abstract Background: Dementia affected patients have increasing problems with memory , impaired language ability, which affects communication and behaviour is considerable. These difficulties may provide an outlet for aggression, agitation and anxiety, and are common in dementia, which is exhausting for patients and their relatives and carers. Behavioural changes are common condition in patients with dementia and affects quality of life and cause unnecessary suffering . Pharmacological treatment that is inserted to relieve these symptoms have many side effects. Printed out more knowledge about non- pharmacological nursing interventions that can facilitate care for patients , relatives and carers are great. Aim: To describe non- pharmacological nursing interventions in dementia care . Method: A general literature review of thirteen scientific papers compiled and described in a result. Results: Compilation resulted in two themes,  Music in dementia care and Stimulation in dementia care and four subthemes, Singing in the care, Listening to music, Activities and Consolation and fillip that showed a dominant positive effect on dementia affected patients and carers and there by create opportunities for caring in dementia care . Conclusion: The different nursing interventions may be useful in dementia care when they show a dominant positive effect on various behavioural changes, it seems memory stimulant and promotes communication between patients and carers which favours caring . Keywords: Agitated behaviour, dementia, non- pharmacological, literature review, nursing. / Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Demensdrabbade patienter har tilltagande besvär med minnet, försämrad språkförmåga, vilket påverkar kommunikationen och beteende avsevärd. Dessa svårigheter kan ge utlopp till aggressivitet, oro och ångest och är vanliga vid demenssjukdomar vilket är ansträngande för både patienter, anhöriga och vårdare. Beteendeförändringar är vanligt förekommande tillstånd hos patienter med demens och påverkar livskvalitet och medför onödigt lidande. Farmakologisk behandling som sätts in för att lindra dessa symtom har många biverkningar. Behov utav ökad kunskap kring icke- farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan underlätta omvårdnaden för både patienter, anhöriga och vårdarna är stor. Syfte: Att beskriva icke- farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder i demensvård. Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt av tretton vetenskapliga artiklar som sammanställdes och beskrivs i ett resultat. Resultat: Sammanställningen resulterade i 2 teman, Musik i demensvård och Stimulans i demensvård och 4 subteman, Sång i omvårdnaden, Att lyssna på musik, Aktivitet och Tröst och stumulans som påvisade en dominerande positiv effekt på demensdrabbade patienter samt vårdarna och därigenom gynnande för vårdandet i demensvård. Slutsats: De olika omvårdnadsåtgärder kan vara användbara inom demensvården då dem visar på en dominerande positiv påverkan på olika beteendeförändringar, verkar minnesstimulerande samt främjar kommunikation mellan patienter och vårdare vilket gynnar vårdandet. Nyckelord: Agiterat beteende, demens, icke- farmakologisk, litteraturöversikt, omvårdnad

Bakgrund: I Sverige tvångsvårdas 3000 personer varje dag utifrån Lagen om psykiatrisk tvångsvård eller Lagen om rättspsykiatrisk vård. Tvångsvård får endast ges om personen lider av en allvarlig psykisk störning, eller på grund av sitt psykiska tillstånd har ett nödvändigt behov av psykiatrisk vård, som inte kan tillgodoses på annat sätt än att personen är intagen på en psykiatrisk vårdavdelning. Viktiga principer att praktisera vid tvångsvård är autonomiprincipen, människovärdesprincipen, legalitetsprincipen och integritetsprincipen.Syftet: Syftet i denna litteraturstudie var att belysa patientens upplevelse av psykiatrisk tvångsvård inom slutenvård.Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med 14 kvalitativa artiklar som inkluderats efter sökning i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO.Resultat: Åtta olika kategorier framkom, Att medicineras under tvång, Att bli frihetsberövad, Att få adekvat stöd från personal och familj, Att få adekvat och kompetent vård, Att inte få tillräckligt med information, Att inte bli bemött som en värdig människa, Att inte få behålla sin autonomi, Att inte få behålla sin identitet.Diskussion: Resultatdiskussionen är baserad på tre huvudfynd, Delaktighet, Information, Människovärde. Dessa fynd har diskuterats med hjälp av viktiga principer att praktisera vid tvångsvård, samt med hjälp av annan forskning inom psykiatrin. / Background: In Sweden 3000 people are involuntarily treated every day based on compulsory Mental Care Act or Law of forensic psychiatric care. Compulsory treatment should only be given if the person suffers from a serious mental illness, or because of his mental state has an essential need of psychiatric care that can not be met otherwise than that the person is admitted to a psychiatric ward. Important principles to practice at the compulsory care are the autonomy principle, principle of human dignity, legality and integrity principle.Aim: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the patient´s experience of compulsory psychiatric treatment in inpatient care.Method: A systematic literature review of 14 qualitative articles was included by searching the databases Cinahl, PubMed and PsycINFO.Results: Eight different categories emerged, To be medicated under coercion, To be deprived of liberty, To get adequate support from staff and family, To get adequate and competent care, Not getting enough information, To not be treated as a worthy human, To not retain autonomy, To not retain identity.Discussion: Results discussion is based on three main findings, Participation, Information, Human dignity. These findings have been discussed with the help of important principles to practice during compulsory treatment, and with the help of other research in psychiatry.

Bakgrund: Behandling av svår fetma med Bariatrisk kirurgi har ökat kraftigt. Målet med kirurgin är att minska sjuklighet och dödlighet genom viktminskning. Kirurgin påverkar även människors fysiska, psykiska och sociala liv. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva hur patienter upplever sin livssituation efter Bariatrisk kirurgi. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie och baserades på 11 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Resultaten presenterades i fem huvudkategorier som speglar människors upplevelse av sin livssituation efter genomgång av Bariatrisk kirurgi; Förändrad kroppsuppfattning, känsla av ändrade relationer, positiva och negativa känslor relaterade till operationen, känslor relaterade till förändrat ätbeteende, och hälsorelaterade upplevelser. Slutsats: Förutom viktminskningen, kan Bariatrisk kirurgi även ha både positiv och negativ påverkan på människors fysiska och psykosociala liv. Det är därför viktigt att vårdpersonalen har kunskap kring hur de som opererats upplever sin livssituation, så att de kan vägleda och stödja dem. / Background: The treatment of severe obesity with Bariatric surgery has shown a dramatic increase. The goal of Bariatric surgery is through weight loss, reduce morbidity and mortality. However, the physical, mental and social life of the patients is affected following the surgery. Purpose: The aim of this study is to describe what patients experience in their life situation after undergoing Bariatric Surgery. Method: The study was conducted as a literature study and was based on 11 scientific articles. Results: The results are presented in five main catego-ries reflecting what people experience in their life situation after undergoing Bariatric Sur-gery: altered body image, sense of changing relationships, positive and negative feelings re-lated to the surgery, feelings related to their altered feeding behavior, and health-related expe-riences. Conclusion: Apart from weight loss, Bariatric surgery can also have both positive and negative impacts on the physical and psychosocial lives of patients. It is therefore im-portant that health professionals have knowledge about what Bariatric patients may experi-ence in their lives, so that they can provide them with appropriate guidance and support.

Bakgrund: Människors sätt att leva har under det senaste århundrandet förändrats.Detta har lett till att diabetes typ 2 har ökat runt om i världen. Diabetes typ 2 är enkronisk sjukdom som leder till höga blodsockervärden. Det går att fördröjasjukdomsförloppet och undvika komplikationer om man genomför livsstilsförändringar.Förändringarna kan leda till tankar och känslor hos individerna kring deras situation.Det är viktigt för sjuksköterskor med ökad kunskap om hur personer med diabetes typ 2upplever genomförandet av livsstilsförändringar. Ökad kunskap inom detta område kange personer med diabetes typ 2 förbättrade förutsättningar vid genomförandet avlivsstilsförändringar.Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att öka kunskapen om hur personer med diabetestyp 2 upplever livsstilsförändringar. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie baserad på tolv kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fem huvudkategorier; upplevda känslor, hinder ochmöjligheter, upplevelse av motivation, betydelse av stöd samt vikten av information. Diskussion: Utifrån resultatet framkom tre centrala fynd som diskuterades; hinder ochmöjligheter, upplevelse av motivation och betydelse av stöd. / Background: The way people live has changed over the last century. This has led to aworldwide increase of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that leads tohigh blood sugar levels. It is possible to delay the disease progression and preventcomplications if lifestyle changes are implemented. These changes can lead to thoughtsand feelings with the individuals regarding their situation. It is important for nurses tohave a better understanding of how people with type 2 diabetes experience theimplementation of lifestyle changes. Increased knowledge in this area can providepeople with type 2 diabetes improved conditions in the implementation of lifestylechanges. Aim: The Aim of the literature review was to increase the knowledge about how peoplewith type 2 diabetes experience lifestyle changes. Method: A general literature review based on twelve qualitative scientific articles. Results: The results revealed five major categories; perceived emotions, obstacles andopportunities, experience of motivation, the importance of support and the importanceof information. Discussion: Based on the results three key findings were revealed and discussed; Obstacles and opportunities, experience of motivation and the importance of support.

I de vesteuropeiske landene har nedgangen i forekomst av tuberkulose stagnert de senere tiårene hovedsakelig på grunn av økt tilstrømning av mennesker fra høyinsidensland for tuberkulose. Det er stilt spørsmål om tuberkulosekunnskapene blant helsepersonell er tilstrekkelige. Studier har vist betydelige variasjoner i utformingen av tuberkulosekontrollen av innvandrere. WHO har medvirket til utvikling av policydokumenter for tuberkulosekontroll i europeiske lavinsidensland. Hensikten med denne studien var tosidig: 1) å se på i hvilket omfang nasjonale og engelskspråklige legetidsskrifter hadde publisert fagartikler om tuberkulose blant innvandrere i Danmark, Norge og Sverige og beskrive artiklene som kunnskapskilder for leger og annet helsepersonell, og 2) å beskrive de tre landenes policydokumenter for tuberkulosekontroll på noen spesifikke områder. Materialet består av 27 tidsskriftsartikler publisert i 1995-2004 og 18 policydokumenter. Studien er utvidet og oppdatert på basis av en tidligere publisert undersøkelse. Tidsskriftsartiklene inneholdt mye relevant fagstoff for helsepersonell. Artiklene viste at tuberkuloseforekomst, smitteforhold og praktisk kliniske utfordringer har mange likhetstrekk i de tre landene. Antallet artikler i nasjonale tidsskrifter ble imidlertid vurdert som for lavt til å kunne utgjøre en viktig kunnskapskilde. Det bør publiseres mer om tuberkulose blant innvandrere i nasjonale tidsskrifter da disse har en viktig klinisk og helsepolitisk betydning. Policydokumentene viste forskjeller i landenes policy for ankomstscreening, forebyggende behandling, BCG-vaksinering og bruk av direkte observert terapi. Ankomstscreening for personer fra høyinsidensland for tuberkulose er frivillig i Danmark og Sverige og obligatorisk i Norge. Studien kunne ikke forklare ulikhetene i de tre nabolandenes policy. Lokal motstand mot internasjonale føringer på tuberkuloseområdet er vist ved studier fra andre land. Obligatorisk ankomstscreening er omdiskutert og reiser etiske problemstillinger når det gjelder individers integritet og slike undersøkelsers betydning for folkehelsen / In recent decades, the decline of tuberculosis has stagnated in Western Europe mainly due to increased immigration from high-prevalence countries. Policies for control of tuberculosis among immigrants in these countries are very varied. Frameworks for tuberculosis control in European countries with a low incidence of disease have been published in collaboration with the WHO. The aim of this study was twofold: 1) To find out what has been published on tuberculosis among immigrants in Denmark, Norway and Sweden in medical journals and to describe the scientific literature as a source for updated knowledge for doctors and other health professions, and 2) to describe national policy documents on specified parts of the policy. The material consists of 27 medical papers published between 1995 and 2004 and 18 policy documents. This paper is based on a previously published study and an updated literature review. The medical papers were highly relevant as scientific information for health personnel. The review of the papers showed that there were many similarities between the three countries. However, the number of papers in the national medical journals was too low to represent an important source of knowledge. More publishing in national medical journals is recommended because these have clinically and health political importance. The policy documents showed differences in the countries policy on screening on arrival, preventive therapy, BCG-vaccination and use of direct observed therapy. Screening on arrival for people from countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis is voluntary in Denmark and Sweden and mandatory in Norway. The study could not explain the differences in policy in the three neighbouring countries. Local resistance to international guidelines for tuberculosis control is described in studies from other countries. Mandatory screening of new entrants is controversial and raises ethical issues concerning individuals’ integrity and the importance of screening for public health. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-150-4</p>

Introduction: Testicular microlithiasis is an uncommon condition characterized by calcifications within the seminiferous tubules. The true prevalence in a normal population has not been defined. Methods: A review of the literature with emphasis on the connection between testicular microlithiasis and testicular malignancy was carried out. Results: Testicular microlithiasis is associated with different testicular pathologies, including testicular cancer. However, a direct causative connection between testicular microlithiasis and testicular pathologies is not supported by the literature. Conclusions: Patients with testicular microlithiasis should be followed up regularly. Further investigations concerning the etiology of testicular microlithiasis remain to be done. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Bakgrund: I Sverige drabbas ungefär 5000 patienter årligen av plötsligt hjärtstopp på våra sjukhus: Hjärtstopp behandlas med hjärt-lungräddning (HLR). Sjuksköterskan är ofta den som upptäcker patienter med hjärtstopp, och den som utbildar i HLR. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva nya alternativ till den traditionella metoden för HLR-utbildning. Metod: Examensarbetet är gjord som en litteraturöversikt och inkluderar elva vetenskapliga artiklar. Litteratursökningar gjordes i databaserna Pubmed, Cinahl och SveMed. Resultat: Tre olika nya typer av HLR utbildning identifierades; användandet av en simulatordocka som ger datorbaserad återkoppling eller ljudbaserad återkoppling, videoinspelning med självreflektion samt interaktiva datorspel. Metodiken som använde simulatordockor med datoråterkoppling och ljudbaserad återkoppling gav bäst utvecklingsresultat på värden som bröstkompressioner och inblåsningar. Diskussion: Ett optimalt HLR utbildning scenario består av fyra komponenter. Dessa komponenter består av; simuleringsdockor som ger feedback via ljudspår och datorprogram, videoinspelning på den individuella sjuksköterskans insats, interaktiva datorspel samt att sjuksköterskor undervisar sjuksköterskor för bästa möjliga HLR insats. Slutsats: För att vårdpersonal, framförallt sjuksköterskor, ska kunna optimera sina insatser vid HLR-situationer, bör de nyare metoderna för utbildning göras tillgänglig i både grundutbildningen till sjuksköterska och även för verksamma sjuksköterskor. / Background: In Sweden approximately 5000 patients suffer from sudden cardiac arrest in our hospitals every year. Cardiac arrest is treated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Nurses are often those who come across patients with cardiac arrest, and also those who teach CPR. Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to describe new alternatives to the traditional methods for teaching CPR. Method: This examination paper is designed as a literature review, and includes eleven scientific articles. The literature search was made in the databases Pubmed, Cinahl and SveMed. Result: Three different types of new CPR educations were identified; the use of simulation equipment which gives computer based feedback or audio feedback, video recordings with self-reflection, and interactive computer games. Discussion: An optimal CPR education scenario consists of four components; Simulation equipment which gives feedback by audio and computer programs, video recording of the individual nurses contribution, interactive computer games and also nurses who educates nurse for the best CPR effort. Conclusion: In order to optimize healthcare professionals, especially nurse contribution to CPR scenarios, should the new educational types be made available in both the basic education for nurses and also for active working nurses.

The aims of this research were to investigate, by means of both literature review and empirical research, the incidence and manifestation of conduct disorders among adolescents growing up in the Vaal Triangle townships, with a view to suggesting a psycho-social intervention programme to help them learn life-skills which will decrease their susceptibility to depression and anxiety. According to the literature findings, depression and anxiety co-occur with conduct disorders during adolescence. An intervention progamme can therefore help these learner adolescents develop effective coping skills to help them deal with environmental factors that cause stress, depression and anxiety. The findings from the literature review revealed that adolescence is the highest risk period for the onset of conduct disorders such as, inter alia, substance use disorders, aggressiveness, destruction of property, defiance of authority, frightening and disturbing of adults, fighting, bullying, lying, destructiveness and defiance. The conduct problems also include the more or less troublesome and involuntary behaviours commonly associated with adolescence such as tempertantrums, bouts of screaming and crying, surliness and episodes of commanding or pestering behaviour. The co-occurrence of depression, anxiety and conduct disorders in adolescents was, according to various researchers, also associated with more severe alcohol and drug-related problems, more prolonged depressive and anxiety episodes and increased frequency of behavioural problems, more severe impairment in interpersonal and academic competencies, increased utilization of mental health services, as well as elevated risk of suicide. The literature also revealed that the period of adolescence is also marked by conflicting feelings about security and independence, rapid physical changes, developing sexuality, peer pressure and self-consciousness. This becomes a time of rapid physiological and psychological changes, of intensive re -adjustment to the family, school, work and social life and of preparation for adult roles. These changes are noticeable for their conduct disorders and behavioural accompaniments, and problems arising at this time may attract attention because the adolescent"s conduct and behaviour become obtrusive in the school and the home or elsewhere and evoke a sense of urgency for response. Effective support programmes such as individual educational support and group educational support were regarded by the literature as having the efficacy to prevent the development of conduct disorders. The empirical research findings revealed that adolescent participants who formed the population sample of this research were aggressive; characterized by risky behaviour such as staying with friends until very late at night and coming to school carrying a knife and bullying other children in class; deceitfulness or theft which manifested in the form of stealing from other children's schoolbags, stealing food and pens, and lying; serious violation of rules such as being disruptive in class, bunking school, and not coming to school regularly, conflict with parents, educators and others which manifests in the form of always being in trouble for beating up other learners in class, especially those that are younger, and being rebellious at home, mood disruptions such as bursting in anger, aggressive, being happy one moment and then angry and sad the next, and poor performance at school resulting in failing grades. Recommendations for educational practice and further research were made. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

The aims of this research were to investigate, by means of both literature review and empirical research, the incidence and manifestation of conduct disorders among adolescents growing up in the Vaal Triangle townships, with a view to suggesting a psycho-social intervention programme to help them learn life-skills which will decrease their susceptibility to depression and anxiety. According to the literature findings, depression and anxiety co-occur with conduct disorders during adolescence. An intervention progamme can therefore help these learner adolescents develop effective coping skills to help them deal with environmental factors that cause stress, depression and anxiety. The findings from the literature review revealed that adolescence is the highest risk period for the onset of conduct disorders such as, inter alia, substance use disorders, aggressiveness, destruction of property, defiance of authority, frightening and disturbing of adults, fighting, bullying, lying, destructiveness and defiance. The conduct problems also include the more or less troublesome and involuntary behaviours commonly associated with adolescence such as tempertantrums, bouts of screaming and crying, surliness and episodes of commanding or pestering behaviour. The co-occurrence of depression, anxiety and conduct disorders in adolescents was, according to various researchers, also associated with more severe alcohol and drug-related problems, more prolonged depressive and anxiety episodes and increased frequency of behavioural problems, more severe impairment in interpersonal and academic competencies, increased utilization of mental health services, as well as elevated risk of suicide. The literature also revealed that the period of adolescence is also marked by conflicting feelings about security and independence, rapid physical changes, developing sexuality, peer pressure and self-consciousness. This becomes a time of rapid physiological and psychological changes, of intensive re -adjustment to the family, school, work and social life and of preparation for adult roles. These changes are noticeable for their conduct disorders and behavioural accompaniments, and problems arising at this time may attract attention because the adolescent"s conduct and behaviour become obtrusive in the school and the home or elsewhere and evoke a sense of urgency for response. Effective support programmes such as individual educational support and group educational support were regarded by the literature as having the efficacy to prevent the development of conduct disorders. The empirical research findings revealed that adolescent participants who formed the population sample of this research were aggressive; characterized by risky behaviour such as staying with friends until very late at night and coming to school carrying a knife and bullying other children in class; deceitfulness or theft which manifested in the form of stealing from other children's schoolbags, stealing food and pens, and lying; serious violation of rules such as being disruptive in class, bunking school, and not coming to school regularly, conflict with parents, educators and others which manifests in the form of always being in trouble for beating up other learners in class, especially those that are younger, and being rebellious at home, mood disruptions such as bursting in anger, aggressive, being happy one moment and then angry and sad the next, and poor performance at school resulting in failing grades. Recommendations for educational practice and further research were made. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2006.

Bakgrund: Förlossningsdepression drabbar cirka 8-15 procent av nyblivna mödrar och uppstår vanligtvis inom en till tre månader efter förlossningen. Förlossningsdepression ses som ett tabubelagt problem, vilket gör det svårt att upptäcka kvinnor som drabbats. Syfte: Belysa kvinnors upplevelse av förlossningsdepression. Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Resultat: Resultatet visade att kvinnor har orealistiska ideal och förväntningar under graviditeten som hamnar i konflikt med verkligheten efter förlossningen. Rädsla för stigmatisering är en orsak till att kvinnor har svårt att söka hjälp samt acceptera sitt tillstånd. Känslor av skuld och misslyckande var centrala delar för många kvinnor när de genomgick förlossningsdepression, vilket yttrade sig i ett lidande. Kvinnor upplevde det svårt att tala om sina känslor, både med partnern och med personer utanför familjen, i tron att ingen skulle förstå, vilket leder till ensamhet och isolering. Stödet kvinnor får av sin omgivning är av stor betydelse och ofta avgörande för hur hon tar sig an moderskapet. Slutsats: Upplevelsen av förlossningsdepression kan vara omfattande och mångfacetterad för kvinnor världen över. För många nyblivna mödrar kan stressen över sina egna och andras förväntningar bli genomgripande. Omställningen till föräldraskapet och inte minst de höga kraven på att vara en perfekt förälder kan effektivt motarbeta glädjen. Klinisk betydelse: Resultatet i studien skulle kunna bidra till hur hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kan identifiera och hjälpa nyblivna mödrar med psykisk ohälsa. Resultatet skulle också kunna bidra till diskussion och reflektion över attityder och förhållningssätt inom hälso- och sjukvården när det kommer till psykisk ohälsa i samhället. / Background: Postpartum depression affects about 8-15 percent of new mothers and usually occur within one to three months after childbirth. Postpartum depression is seen as a taboo issue, making it difficult to detect women affected. Aim: Illustrate women´s experience of postpartum depression. Method: Qualitative literature review. Results: Results showed that women have unrealistic ideals and expectations during pregnancy that conflict with reality after birth. Fear of stigmatization is a reason why women find it difficult to seek help and accept their condition. Feelings of guilt and failure were key elements for many women when they went through postpartum depression, which led to suffering. Women experienced it difficult to talk about their feelings, both with their partners and with people outside the family, in the belief that no one would understand, leading to loneliness and isolation. The support women receive from their environment is of great importance, and often determine how she tackles motherhood. Conclusion: The experience of postpartum depression can be extensive and multifaceted for women worldwide. For many new mothers stress over their own and others' expectations become pervasive. The transition to parenthood and not least the high demands of being a perfect parent can effectively shatter the joy. Clinical significance: The results of this study could contribute to how health professionals can identify and help parents with mental illness. The result could also contribute to discussion and reflection on the attitudes of health care when it comes to mental illness in the community.