The purpose of the study was to examine the physiological components related to the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIRL1) test in female adolescent soccer players. Eighteen female soccer players (age 16.3 ± .77 years) were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) on a motorized treadmill. Anaerobic power and capacity were assessed by peak power (W) measured during a counter movement jump (CMJ) and performance on an anaerobic speed test (AST), respectively. As well, participants completed the Multistage 20m Shuttle run (Leger). YYIRL1 performance (meters) was significantly correlated to VO2 max (r = .59), VT (r = .42), Peak Power (r = .41), CMJ height (r = .41), AST (r = .52) and the Leger (r = .72, p < .05). Leger performance (m) was significantly correlated to VO2 max (r = .60) and AST (r = .47, p < .05). Multiple stepwise linear regression equations were run with YYIRL1 and Leger as the dependent variables. VO2 max was the only variable that contributed to prediction of YYIRL1 or Leger performance with R2 values of .35 and .36. The results of the study showed that YYIRL1 performance is related to both aerobic and anaerobic variables, although predominantly maximal aerobic power (VO2 max). It is recommended that the YYIRL1 be used when assessing female adolescent soccer players as the results provide evidence that the YYIRL1 is related to anaerobic variables associated with soccer match performance. As well, coaches can efficiently test their athletes in a shorter amount of time compared to the Leger. / Graduate

Sammanfattning Olika fälttest är flitigt använda för att utvärdera fotbollsspelares fysiska uthållighet, däribland Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) och Coopers löptest. Ytterst lite är dock känt om Coopertestets lämplighet som mätmetod i en sport med intermittent arbete som fotboll. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka prestation i Coopertestet i förhållande till Yo-Yo IR1 testet hos fotbollsspelare på olika tävlingsnivåer. Under försäsongen testades 19 manliga fotbollsspelare (23 ± 4 år, 181 ± 9 cm, 77 ± 9 kg) från svensk division 1 (hög-nivå, n=5), division 3 (mellan-nivå, n=6) och division 5 (låg-nivå, n=8). Coopertestet består av oavbruten löpning så långt som möjligt under 12 minuter på löparbana. Yo-Yo IR1 testet består av upprepade 2x20 meters löpningar i ökande hastighet, med 10 sekunder aktiv vila mellan varje omgång. Testerna utfördes under standardiserade former på kvällstid med minst 72 timmars mellanrum. Resultatet för Coopertestet var; hög-nivå 3056 ± 194m, mellan-nivå 2950 ± 188m och låg-nivå 2916 ± 203m, utan signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna (p&gt;0,05). Yo-Yo IR1 resultaten var; hög-nivå 2264 ± 286m, mellan-nivå 1933 ± 395m och låg-nivå 1615 ± 496m. Det fanns en signifikant skillnad i testresultaten mellan hög-nivå och låg-nivå (p&lt;0,05). Förhållandet mellan de två testerna för hela populationen var r=0,89 (p&lt;0,001), och inom grupperna; hög-nivå r=0,69 (p=0,2), mellan-nivå r=0,99 (p&lt;0,001) och låg-nivå r=0,98 (p&lt;0,001). I motsats till övriga grupper visade resultaten att hög-nivå gruppen, som har större mängd fotbollsspecifik träning, inte hade något signifikant samband mellan de två testen. Coopertestets utformning med oavbruten löpning, tillsammans med dess oförmåga att särskilja mellan olika tävlingsnivåer, medför att Yo-Yo IR1 testet bör användas framför Coopertestet i syfte att få tydligare information om en fotbollsspelares fysiska uthållighet under matchsituation.

Syftet med denna studie var att analysera vilken del av försäsongsträningens två cykler som påverkade styrka och explosivitet i nedre extremitet, accelerationsförmåga, agility och anaerob uthållighet genom att sammanställa dessa egenskaper hos kvinnliga elitfotbollsspelare, för att därefter kunna utvärdera om försäsongsträningen förbättrade dessa egenskaper. Tester som kunnat påvisa viktiga och avgörande fysiska kvalitéer hos elitfotbollsspelarevaldes ut och dessa genomfördes vid tre tillfällen; före, under och efter försäsongsträningen. Testerna var; knäböj, vertikalhopp, 15 m sprint, T-test och YO-YO Intermittent Återhämtningstest (YO-YO IÅ).Studien innefattade 24 damfotbollsspelare på elitnivå från alla spelarpositioner. Till den andra testomgången observerades en signifikant förbättring av styrka, agility och anaerob uthållighet. Vid de andra testerna observerades ingen skillnad. Första delen av försäsongsträningen utvecklade till viss del spelarna åt rätt håll genom en förbättring av styrkan i nedre extremiteten. Den signifikanta förbättringen i agility och anaerob uthållighet kom lite för tidigt, det vill säga under den första cykeln avförsäsongsträningen, vilket hade varit mer önskvärt efter den andra cykeln. Detta innebär attandra viktiga egenskaper kan ha försummats. / The purpose of this study was to analyze which part of the pre-season trainings two cycles that affected strength and power in lower extremities, acceleration, agility and anaerobic endurance by compiling these abilities of a female elite soccer player team, and then evaluate whether the pre-season training improved these abilities. Tests that could prove important and crucial physical qualities in elite soccer players were selected and then performed on three occasions; before, during and after the pre-seasontraining. The selected tests were; squat, vertical jump, 15 m sprint, T-test and YO-YO Intermittent Recovery Test (YO-YO IR). The study included 24 female elite soccer playersfrom all playing positions. A significant improvement in strength, agility and anaerobic endurance were measured in the second test round. In the other tests there were no difference observed. The first cycle of the pre-season training partly developed the players in the right direction, which the significant improvement in strength revealed. The significant improvement in the agility and anaerobic endurance occurred a little too early, it would have been more beneficial after the second cycle. This means that other important qualities might have been neglected.

Bakgrund: För att prestera på elitnivå behöver Fotbollsspelare en välutvecklad aerob och anaerob effekt och kapacitet. Repeated sprint ability (RSA) är en anaerob förmåga som kan avgöra många matchsituationer, till exempel bollinnehav och målchanser. För att testa RSA görs ett repeated sprint ability test (RST). Syreupptagningsförmågan testas ofta genom olika konditionstester. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka korrelationen mellan RST, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test (Yo-Yo IR1) och 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT). Metod: Nio damfotbollsspelare som randomiserades in i två grupper (Grupp 1, n=5, 22±3 år, kroppsvikt 64±12,8 kg och grupp 2, n=4, 20±3 år, kroppsvikt 64,2±2,4 kg). Deltagarna genomförde antingen RST och/eller Yo-Yo IR1 vid ett tillfälle och vid nästa tillfälle RST och/eller 30-15IFT. Alla tester skedde utomhus på en konstgräsplan. På Yo-Yo IR1 och 30-15IFT dokumenterades sluthastigheten. På RST dokumenterades den totala sprinttiden (RSTtotal) och %trötthet mellan bästa sprinten jämfört med resterande sprinter (RST%dec). Resultatet på testerna presenteras som en grupp i medelvärde och standardavvikelse (SD). Uträkningen av korrelationen användes Pearsons Korrelationskoefficient (r). Statistisk nivå för signifikans var p &lt;0.05. Resultat: Korrelationen mellan Yo-Yo IR1 mot 30-15IFT samt 30-15IFT mot RSTtotal hade en väldigt stark statistiskt signifikant korrelation (r = 0.855; respektive r= -0.721). Det fanns inte någon statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan Yo-Yo IR1 mot RSTtotal, IRL mot RST%dec, och 30-15IFT mot RST%dec (r= -0.704; r=0.209 respektive r=-0.02). Konklusion: Resultaten indikerar att det finns en väldigt stark korrelation mellan Yo-Yo IR1 och 30-15IFT och fördelar mot nackdelar bör vägas för att använda vilket test. 30-15IFT verkar använda en högre andel RSA eftersom det hade en starkare korrelation till RST än Yo-Yo IR1.

La novela Yo-yo Boing! de Giannina Braschi intenta subrayar textualmente a través de varias mezclas entre géneros literarios, idiomas, y sujetos, la hibridez cultural vivida en los Estados Unidos por los inmigrantes, especialmente los latinoamericanos y los puertorriqueños. En la novela, se presenta el espacio de “entremedio” y el sujeto que lo habita, viviendo fuera de su país natal y hablando Spanglish. El texto crea un sujeto fragmentado, característica de la teoría postmoderna de la identidad y del nomadismo. Con un lenguaje intelectual que intenta trasladar un fenómeno oral a la palabra escrita, Braschi provoca en el lector este mismo sentido de estar fuera del lugar y desplazado. A través de los diálogos en la novela, se autocuestiona sobre su propia posición en el espacio del “entremedio” y termina produciendo y ubicando a un sujeto fragmentado en este tercer espacio. Su intento de negociación -a partir de esta posición- culmina en una provocación sin conclusión definitiva.

The potential to track changes in training status and fitness levels of especially team sport participants by making use of more time efficient and accessible methods such as heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) cannot be overlooked and needs to be considered. However, studies that have investigated this aspect in team sport participants are scarce. It is against this background that the main objectives of this study were firstly, to determine the relationships between HRV and HRR as well as the fitness levels of a cohort of university-level rugby players. The second objective was to determine the validity of the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System to determine the HRV of a cohort of university-level rugby players. Twenty-four university-level rugby players (age: 20.1 ± 0.41 years; body stature: 182.7 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 89.7 ± 12.7 kg) of a South African university’s Rugby Institute participated in the first part of the study. During the test day players’ fasting baseline HRV (baseline HRV) values were taken. This was followed by the measurement of the post-breakfast HRV (Pre-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV). Players were then required to perform the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) while they were fitted with a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas analyser apparatus and a Fix Polar Heart Rate Transmitter Belt. After completion of the test, HRR was taken on 1 and 3 minutes and followed by the measurement of HRV (Post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV). For the second part of the study a group of twenty u/21 university-level rugby players (age: 20.06 ± 0.40 years; body stature: 181.8 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 91.1 ± 10.7 kg) of a South African university’s Rugby Institute were recruited to participate in this study. HRV was measured simultaneously by the Actiheart monitor system as well as the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System over three times periods: during the morning in a fasting state just after players had woken up (baseline); in the morning just after the players ate breakfast (pre-anaerobic); after completion of a high-intensity anaerobic training session (post-anaerobic) and after completion of a 20 min recovery session (post-recovery). Significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05) were found between Pre-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV and heart rate (HR) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP-HR (bpm)) (r = -0.468) as well as oxygen uptake at the RCP (RCP- 2max VO (% of 2max VO )) (r = 0.476), respectively. A forward stepwise regression analysis showed that HR at ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1-HR (bpm)) contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to the post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV with a variance of 39.8%. Final Yo-Yo IR1 level also contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to 3 minute post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRR with a variance of 16.5%. For the second part of the study the majority of significant relationships (p < 0.05) between the Actiheart and Bioforce obtained HRV results were observed for the post-recovery period (Mean RR, SDNN, RMSSD and Peak LF power), followed by the pre-anaerobic period (Mean R-R and SDNN) and the baseline period (LF:HF ratio). No significant relationships were observed between the HRV results of the two apparatuses during the post-anaerobic period. In conclusion, HRV and HRR may have the potential to act as affordable and easy measurement tools of team sport participants’ fitness levels. However, the study results suggested that the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System that is used to obtain team sport participants’ HRV is especially valid to determine HRV after recovery periods that follow hard training sessions. The results do however cast a shadow of doubt over the accuracy of this apparatus when used directly after hard training sessions. / MSc (Sport Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Title Analysis of the endurance indicators in selected tests in relation to continuous and intermittent loading Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of the prediction formulas for indirect estimation VO2max from performances in the field tests. The criterion for comparing estimated values were results from laboratory spiroergometry test. Methods Ten physically active males (24,5 ± 2,5 years, 179,5 ± 6,2 cm, 75,8 ± 4,9 kg, BMI 23,5 ± 1,3 kg/m2 ) performed four different test sessions. Laboratory treadmill test was used for the direct measurement of the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and three field tests for indirect estimation of the VO2max (Cooper test, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 and 2). All the performances from field tests were calculated using prediction formulas. Results Directly measured values of VO2max during laboratory testing were in average 58,24 ± 2,77 ml.kg-1 .min-1 . Indirectly estimated values of VO2max from performances in the Cooper test were in average 61,15 ± 3,73 ml.kg-1 .min-1 , in Yo-Yo IRT1 52,46 ± 2,51 ml.kg-1 .min-1 and in Yo-Yo IRT2 53,19 ± 1,56 ml.kg-1 .min-1 . There was found large positive correlation between laboratory testing and Cooper test (r = 0,76). This correlation was the only one statistically significant. The...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 4 week respiratory muscle training (RMT) on intermittent recovery performance, pulmonary functions and maximum oxygen consumption capacity (Vo2max) of young soccer players. Eighteen young soccer player who were playing in the Turkey PAF League (league for candidate professional soccer players) from Hacettepe Sports Club with a mean age of 18.4 &plusmn / 0.8 years (ranging from 17 to 19 years) and 8.5 &plusmn / 0.7 (ranging from 7 to 9 years) years experience in soccer participated. Players&rsquo / weekly metabolic equivalent score (MET) was 120. Their maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) on a treadmill, pulmonary function with a spirometer, and recovery performance with a yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2 were measured and then they were randomly assigned into two groups as either RMT (n = 9) or control (n = 9). The RMT group continued both their regular training and RMT treatment with a commercially available powerlung sport respiratory muscle trainer (Powerlung Inc., TX, and USA) for 4 weeks. The control group only continued with their regular training. After completing 4 week RMT implementation (composed of 30 sets of inhalation, two times a day, 5 days of the week), the same tests were performed in order to see the v effects of 4 week RMT treatment on selected parameters mentioned above. Findings of this study indicated that 4 week of RMT treatment significantly improved (% 39) yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 2 performances of the RMT group from pre to post test measurements when compared to subjects in the control group. However, there were no significant improvements in both RMT and control group&rsquo / s Vo2max capacity, Vital capacity (VC), Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow (FEV1.0) and Peak expiratory flow performances (PEF). As a conclusion, 4 week of RMT implementation improves the intermittent recovery performance of young soccer players.

The potential to track changes in training status and fitness levels of especially team sport participants by making use of more time efficient and accessible methods such as heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) cannot be overlooked and needs to be considered. However, studies that have investigated this aspect in team sport participants are scarce. It is against this background that the main objectives of this study were firstly, to determine the relationships between HRV and HRR as well as the fitness levels of a cohort of university-level rugby players. The second objective was to determine the validity of the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System to determine the HRV of a cohort of university-level rugby players. Twenty-four university-level rugby players (age: 20.1 ± 0.41 years; body stature: 182.7 ± 6.2 cm; body mass: 89.7 ± 12.7 kg) of a South African university’s Rugby Institute participated in the first part of the study. During the test day players’ fasting baseline HRV (baseline HRV) values were taken. This was followed by the measurement of the post-breakfast HRV (Pre-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV). Players were then required to perform the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) while they were fitted with a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas analyser apparatus and a Fix Polar Heart Rate Transmitter Belt. After completion of the test, HRR was taken on 1 and 3 minutes and followed by the measurement of HRV (Post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV). For the second part of the study a group of twenty u/21 university-level rugby players (age: 20.06 ± 0.40 years; body stature: 181.8 ± 5.5 cm; body mass: 91.1 ± 10.7 kg) of a South African university’s Rugby Institute were recruited to participate in this study. HRV was measured simultaneously by the Actiheart monitor system as well as the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System over three times periods: during the morning in a fasting state just after players had woken up (baseline); in the morning just after the players ate breakfast (pre-anaerobic); after completion of a high-intensity anaerobic training session (post-anaerobic) and after completion of a 20 min recovery session (post-recovery). Significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05) were found between Pre-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV and heart rate (HR) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP-HR (bpm)) (r = -0.468) as well as oxygen uptake at the RCP (RCP- 2max VO (% of 2max VO )) (r = 0.476), respectively. A forward stepwise regression analysis showed that HR at ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1-HR (bpm)) contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to the post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRV with a variance of 39.8%. Final Yo-Yo IR1 level also contributed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) to 3 minute post-Yo-Yo IR1 HRR with a variance of 16.5%. For the second part of the study the majority of significant relationships (p < 0.05) between the Actiheart and Bioforce obtained HRV results were observed for the post-recovery period (Mean RR, SDNN, RMSSD and Peak LF power), followed by the pre-anaerobic period (Mean R-R and SDNN) and the baseline period (LF:HF ratio). No significant relationships were observed between the HRV results of the two apparatuses during the post-anaerobic period. In conclusion, HRV and HRR may have the potential to act as affordable and easy measurement tools of team sport participants’ fitness levels. However, the study results suggested that the BioForce Heart Rate Variability System that is used to obtain team sport participants’ HRV is especially valid to determine HRV after recovery periods that follow hard training sessions. The results do however cast a shadow of doubt over the accuracy of this apparatus when used directly after hard training sessions. / MSc (Sport Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Background: Physiologic functional capacity through maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) can be measured in many different ways depending on sport and qualities needed to be assessed.In handball a demanding 3000 meter (m) running test is used to evaluate V̇O2max. If this test is sport specific or if it could be replaced by a less strenuous test is unknown. Aim: The aim ofthis study was to compare performance on 3000-meter running with predicted V̇O2max from a submaximal treadmill jogging test (SMTJ) and performance of the Yo-Yo intermittentrecovery test 1 (IR1). Methods: Male handball players (n = 12) performed the 3000 m running test, the Submaximal Treadmill Jogging test and the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1. Measurements in seconds (s), ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1 and meters where collected and correlated using Pearson r, interclass correlation. Results: A strong significant linear correlation (p &lt; 0.01) was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and Yo-Yo IR1 performance (m), r = - 0.724 (r2 = 0.524). A weak, not significant linear correlation (p &gt; 0.05)was found between performance in 3000 m running (s) and predicted V̇O2max from submaximal treadmill test (ml ∙ kg-1 ∙ min-1), r = - 0.309 (r2 = 0.095). Conclusion: According to this study the 3000 m running test could be replaced by the Yo-Yo IR1 test or vice versa in adolescent male handball players. The submaximal treadmill test used in this study had several potential errors in estimating V̇O2max, this is probably the reason why only a weak correlation was found between the SMTJ and the 3000 m running test.