the children with materials or by working with planned activities on the preschool yard involving mathematics. The result shows that the preschool teachers only see benefits with working with mathematics on the preschool yard and that their attitudes affect how this work is done. The conclusion is that preschool teachers have an important role in how work with mathematics on the preschool yard appears. This makes it interesting that the result still shows that the work with mathematics on the preschool yard occurs primarily on initiatives from the children.

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 21, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Cassio Eduardo Lima de Paiva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T09:00:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_PauloRoberto_M.pdf: 2785267 bytes, checksum: 6bde50559dcc0d0d8052701ee543e1b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O estudo desenvolvido neste trabalho consiste na avaliação da capacidade de suporte do subleito ferroviário, através da determinação do risco à ruptura circular da plataforma, de uma secção transversal de um pátio ferroviário sujeito à carga de um veículo estacionado em uma via lateral, são utilizadas as equações. Para fins de desenvolvimento do presente estudo é utilizado o método de Eisenmann para determinação das tensões atuantes na base do trilho. As tensões atuantes na plataforma são calculadas através das equações de Carothers-Terzaghi. A avaliação do risco à ruptura circular é feita através do programa computacional GEOSLOPE-SLOPE/W versão 6. Após a determinação dos fatores de segurança à ruptura para várias situações analisadas, é feita a análise dos resultados obtidos no sentido de determinar as situações de risco de estabilidade da via à ruptura circular da plataforma / Abstract: This study deals with an evaluation of subgrade capacity by determining the circular rupture stability risk of a slope adjacent to a railway yard track subject the tensions of a loaded gondola car parked in this track. The Eisenmann method is applied for determination of tensions at the railway subgrade and the tensions are calculated by means Carothers-Terzaghi equations. The analysis of circular failure risk is made by means of the computer software Geoslope-Slope/W version 6. After calculating the safety factors for many situations, the results are evaluated to stablish the stability risks of the slope adjacent to the railway track / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Cíle diplomové práce jsou popsat procesy probíhající v kontejnerovém přístavním terminálu, vytvořit přehled rozhodovacích problémů vznikajících v kontejnerovém přístavním terminálu z hlediska úrovně jejich typu řízení a plánování (strategické, taktické a operativní) a formulovat vybrané rozhodovací problémy a matematicky je analyzovat.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of residential parking. The analytical part describes the implementation process of this form of parking regulation. This process is illustrated with process diagrams created in ARIS Express software. The proposing part describes various solution options for a complicated situation concerning housing estate yards in areas with established residential parking.

Plenty of designing works focused on railway technology were made through the time. But the majority of them are concerned with high-speed trains or at least express train locomotives, but works devoted to design freight or shunting locomotives can be barely found. This diploma thesis is looking into nearly unexplored territory and finding out, which possibilities in the design of shunting locomotives of independent traction do exist, and find better solutions then those currently used, where possible and appropriate. The result of this master thesis work is design of shunting locomotive, which respects the requirements of railway standards, ergonomics and safety, and still brings in modern design solutions.