"Children of the Silent Majority: Nixon, New Politics, and the Youth Vote, 1968-1972" investigates the emergence of young Americans as a major force in national politics, arguing that the 1968 generation constrained the conservative realignment that Richard Nixon envisioned but also revitalized the Republican Party after the voting age fell to eighteen. Despite the widespread assumption that the vast cadre of young voters casting ballots for the first time in 1972 would tilt the electorate to the Democratic Party, this dissertation reveals that the Nixon administration targeted and mobilized young Americans not aligned with the left--people Nixon's staff called the "sons and daughters of the silent majority." Nixon cultivated his own youth cadre, Young Voters for the President (YVP). Carefully targeting non-students and campus conservatives to join this 400,000 member organization, YVP leaders employed both grassroots organization and modern Madison Avenue advertising techniques to pry increasingly independent young voters from previous Democratic strongholds such as urban, ethnic enclaves and the Sunbelt. In addition, when the politics of youth--the ways Americans, young and old, thought about young people and youth issues--presented a barrier to Nixon's law-and-order conservative policies on problems such as marijuana and campus disorders, Nixon acquiesced on issues such as the draft and environmental protection. This youth-friendly approach allowed his administration to attract and recruit young voters. This study also explores how youth politics fueled the development of image politics during the1970s, compelling campaigns to embrace new techniques that emphasized targeted polling, television and candidates' personal characteristics over party loyalty. Attracting young voters necessitated a more image savvy campaign, giving Nixon's in-house advertising agency of high-powered executives, the November Group, a central role in campaign strategy. Young voters also supplied the campaign with public relations opportunities to counter Nixon's detractors in the media who relished his "youth problem." This study contributes to the scholarship on the Nixon presidency and the political history of the Republican "New Majority" in the 1960s and 1970s by uncovering the decisive role of young voters and youth issues in those pivotal years.

Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-11T17:49:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Isael Sena Queixa escolar e adolescência sentidos construídos em contexto de vulnerabilidade social.pdf: 1510435 bytes, checksum: 6958e661a054694c1fc5a1a5d6cfdd4f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2016-04-28T19:16:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Isael Sena Queixa escolar e adolescência sentidos construídos em contexto de vulnerabilidade social.pdf: 1510435 bytes, checksum: 6958e661a054694c1fc5a1a5d6cfdd4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T19:16:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Isael Sena Queixa escolar e adolescência sentidos construídos em contexto de vulnerabilidade social.pdf: 1510435 bytes, checksum: 6958e661a054694c1fc5a1a5d6cfdd4f (MD5) / A queixa escolar envolvendo adolescentes em contexto de vulnerabilidade social deve ser analisada considerando-se as especificidades da referida etapa do desenvolvimento humano e as condições concretas de existência do estudante. Diante disso, esta pesquisa fundamenta-se numa vertente da Psicologia Social denominada práticas discursivas e produção de sentido, uma abordagem que considera o conhecimento como construção social e busca identificar os processos pelos quais as pessoas descrevem, explicam e/ou compreendem o mundo em que vivem, isto é, constroem repertórios interpretativos que são constituídos histórica e culturalmente. O objetivo principal dessa pesquisa consistiu em investigar os sentidos construídos a partir da queixa escolar envolvendo adolescentes em situação de vulnerabilidade social e as estratégias utilizadas para lidar com a problemática, tendo como ponto de partida as famílias atendidas no Centro de Referência de Assistência Social de Camaçari-BA. Para isso, descrevemos o processo de encaminhamento dos adolescentes ao CRAS, considerando a rede institucional e os trâmites regulatórios e operacionais de tais encaminhamentos, bem como delineamos os sentidos construídos pelos representantes de diferentes instituições; e, após identificar as estratégias utilizadas pelos profissionais que lidam com a queixa escolar, mapeamos a rede acionada. Partimos de dois casos de adolescentes encaminhados ao CRAS e entrevistamos alguns profissionais com o objetivo de captar concepções e estratégias utilizadas. O procedimento de coleta de dados compreende 15 entrevistas episódicas, transcritas na íntegra e submetidas a análise a partir da elaboração de mapas de associações de ideias e da árvore de associações. Com base nos diferentes repertórios interpretativos, constatamos que os estudantes que apresentam dificuldades no processo de escolarização e não correspondem ao ideal da escola são encaminhados para os serviços especializados na tentativa de desenvolverem a temperança e a obediência aos princípios escolares. Assim, a ampliação da rede de abordagem da “queixa escolar” não se deve à compreensão da problemática, e, portanto, das repercussões para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Antes, trata-se de mais um desvio da “queixa escolar” que, relacionada ao uso, abuso e tráfico de drogas, e à violência, qualifica o espaço educativo como instrumental do processo hercúleo de sobrevivência de adolescentes e de suas famílias. A presente investigação poderá possibilitar uma melhor compreensão da queixa escolar com adolescentes, em escola pública, em contexto de vulnerabilidade social. Ademais, esperamos contribuir para a elaboração de políticas públicas voltadas para a juventude, ajudando, dessa forma, a reduzir a desigualdade social a que está submetida uma parcela de adolescentes em decorrência da vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática. The school complaints involving teenagers in social vulnerability context must be analyzed considering the specificities of the stage of human development mentioned and the concrete conditions of students’ existence. Facing this, this research is grounded on a branch of Social Psychology called discursive practices and production of meaning, an approach that considers knowledge as a social construction and seeks to identify the processes by which people describe, explain and/or comprehend the world in which they live, that is, they build interpretative repertoires that are constituted historically and culturally. The main objective of this research consisted in investigating the meanings constructed from the school complaint involving adolescents in situations of social vulnerability and the strategies used to deal with the issue, taking as its starting point the families attended in the Social Assistance Reference Center (Centro de Referência de Assistência Social - CRAS) of Camaçari, Bahia. For this, we describe the process of forwarding adolescents to CRAS, considering the institutional framework and the regulatory and operational procedures of such forwardings, as well as outline the meanings constructed by the representatives of different institutions; and after, identifying the strategies used by the professionals who deal with the school complaint, we map the actuated network. We have started from two cases of adolescents forwarded to CRAS and have interviewed some professionals with the objective of capturing concepts and strategies used. The data collection procedure comprises 15 episodic interviews, fully transcribed and submitted to analysis from the elaboration of idea association maps and the tree of associations. Based on different interpretative repertoires, we deduced that students who presented difficulties in the schooling process and do not correspond to the school’s ideals are forwarded to specialized services in an attempt of developing temperance and obedience to school principles. Thus, the expansion of the approach network of the school complaint is not due to comprehending the problematic, and therefore the impact on the teaching-learning process. Rather, it is one more deviation from the “school complaint” that, related to the use, abuse and traffic of drugs, and to violence, qualifies the educational space as a tool for the herculean process of survival of teenagers and their families. The present investigation may enable a better understanding of school complaints with adolescents in public schools, in context of social vulnerability. Moreover, we hope to contribute for the elaboration of public policies for youth, helping thereby to reduce the social inequality to which is submitted a portion of teenagers due to the individual, social and programmatic vulnerability.

Ce travail porte sur la catégorie d’action publique « jeunes en errance ». Il vise à comprendre son impact sur la mise en œuvre de l’action publique sur le terrain au travers de l’analyse des usages qu’en font les acteurs professionnels et les jeunes eux-mêmes. Après avoir retracé les étapes de la constitution du phénomène de l’errance des jeunes en problème public, nous avons analysé le rôle de l’Etat social dans la prise en charge de ce problème, au prisme de la norme instituée de l’insertion pour les jeunes. Ceci nous a permis d’en pointer les apories et notamment la bascule rapide des jeunes cumulant des difficultés depuis l’enfance vers le circuit de l’infra-assistance. A l’aune de ces constats, nous montrons en quoi la relation d’aide devient un lieu de renégociation des objectifs de l’action publique, les artisans de la relation d’aide considérés étant les professionnels de terrain et les jeunes usagers des services d’aide. L’analyse des pratiques professionnelles nous a révélé leur caractère « bricolé ». Nous avons ici pu démontrer qu’elles permettaient de redéfinir les cadres de l’action publique en direction des « jeunes en errance ». Grâce à la mise en place d’une éthique de l’intervention centrée sur la prise en compte des spécificités des jeunes accueillis, les professionnels fabriquent des ponts leur permettant d’aller au-delà des manques de l’aide publique. Nous avons également analysé les comportements des jeunes fréquentant régulièrement les structures de l’urgence sociale. Leur mode de recours à l’aide leur permet d’asseoir une identité légitime de « jeunes en errance », qu’ils valorisent au sein de la relation d’aide. Ils mettent en place des stratégies identitaires les autorisant à renégocier les cadres de l’attribution de l’aide, en y ayant recours de manière détournée ou partielle. Ils ignorent ainsi les objectifs d’insertion qui lui sont attachés, en en faisant un usage routinier, les entretenant alors dans une carrière de « jeunes en errance ». / This research investigates the French public action category “jeunes en errance” (which will be translated by “homeless youth”). It aims at understanding the impact of this category on the implementation of the public action, through the analysis of the usage that both the professional actors and the youth make of it. After having redrawn the stages of the construction of the homeless youth phenomenon as a public problem, the analysis focused on the role of the Welfare state based on the instituted norm of the youth’s integration. Paradoxes of public action have thus been identified, such as the quick turnaround towards the infra-assistance system of young people who have accumulated difficulties since their childhood. In the light of these findings, the research then shows how this “support relationship” transforms itself in an arena for the renegotiation of the public action's objectives between the professionals on the one hand, and the youth recipients of the services on the other hand. The analysis of the professional's practices puts the light on their unstable dimension. The research has shown that these practices facilitated the redefinition of the frameworks of the public action toward “homeless youth”. Through the setting of an intervention’s ethics based on the specificities of each young person, the professionals manage to compensate the shortages of public assistance. The behavior of young people who frequently resort to the structures of social emergency have also been investigated. The analysis has identified the process of construction of a legitimate identity of “homeless youth”, which young people put forward within the assistance relationship. They set up identity strategies which enable them to renegotiate the conditions of the allocation of support, by resorting to it but only in a partial or in an indirect way. Thus, they ignore the insertion objectives which are attached to these public measures and make a routinized usage of them, which contributes to maintain them in a “homeless youth” career.