Cette thèse analyse les formes et les conditions de l’action collective dans des contextes contraignants à partir des mobilisations de la jeunesse en faveur et contre l’ordre politique établi en Russie et en Biélorussie dans les années 2000. En confrontant mouvements contestataires et organisations loyales au pouvoir et en les analysant dans leurs rapports asymétriques à l’État, ce travail saisit l’émergence de ces structures à la faveur des « révolutions de couleurs » et des évolutions internes aux deux pays. Il distingue trois formes de militantisme : militantisme contestataire à conflit frontal avec le pouvoir, militantisme du pouvoir en Biélorussie vécu sur le mode consensuel du souci des autres (zabota) et, enfin, militantisme du pouvoir en Russie qui associe conflictualité et zabota dans le cadre du conflit « négocié ». Conflit et zabota déterminent ensuite le rapport des jeunes au politique et leurs projets de société, leur attitude à la rue, leurs formes d’action et leurs logiques d’engagement. Cette recherche met aussi en évidence l’action des organisations qui mobilisent la jeunesse, tout en entretenant des relations consensuelles avec le pouvoir et envisageant leur action dans la continuité de l’État, mais qui promeuvent la loyauté politique parmi les jeunes à travers la mobilisation politique dans la rue en Russie et l’encadrement social en Biélorussie. Ce travail appréhende enfin les effets des contextes contraignants tant sur les jeunes contestataires, qui sont obligés d’adapter leurs modes de structuration, leurs répertoires d’action ainsi qu’à se socialiser à la répression, que sur les militants du pouvoir, qui doivent s’adapter aux objectifs des autorités. / This research endeavors to analyze forms and conditions of the collective action in constraining contexts on the example of youth mobilization in favor or against the government in Russia and Belarus throughout 2000’s. By confronting protest movements and loyal organizations and by analyzing them in their asymmetric relations with the State, this dissertation shows how those structures emerge following the “color revolutions” and internal political events. It also makes a distinction between three forms of youth activism: protest activism that is based on a frontal conflict with authorities, “power” activism in Belarus that is experienced in a consensual way of caring about others (zabota) and, finally, “power” activism in Russia that associates conflict with zabota in the frame of what we called a “negotiated conflict”. Conflict and zabota determine then the youth’ relations to the politics, their societal projects, their forms of action and individual logics of engagement. This research highlights also the existence of organizations that mobilize the youth, while maintaining consensual relations with the government and conceiving their action in continuity with the State, but that promote political loyalty among the young through their mobilization in the streets in Russia and social supervision and support to them in Belarus. Finally, this research apprehends effects of constraining contexts both on young protestors, who have to adapt their structuration modes, their repertoires of action and to socialize their members to the repression, and on “power” activists who have to adjust to new objectives set by the government.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-13T12:27:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicole Barbosa de Araujo.pdf: 843996 bytes, checksum: ccaceb8f446758f45f6b1587cdb5ee4d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T12:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicole Barbosa de Araujo.pdf: 843996 bytes, checksum: ccaceb8f446758f45f6b1587cdb5ee4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Understanding the relation between black and poor youth from the periphery with leisure and culture, through the artistic and cultural universe of funk is the purpose of this study. In this way, the discussion regarding the constitution and current reality of the periphery will be privileged, considering the racial questions as a structuring element of Brazilian capitalism, and also the implantation of the neoliberal agenda in Brazil, a project continued by the PT governments, during the thirteen years they remained in power. From such analysis, a debate about the daily life of the youth of the periphery will be proposed, and elements that amplifies the reflection over the cultural expressions from young people, entering into the diversity of funk’s universe, ranging from the style "ostentação" and "proibidão", until the "funk consciente" and the one that sings the resistance of transsexual women. The concept of youth and the elements for a reflection over work’s educational dimension of the Social Worker next to periphery’s youth also will be discussed. The dissertation also contemplates an analysis of the realization of a Focus Group with young people at the city of Itapevi, who presented several considerations about the daily life from the young people and from the funk universe / Compreender a relação estabelecida entre a juventude negra e pobre da periferia e o lazer e a cultura, por meio do universo artístico-cultural do funk é o objetivo deste estudo. Nessa direção, serão privilegiadas a discussão referente à constituição e realidade atual da periferia, considerando a questão racial como elemento estruturante do capitalismo brasileiro, bem como a implantação da agenda neoliberal no Brasil, projeto continuado pelos governos petistas, nos treze anos em que permaneceram no poder. A partir de tais análises, será proposto o debate sobre a vida cotidiana dos jovens da periferia, e elementos que qualificam a reflexão sobre as expressões culturais juvenis, adentrando a diversidade do universo do funk, que abrange desde a vertente “ostentação” e “proibidão”, até o “funk consciente” e aquele que canta a resistência das mulheres transexuais. Também serão debatidos o conceito de juventude, bem como os elementos para a reflexão da dimensão educativa do trabalho do assistente social com jovens da periferia. A dissertação também contempla a análise da realização de um Grupo Focal com jovens no município de Itapevi, os quais apresentaram diversas ponderações acerca do cotidiano dos jovens e do universo do funk

Based on newfound family letters, factory archives, oral history, and offiicial publications in Shanghai and other Chinese cities, this dissertation examines how urban Chinese families weathered the economic aftermath of the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution by negotiating with the austerity measures, official ideology, and street-level bureaucracy. Such multivalent negotiations gave rise to "xiaokang", a “Confucianized” doctrine of depoliticized economic development, providing a durable basis for socialist China’s integration with the capitalist world order. A Shanghai-focused history of urban household economy and grassroots ideology in socialist China, this dissertation explains how urban families shaped modern China’s state-society dynamics and charted China’s unique transition away from Communism. Urban families’ experiences in late Maoist China were profoundly shaped by “revolutionary austerity”, characterized by ideological mobilization of urban families to bear the costs of Mao’s continuous revolution. By separating millions of teenagers from their families, the send-down youths movement (1968-1980) marked the austerity's apex. Instead of continuing the revolution, the send-down youths movement and other revolutionary austerity measures transformed urban families into smaller, more efficient, and depoliticized economic units. Once the ideologically disillusioned and economically strained sent-down youths negotiated the difficult bureaucratic terrain to achieve family reunion, they reinvested the virtue of sacrifice to the “possessive vision” of family life and the cultivation of their single child. By examining eight collections of Mao-era family letters in the context of larger historical processes, this dissertation demonstrates a significant shift in the late Maoist household economy and grassroots sentiments undergirding China’s "xiaokang" ideology.

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In elke samelewing kan die jeug as 'n opsigselfstaande groep geldentifiseer word. Die unieke eienskappe van die jeugfase lei tot die ontstaan· van konstruktiewe of subkulturele jeuggroeperinge en destruktiewe of kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge oefen 'n direkte invloed op die onderwys en opvoeding van die jeug uit. 'n Ondersoek na die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is in die lig daarvan van dwingende belang. 'n Analise van die stambegrippe kultuur, subkultuur en kontrakultuur is 'n voorvereiste vir die begryp en verstaan van die tema ter sprake. Kultuur is die somtotaal van menslike betrokkenheid in sy materiele en nie-materiele wereld. Hierdie betrokkenheid lei tot kultuurvorming. Die vorming, oordrag en verandering van kultuur bet 'n bepaalde gesindheidsverandering by individue tot gevolg. Die nie-konfonnering met kultuurverandering het die fonnulering van 'n altematiewe of subkulturele stel waardes en nonne tot gevolg. 'n Subkultuur kan beskryf word as enige segment van die dominante kultuur waarvan die waarde en normstruktuur van die dominante kultuur verskil, maar nie in konflik daarmee is nie. Die algehele afwysing of pogings tot die omverwerp van dominante waardes en nonne het kontrakulturele waardes en norme tot gevolg. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is eiesoortig van aard. Subkulturele jeuggroeperinge funksioneer met gemak in die dominante kultuur. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge word deur die dominante kultuur as 'n bedreiging beskou. Die faktore wat tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge in Suid-Afrika aanleiding gee, kan kortliks saamgevat word as: politieke omstandighede, ideologiese invloede, ekonomiese, demografiese, sosiale (waaronder 'n gedepriveerde sosiale omgewing en huislike faktore, gesinsgrootte, enkelouergesinne, gesagskrisis, generasiekonflik en religieuse faktore), kulturele vervreemding en onderwyskundige faktore. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge wat op geweld uitloop, bet 'n destruktiewe invloed op die fisiese en psigiese omgewing van die skool, die medeleerlinge, die gesagsdraers en die leeromgewing. Desnieteenstaande staan die skool in 'n ideate posisie ten opsigte van die identifisering, rehabilitering en akkommodering van kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge en die onderrig van lewensvaardighede waardeur anti-normatiewe gedrag afgewys kan word. / In every society the youth can be identified as a separate group. The unique characteristics of the youth phase results in constructive or subcultural youth groupings, as well as destructive or countercultural youth groupings. Sub- and countercultural groupings exert a direct influence on the instruction and education of the youth. An investigation of the factors giving rise to the development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings is therefore imperative. An analysis of the key concepts of culture, subculture and counterculture is a prerequisite for the comprehension of the theme at issue. Culture is the sum total of people's involvement in their material and nonmaterial world. This involvement generates culture. Culture, and the forming, transmission and change of culture results in a change of mindset in individuals. Nonconformity with cultural change results in the formulation of an alternative or subcultural set of values and norms. A subculture can be defined as any segment of the dominant culture that subscribes to a set of values and norms that differ from, but are not in conflict with, those of the dominant culture. Complete rejection of, or attempts to overthrow dominant values and norms result in the formation of countercultural values and norms. Sub- and countercultural youth groupings are unique. Subcultural youth groupings function with ease in the context of the dominant culture. Countercultural youth groupings are perceived as a threat by the dominant culture. The factors leading to the origin and development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings in South Africa can be briefly summarised as: political circumstances, ideological influences, economic, demographic and social influences (including a deprived social environment and domestic factors, family size, single-parent families, authority crises, generation conflict and religious factors), cultural alienation and educational factors. Countercultural youth groupings that resort to violence have a destructive influence on the physical and psychic school environment, on fellow pupils, on office-bearers and on the learning environment. Despite all this, however, the school is ideally placed to identify, rehabilitate and accommodate countercultural youth groupings and to provide instruction in life skills with a view to expelling antinormative behaviour. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Summaries in English and Afrikaans / In elke samelewing kan die jeug as 'n opsigselfstaande groep geldentifiseer word. Die unieke eienskappe van die jeugfase lei tot die ontstaan· van konstruktiewe of subkulturele jeuggroeperinge en destruktiewe of kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge oefen 'n direkte invloed op die onderwys en opvoeding van die jeug uit. 'n Ondersoek na die faktore wat aanleiding gee tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is in die lig daarvan van dwingende belang. 'n Analise van die stambegrippe kultuur, subkultuur en kontrakultuur is 'n voorvereiste vir die begryp en verstaan van die tema ter sprake. Kultuur is die somtotaal van menslike betrokkenheid in sy materiele en nie-materiele wereld. Hierdie betrokkenheid lei tot kultuurvorming. Die vorming, oordrag en verandering van kultuur bet 'n bepaalde gesindheidsverandering by individue tot gevolg. Die nie-konfonnering met kultuurverandering het die fonnulering van 'n altematiewe of subkulturele stel waardes en nonne tot gevolg. 'n Subkultuur kan beskryf word as enige segment van die dominante kultuur waarvan die waarde en normstruktuur van die dominante kultuur verskil, maar nie in konflik daarmee is nie. Die algehele afwysing of pogings tot die omverwerp van dominante waardes en nonne het kontrakulturele waardes en norme tot gevolg. Sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge is eiesoortig van aard. Subkulturele jeuggroeperinge funksioneer met gemak in die dominante kultuur. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge word deur die dominante kultuur as 'n bedreiging beskou. Die faktore wat tot die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van sub- en kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge in Suid-Afrika aanleiding gee, kan kortliks saamgevat word as: politieke omstandighede, ideologiese invloede, ekonomiese, demografiese, sosiale (waaronder 'n gedepriveerde sosiale omgewing en huislike faktore, gesinsgrootte, enkelouergesinne, gesagskrisis, generasiekonflik en religieuse faktore), kulturele vervreemding en onderwyskundige faktore. Kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge wat op geweld uitloop, bet 'n destruktiewe invloed op die fisiese en psigiese omgewing van die skool, die medeleerlinge, die gesagsdraers en die leeromgewing. Desnieteenstaande staan die skool in 'n ideate posisie ten opsigte van die identifisering, rehabilitering en akkommodering van kontrakulturele jeuggroeperinge en die onderrig van lewensvaardighede waardeur anti-normatiewe gedrag afgewys kan word. / In every society the youth can be identified as a separate group. The unique characteristics of the youth phase results in constructive or subcultural youth groupings, as well as destructive or countercultural youth groupings. Sub- and countercultural groupings exert a direct influence on the instruction and education of the youth. An investigation of the factors giving rise to the development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings is therefore imperative. An analysis of the key concepts of culture, subculture and counterculture is a prerequisite for the comprehension of the theme at issue. Culture is the sum total of people's involvement in their material and nonmaterial world. This involvement generates culture. Culture, and the forming, transmission and change of culture results in a change of mindset in individuals. Nonconformity with cultural change results in the formulation of an alternative or subcultural set of values and norms. A subculture can be defined as any segment of the dominant culture that subscribes to a set of values and norms that differ from, but are not in conflict with, those of the dominant culture. Complete rejection of, or attempts to overthrow dominant values and norms result in the formation of countercultural values and norms. Sub- and countercultural youth groupings are unique. Subcultural youth groupings function with ease in the context of the dominant culture. Countercultural youth groupings are perceived as a threat by the dominant culture. The factors leading to the origin and development of sub- and countercultural youth groupings in South Africa can be briefly summarised as: political circumstances, ideological influences, economic, demographic and social influences (including a deprived social environment and domestic factors, family size, single-parent families, authority crises, generation conflict and religious factors), cultural alienation and educational factors. Countercultural youth groupings that resort to violence have a destructive influence on the physical and psychic school environment, on fellow pupils, on office-bearers and on the learning environment. Despite all this, however, the school is ideally placed to identify, rehabilitate and accommodate countercultural youth groupings and to provide instruction in life skills with a view to expelling antinormative behaviour. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Historiese Opvoedkunde)

Text in English / The study focuses on the interaction between two structures in development cooperation: the bottom-up approach of Informal Youth Groups (IYGs) and the topdown approach of International Non-Governmental Organisations (INGOs). These are considered in the theoretical context of the capability approach. In the empirical study, conducted in the cities of Amman and Zarqa in Jordan, the researcher interviewed eleven key members of IYGs to analyse their work mechanisms and criteria for co-operation. A Focus Group Discussion with members of INGOs about challenges and opportunities in co-operations with IYGs was conducted, to complement the literature review of INGO perspectives. The study provides insights into the work mechanism and co-operation criteria of IYGs. The interviewees mentioned trust between the parties and sharing vision and motivation as key requirements. Recommendations for INGOs in their work with local partners and practical steps for supporting IYGs are given. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Ribeiro Passos Arruda.pdf: 3324349 bytes, checksum: f5a5c233bb9b34c01100632ef0bbe8f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-04 / This research looks at the processes of construction of youth identities. We intend to reflect on the various mechanisms of cultural and political action promoted through media resources, mobilized by young participants of audiovisual creation workshops in civil society organizations, in the suburbs of São Paulo City nowadays. The daily experiments made by these young people through audiovisual recordings, in multiplier institutions which provide them with the knowledge and tools needed, contribute to promoting changes in personal relationships, sociability values as well as to a redefinition of identities day by day. These young people, in varying degrees of organization, build collective identities, get organized in a spirit of solidarity, hold dialogues, recognize themselves as entitled to rights and also as citizens and agents of change in society. We attempted to use an interdisciplinary methodological approach in a perspective related to topics of the areas of Cultural Studies, Anthropology, Discourse Analysis, Languages, History and Sociology, with regard to the dynamics of identity construction processes and social interaction, and urban sociability, for they question the different forms of resistance, as well as the process through which new values, behaviors, identities, new forms of political and cultural action are built. / A presente pesquisa visa apresentar uma reflexão acerca dos processos de construção das identidades de jovens. Pretende-se refletir sobre os diversos mecanismos de ação cultural e política, promovidos por meio de recursos midiáticos mobilizados por jovens participantes de oficinas de criação audiovisual em organizações da sociedade civil, nos territórios periféricos do contexto urbano da cidade de São Paulo na contemporaneidade. As experiências cotidianas realizadas por esses jovens através de registros audiovisuais, nas instituições multiplicadoras dos conhecimentos e ferramentas necessárias, constituem-se em promotoras de mudanças nas relações pessoais, de valores de sociabilidade e de ressignificações das identidades no dia-a-dia. Esses jovens, em diferentes graus de organização, constroem identidades coletivas, organizam-se solidariamente, realizam interlocuções, reconhecem-se como alvo de direitos e constituem-se em cidadãos e agentes transformadores da sociedade. Buscou-se utilizar uma abordagem metodológica transdisciplinar em uma perspectiva relacionada aos eixos temáticos das áreas dos estudos da cultura, particularmente dos estudos culturais e da antropologia, da análise do discurso, das linguagens, da história e da sociologia, no que se refere à dinâmica dos processos de construção das identidades e da interação social, e da sociabilidade urbana, por problematizarem as diferentes formas de resistências, assim como processos de construção de novos valores, comportamentos, identidades, novas formas de ação política e cultural.

Le cadre global des persécutions juives en France, les mécanismes de la Shoah sont largement connus. Sur 330 000 Juifs qui vivaient France en 1940, 80 000 ont été victimes des persécutions d’État et des déportations. En deçà de cette histoire nationale, André Kaspi s’étonne en 1991 que des centres aussi importants que Lyon, Toulouse, Grenoble n’aient pas fait l’objet d’étude attentive et scientifique (Les Juifs pendant l’Occupation, Édition du Seuil, 1991, 150 p.). Les travaux locaux ont comblé ce manque depuis. Mais le déroulement sur le terrain au quotidien, au « ras des individus », mérite encore de faire l’objet de nouvelles investigations, sans perdre de vue la diversité des situations que l’on soit de part et d’autre de la ligne de démarcation. Lyon, en zone libre jusqu’en novembre 1942, n’est pas à considérer comme Paris occupée dès juin 1940. Dans cette étude nous n’avons eu de cesse de nous interroger sur ce qui fait les spécificités de Lyon. Globalement le sort des Juifs dans la capitale des Gaules a été proche de leurs coreligionnaires de la zone sud. Toutefois, écrire l’histoire des Juifs à Lyon de l’avant-guerre à la Libération, revient à s’intéresser à des itinéraires de vie et de survie dans une ville dont certaines caractéristiques lui sont propres. L’histoire des Juifs à Lyon de l’avant-guerre à la Libération, en plus de parler de la Shoah dans la cité rhodanienne, cherche à raconter les ondes de choc d’une Europe en guerre sur les individus pour comprendre ce qui leur arrive. C’est en étant plus attentifs au tissu de la vie quotidienne, dans sa diversité individuelle que nous nous proposons dans cette étude de restituer la dimension humaine d’un monde qui a été au bord du gouffre. / The global framework of the Jew's persecutions in France as well as the mechanisms of the Shoah are widely known. 80 000 Jews out of the 330 000 who were living in France in 1940 have been the victims of state persecutions and deportations. On this side of this national history, Andre Kaspi was surprised in 1991 at seeing that cities as populated as Lyon, Toulouse or Grenoble had not been given an active and scientific consideration (Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation, Édition du seuil, 1991, 150 p.). Local research have since then enabled to address this lack. However, the daily course of operations, as close as possible to each individual, still deserves to be submitted to new investigations, without losing sight of the diversity of situations on both sides of the line of demarcation. The city of Lyon, which was within the unoccupied zone until November 1942, is not to be compared with the city of Paris which had been occupied from June 1940.In this essay, we kept wondering about the causes related to the specificities of the city of Lyon. On the whole, the fate of the Jews in the capital of the Gauls was almost the same as for their co-religionists in the south zone. Nevertheless, writing about the history of the Jews in Lyon from the pre-war years to the Liberation comes down to taking an interest in different journeys though life and survival within a city which has its own features.Besides tackling the Shoah in the Rhone city of Lyon, the history of the Jews in Lyon from the pre-war years to the Liberation, also aims at telling about the shock waves experienced by individuals in a Europe in war and perceiving what was happening to them. By paying more attention to the fabric of daily life seen in its individual diversity, we thereby intend to reconstruct the human dimension of a world which was once on the brink of the abyss.