Wood is a natural raw material, and would hardly be considered a risk to the environment. However, the handling of wood materials on an industrial scale has been shown to have a negative impact on water bodies that run-off from industrial sites that process wood-based materials. Most investigations related to water pollution from wood-based industries have focused on large industrial sites such as pulp and paper mills. The goal of the present thesisis to understand better such environmental problems and treatment solutions that occur at most wood handling sites. Where there are large outdoor storage areas for logs and sawdust that are exposed to rainfall or irrigation, such as the wooden-floor and bio-energy sectors. Leachate generated by the contact of water with wood in storage areas contains a large amount of organic matter that is potentially hazardous to water bodies that receive run-off from the site. It has been found that different wood species yield different leachate compositions, with leachate from oak having the highest pollutants content, followed by leachate from pine. This investigation shows that oak has the potential to leach about 10 times the amount of polyphenols compared with other investigated species (i.e., pine, beech and maple). Furthermore, oak leachates have the lowest ratio of biological oxygen demand at 7 days tochemical oxygen demand (0.12), which suggests a potential problem with the biological degradation of this leachate. It has also been shown that leachate from wood are potentially toxic to aquatic organisms. Treatability studies with the aim of reducing the environmental impact of wood leachate were conducted on a pilot scale as part of the scope of this thesis. The results showed, among other options, the possibility of using constructed wetlands to treat leachate. It was found that plants and aeration can affect the performance of a wetland. However, the most important factor is the time water spends in the wetland. Filter material that could be used to absorb leachate was also studied. A filter consisting of a mixture of peat and ash (from incinerated organic matter), was used to absorb a specific chemical group (polyphenols) in the leachate. It was also shown that polyphenols are vulnerable to ozone, representing a third viable treatment process. / Trä är ett naturligt råmaterial som knappast anses vara en risk för miljön. Däremot har hanteringen av trämaterial i industriell skala visat sig ha negativ inverkan på vattendrag. De flesta utredningar avseende vattenföroreningar inom träbaserade industrier har fokuserat på stora industrier med stor vattenförbrukning så som massa- och pappersbruk. Lakvatten som alstras vid kontakten mellan vatten och trä innehåller höga halter av organiska ämnen som är potentiellt farliga för vattendrag. Målet med denna avhandling är att få kunskap om ovanstående miljöproblem och möjlig behandlingar av dessa. Förorenat lakvatten skapas av industrier, där stora mängder timmer och sågspån är placerade utomhus och utsätts för regn och bevattning, såsom inom trägolv och bioenergisektorn. Man har funnit att lakning från olika träslag ger olika sammansättningar på lakvattnet, där lakvatten från ek har den högsta halten av föroreningar följt av furu. Denna undersökning visar att ek har potential att laka ut tio gånger så mycket polyfenoler jämfört med andra undersökta arter (tall, bok och lönn). Dessutom har lakvatten från ek den lägsta andelen av biologisk syreförbrukning efter 7dagar per kemisk syreförbrukning (0,12), vilket tyder på ett potentiellt problem med den biologiska nedbrytningen av detta lakvatten. Man har även påvisat att lakvattnet från trä är potentiellt giftigt för akvatiska organismer. Studier för att försöka minska miljöpåverkan av lakvatten från denna trädsort gjordes i pilotskala inom ramen för denna avhandling. Dessa studier visade bland annat på möjligheterna att använda sig av våtmarker som reningsmetod, där växter och luftning påverkar hur bra en våtmark fungerar. Men den viktigaste faktorn var den ökade uppehållstiden som vattnet får i våtmarken. Utöver studier av våtmarker har också ett filtermaterial studerats, filtret bestod av en blandning av torv och aska, som användes för att absorbera en specifik kemisk grupp i lakvattnet (polyfenoler). I en tredje typ av behandlingsprocess visade det sig också att polyfenoler effektivt kan brytas ned av ozon.

In direct reference to the saying “time is money”, nowadays scenario simulations play a key role in the tasks people perform. Optimizing the time length of tasks and synchronizing them properly is essential to increased profits in any line of business. In this thesis the Bergkvist-Insjön sawmill yard process will be computer simulated. As the number of trucks arriving at the sawmill is unknown, the unexpected arrival of trucks would produce a high pressure on internal resources and handling operations. The aim of this paper is to optimize the usage of the resources in the Bergkvist-Insjön sawmill, by running three different scenarios built based on the real system simulation. Scenario number three, in which a log stacker only has the tasks to unload the trucks and supply the measurement station, has been found most efficient. In the simulation of this scenario, the number of logs processed by the sawmill is the highest one. Also, the time spent by the log stackers between their tasks is the shortest one from all scenarios. The results of this thesis revealed that the most efficient improvement of the sawmill yard would be gained by a different tasks’ priority for the operating log stackers.

In order to tend to the world’s dwindling freshwater supplies, sustainable alternative methods need to be integrated in order to keep up with the world’s increasing demand. Reclaimed water (RW) is one of the sustainable methods adopted by some Floridian cities such as Tampa, Tallahassee, and St. Pete that provide an alternative water source for non-potable uses. However, despite this alleviating effect RW has on freshwater supplies, it is crucial to recognize the potential harm it poses on neighboring waterbodies due to the residual contaminants it still contains, including Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P). As such, studying residents’ knowledge and behavior about RW provides an insight into certain behavioral trends that potentially explain elevated levels of N and P in certain waterbodies. This study surveyed households living in the vicinity of Joe’s Creek Watershed and are using RW in irrigation provided by Pinellas County Utilities Department (PC) and the City of St. Pete Water Resources Department (SP). After looking at these residents’ yard practices, no harmful behavioral trend was observed to explicate the health of neighboring waterbodies. RW users are aware of the irrigation regulations set for them. However, weakness in information communication between city and County officials and RW users on fertilizer use and regulations was recorded. It is recommended that the city of St. Pete revisits their loose regulations on RW and the irrigation schedule set for their customers. More outreach material on fertilizer application and regulations need to be made available and accessible to the public.

<p>Syftet med mitt examensarbete var att undersöka, om det finns något samband mellan förskolegårdens utformning och barns utveckling. Litteraturgenomgången i bakgrunden ger en klar bild av förskolegårdens och utomhuspedagogikens betydelse. Utomhusvistelsen påverkar hela kroppen, både psykiskt och fysiskt enligt Szczepanski (2007). Jag gjorde en kvantitativ undersökning, om hur pedagoger ser på sin utemiljö. Sexton förskollärare från tre olika förskolor fick min enkät. Resultatet av min undersökning ger en samstämmig bild av, hur förskolegården kan användas till både lek och lärande. Gårdens utformning är viktig, och det bör finnas en rik variation av lekmaterial. Många pedagoger betonar att barnen utvecklar motorik, samspel, empati och respekt under utevistelsen. Eftersom min undersökning gäller endast tre förskolor, kan det diskuteras, i vilken grad resultaten kan generaliseras. Dock är samstämmigheten så stor i svaren från förskolorna, att pedagogernas uppfattningar om förskolegårdens betydelse och möjligheter troligtvis gäller även övriga förskolor i landet.</p> / <p>The purpose of my study was to examine, whether there is any connection between the preschool yard’s design and child development. Literature review in the background provides the importance of the yard and outdoor education. Outdoor stay affects the whole body both mentally and physically under Szczepanski (2008). I did a quantitative study on how teachers view their outdoor environments. Sixteen preschool teachers from three preschools got my survey. The result of my study gives a unanimous picture of, how the preschool yard can be used for both playing and learning. The design of the yard is important, and there should be a rich variety of toymaterials. Many educators stress that children develop motoric skills, interaction, empathy and respect during the outdoor play. Since my study is based on just three preschools, the results possibly can’t be generalized. However, the answers from the preschools are nearly unanimous, and the result is probably valid all over the country.</p>

<p>Det sägs i olika medier t ex i TV och tidningar att barn blir allt mer stillasittande. Eftersom lek och rörelse är mycket betydelsefulla för barns utveckling och välbefinnande så är det ju viktigt att förskolans utemiljö kan locka, inspirera och utmana barnen till lek och rörelse. Vad i utemiljön kan göra det? Vad kan man göra för att förbättra en förskolegårds utemiljö? Det är frågor som jag sökt svar på genom att intervjua barn och pedagoger på två olika förskolor. Resultatet visar att det bör finnas naturinslag och en variation av platser med olika karaktär på en gård. Då skapas det lätt dynamik mellan platserna och en dynamisk miljö inbjuder till nya upptäckter och utmaningar.</p> / <p>Different media for example TV and newspapers report that children become more and more immobile. Since children's play and movement are very important for their development and wellbeing, it is important that the preschool outside environment can tempt, inspire and challenge the children to play and movement. In what ways can the outside environment do this? What can be done to improve the outdoor environment of a preschool? I have searched the answers to these questions by interviewing children and teachers at two different preschools. The results show that there should be elements of nature and a variety of places with different characteristics in a yard. Then dynamic between places can easily be created and a dynamic environment invites to new discoveries and challenges.</p>

Syftet med mitt examensarbete var att undersöka, om det finns något samband mellan förskolegårdens utformning och barns utveckling. Litteraturgenomgången i bakgrunden ger en klar bild av förskolegårdens och utomhuspedagogikens betydelse. Utomhusvistelsen påverkar hela kroppen, både psykiskt och fysiskt enligt Szczepanski (2007). Jag gjorde en kvantitativ undersökning, om hur pedagoger ser på sin utemiljö. Sexton förskollärare från tre olika förskolor fick min enkät. Resultatet av min undersökning ger en samstämmig bild av, hur förskolegården kan användas till både lek och lärande. Gårdens utformning är viktig, och det bör finnas en rik variation av lekmaterial. Många pedagoger betonar att barnen utvecklar motorik, samspel, empati och respekt under utevistelsen. Eftersom min undersökning gäller endast tre förskolor, kan det diskuteras, i vilken grad resultaten kan generaliseras. Dock är samstämmigheten så stor i svaren från förskolorna, att pedagogernas uppfattningar om förskolegårdens betydelse och möjligheter troligtvis gäller även övriga förskolor i landet. / The purpose of my study was to examine, whether there is any connection between the preschool yard’s design and child development. Literature review in the background provides the importance of the yard and outdoor education. Outdoor stay affects the whole body both mentally and physically under Szczepanski (2008). I did a quantitative study on how teachers view their outdoor environments. Sixteen preschool teachers from three preschools got my survey. The result of my study gives a unanimous picture of, how the preschool yard can be used for both playing and learning. The design of the yard is important, and there should be a rich variety of toymaterials. Many educators stress that children develop motoric skills, interaction, empathy and respect during the outdoor play. Since my study is based on just three preschools, the results possibly can’t be generalized. However, the answers from the preschools are nearly unanimous, and the result is probably valid all over the country.

Ce mémoire fait l'analyse du phénomène de réactualisation des collections fermées et de ses stratégies en se basant sur trois études de cas : le Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, le Kettle's Yard Museum & Gallery et la New Art Gallery Walsall. Restreintes par des législations, ces institutions ont développé différentes stratégies leur permettant de réinscrire le contenu de leurs collections fermées à l'intérieur d'enjeux actuels. Dans un premier temps, de la présentation de nos trois études de cas sont apparues des caractéristiques que nous avons réunies pour exposer l'idée de collection fermée et souligner sa valeur esthétique, historique et artistique : les restrictions testamentaires, la vision du collectionneur, l'expérience du visiteur, le type d'accrochage et la mise en exposition des œuvres et des objets. Ces caractéristiques nous ont permis de cerner le contexte à l'intérieur duquel les conservateurs, les directeurs et les commissaires d'exposition interviennent pour réactualiser les paramètres temporels, narratifs et spatiaux de la collection fermée. L'idée de collection fermée est également développée à l'aide de propositions connexes provenant de 1'histoire de l'art et de la culture. Dans un deuxième temps, quatre des principales stratégies de réactualisation ont été dégagées de nos trois cas de figure : la construction d'une nouvelle architecture basée sur la collection fermée, la mise en place de programmes d'artistes en résidence, la création de programmes d'expositions temporaires et l'accumulation d'œuvres à l'intérieur d'une collection parallèle. Ces stratégies permettent une ouverture et une réorganisation des paramètres narratifs, spatiaux et temporels de la collection fermée à partir du présent actuel tout en respectant les restrictions protégeant son intégralité. L'analyse de ces stratégies permet non seulement de marquer les paramètres de la collection fermée sur lesquels la réactualisation s'opère, mais également de mettre en évidence les valeurs esthétiques et conceptuelles des projets d'artistes, architecturaux, d'exposition et de collection menés autour de la collection fermée. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons questionné la constitution et le fonctionnement temporel de la collection fermée et du phénomène de réactualisation pour pointer les changements qui s'opèrent dans le temps sur la collection fermée. De sa constitution par le collectionneur à sa relecture à partir des interventions du présent en passant par son legs restrictif, la collection fermée subit des changements malgré l'immobilité de sa mise en exposition. Enfin, notre recherche ouvre sur de nouvelles hypothèses. La réactualisation serait rendue possible à l'heure actuelle en relation avec une nouvelle conception de l'histoire basée sur une vision anachronique du temps. Cette vision anachronique et son potentiel pour la discipline de l'histoire de l'art développés par Georges Didi-Huberman (2000) nous ont permis d'explorer le phénomène de réactualisation non seulement dans la gestion muséologique des collections qu'il implique, mais également d'en traiter par rapport à la constitution de l'histoire de l'art et du rapport instauré avec le passé. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Collection fermée, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Kettle's Yard Museum & Gallery, New Art Gallery Walsall, réactualisation, exposition

Abstract The present measures and methods of beneficiary payments carried out by ABC Refinery is an incomplete good-neighborliness project. Although large amounts of funds were accumulated over a period of several years, due to the lack of long-term, complete and concrete planning, no beneficial effects could be achieved. The study aims to profoundly understand the needs and thoughts of residents from six villages in Hsiaokang District, Kaohsiung, by using questionnaires and conducting interviews in order to analyze their feedback and determine their actual needs in relation to the beneficiary payments made by the ABC Refinery. It also aims to analyze whether the measures carried out by ABC Refinery can meet the residents¡¦ demands as well as their acceptance and implementation effects. According to the results of a systematic investigation, related projects were proposed. The result was that different resident types require various strategies and programs for good- neighborliness. It is hoped that the local residents¡¦ appreciation of ABC Refinery can be raised and more support and understanding received from them. The results of a science laboratory showed that the risk recognition and trust were weak in A village; it means that since the residents of A village did not trust ABC Refinery, their support was therefore at a low level. Consequently, the risk recognition and trust in regard to ABC Refinery needs to be strengthened. The project for increasing the risk recognition includes announcing environmental inspection data on a regular basis or inviting residents to visit the facilities and equipment of ABC Refinery on an irregular basis. This would help the residents of A village to obtain a clearer idea of what ABC Refinery is doing, so that the risk recognition could be elevated. Furthermore, the degree of feedback satisfaction and the environmental attitude towards living quality for residents were quite low, particularly for those whose incomes are below the NTD 70,000-100,000 monthly level. It presents that the lower the income, the higher the demand. ABC Refinery should take more actions in relation to beneficiary payments in order to improve the local living quality.

Aging is a global phenomenon. Ways to sustain older adults' aging-in-place in the 'community at-large' (defined as traditional communities where most people live) have been overlooked. Consciously engaging in physical activity helps older adults to remain healthy and gives them the ability to access daily-life services, and thus extend their independent years at home. Nearby outdoor environments on residential sites and in the neighborhoods may influence older adults' independent living through physical activity. This study surveyed 206 older adults in 11 assisted-living facilities in Texas regarding their past physical activities when they lived in their own homes and perceptions of the residential site and neighborhood environments. Older adults are shown to have long-term recall ability and capable of reliably estimating their physical activities that occurred up to ten years ago. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to verify the survey responses and further examine the objective measurements of environments on a subset of 117 participants' residences. Bivariate tests, factor analysis, and multivariate logistic regression modeling were conducted to identify environmental variables correlated to yard activities, neighborhood walking, and years of independent living at home. After controlling for personal and social factors in multivariate logistic modeling, three site features (transitional-areas, connecting-paths, and levels of pleasant indoor sunshine) have been found to influence yard activities; two site features (yard landscaping and corner lot location) and three neighborhood features (walking destinations, safety from crime, and sidewalks) have been found to influence neighborhood walking; one site features (transitional-areas) has been found to influence older adults' years of independent living in the community. Based on the results, guidelines were developed for designing friendly environments for older adults' active and independent living. Nearby outdoor environments on residential sites and in the neighborhoods appear to be important for older adults. The roles of residential site environments in shaping older adults' behavior and independence need more attention. To better understand environmental influences on older adults and promote aging-in-place, more empirical studies and longitudinal research are needed.

This study was done to explore the organization mobilization, identity construction and local development in Meinung Anti-dam Movement. Literature review and in-depth interview were applied in this study. The former focused on social movement and collective action theory. Besides, the local elites were interviewed to find out how they united the local societies and intellectuals to convince local residents and politicians to participate in the Movement, and how they inspired Pintung LiuDui Hakka and international organizations to support the Movement. Suggestion were made according to the findings.